Isaiah 6:3
And they were calling to one another: 'Holy, holy, holy is the LORD of Hosts; all the earth is full of His glory.'
This passage echoes the theme of God's holiness and glory.

Revelation 4:8
Day and night they never stop saying: 'Holy, holy, holy is the Lord God Almighty, who was, and is, and is to come.'
The eternal worship of God's holiness in heaven.

1 Peter 1:15-16
But just as He who called you is holy, so be holy in all you do; for it is written: 'Be holy, because I am holy.'
A call for believers to pursue holiness in their lives.God's Sovereign Reign
The LORD reigns, let the nations tremble; He is enthroned above the cherubim, let the earth quake. (Psalm 99:1)
The psalm begins with a declaration of God's supreme authority over all creation, emphasizing His position as the ultimate ruler.

Holiness of God
Exalt the LORD our God and worship at His footstool; He is holy! (Psalm 99:5)
The holiness of God is a central theme, calling us to recognize His purity, righteousness, and separateness from sin.

God's Justice and Righteousness
The King is mighty, He loves justice. You have established equity; You have exercised justice and righteousness in Jacob. (Psalm 99:4)
God's reign is characterized by justice and righteousness, reflecting His perfect moral nature.

God's Faithfulness to His People
Moses and Aaron were among His priests, and Samuel among those who called on His name. They called to the LORD and He answered. (Psalm 99:6)
The psalm highlights God's faithfulness in responding to the prayers of His people, as exemplified by leaders like Moses, Aaron, and Samuel.

Call to Worship
Exalt the LORD our God and worship at His holy mountain, for the LORD our God is holy. (Psalm 99:9)
The psalm concludes with a call to worship, urging us to exalt God and acknowledge His holiness.Reverence in Worship
Approach worship with a heart of reverence, recognizing the holiness and majesty of God.

Pursue Holiness
Strive to live a life that reflects God's holiness, seeking to be set apart for His purposes.

Trust in God's Justice
In times of injustice, trust in God's perfect justice and righteousness, knowing that He will ultimately set things right.

Prayerful Dependence
Follow the example of Moses, Aaron, and Samuel by cultivating a life of prayer and dependence on God.

Exalt God Daily
Make it a daily practice to exalt God in your thoughts, words, and actions, acknowledging His sovereignty over your life.1. The LORD (Yahweh)
The central figure in Psalm 99, the LORD is depicted as reigning and being exalted over all the nations. The psalm emphasizes His holiness and justice. The Hebrew name used here is "Yahweh" (יְהוָה), which is the personal name of God in the Hebrew Bible.

2. Moses
Mentioned in verse 6, Moses is described as one of the LORD's priests who called upon His name. Moses is a significant prophet and leader in Israel's history, known for leading the Israelites out of Egypt and receiving the Law at Mount Sinai.

3. Aaron
Also mentioned in verse 6, Aaron is identified as one of the LORD's priests. He was Moses' brother and the first high priest of Israel, playing a crucial role in the establishment of the priesthood and the sacrificial system.

4. Samuel
Mentioned in verse 6, Samuel is another figure who called upon the LORD's name. He was a prophet and judge in Israel, known for anointing the first two kings of Israel, Saul and David.1. Zion
Zion is referenced in Psalm 99:2, which states, "The LORD is great in Zion; He is exalted above all the peoples." In a conservative Christian perspective, Zion is often understood as the spiritual and physical center of God's presence and rule. It is traditionally associated with Jerusalem, the city of David, and the location of the Temple. The Hebrew root for Zion is "צִיּוֹן" (Tziyon), which signifies a place of significance and holiness.

2. Jacob
While not a physical location, Jacob is mentioned in Psalm 99:4, "The King is mighty, loving justice. You have established equity; You have executed justice and righteousness in Jacob." In this context, Jacob represents the nation of Israel, the descendants of Jacob, and by extension, the people of God. The Hebrew root for Jacob is "יַעֲקֹב" (Ya'akov), which refers to the patriarch whose name was later changed to Israel.1. The LORD Reigns
The psalm begins by declaring the reign of the LORD, causing the peoples to tremble. This emphasizes God's supreme authority and power over all nations. The Hebrew word for "reigns" (מָלַךְ, malak) signifies God's sovereign rule.

2. God is Enthroned Between the Cherubim
The psalm describes God as being enthroned between the cherubim, highlighting His divine presence and majesty. The imagery of cherubim is rooted in the Hebrew tradition of the Ark of the Covenant, where God's presence was believed to dwell.

3. The LORD is Great in Zion
The psalm proclaims the greatness of the LORD in Zion, His holy mountain. This underscores the special relationship between God and His chosen people, Israel, and the significance of Jerusalem as a spiritual center.

4. Exalt the LORD and Worship at His Footstool
The psalm calls for the exaltation of the LORD and worship at His footstool, which is a metaphor for the earth or the temple. The Hebrew word for "footstool" (הֲדֹם, hadom) signifies a place of submission and reverence.

5. God's Justice and Righteousness
The psalm highlights God's love for justice and righteousness, establishing equity among His people. This reflects God's moral character and His role as a just ruler.

6. Moses, Aaron, and Samuel Called Upon the LORD
The psalm recounts how Moses, Aaron, and Samuel, as leaders and intercessors, called upon the LORD, and He answered them. This emphasizes God's responsiveness to His faithful servants.

7. God Spoke to Them from the Pillar of Cloud
The psalm recalls how God communicated with His people through the pillar of cloud, a symbol of His guidance and presence during the Exodus.

8. God Forgave and Avenged Their Misdeeds
The psalm acknowledges God's forgiveness of His people's sins while also avenging their misdeeds, demonstrating His mercy and justice.

9. Exalt the LORD and Worship at His Holy Mountain
The psalm concludes with a call to exalt the LORD and worship at His holy mountain, reiterating the theme of God's holiness and the appropriate response of worship.1. The Lord's Sovereignty and Holiness
Psalm 99 begins by emphasizing the Lord's reign and His holiness. The psalmist declares, "The LORD reigns; let the nations tremble. He is enthroned above the cherubim; let the earth quake" (Psalm 99:1). The Hebrew word for "reigns" (מָלַךְ, malak) underscores God's sovereign rule over all creation, highlighting His supreme authority and the reverence due to Him.

2. God's Justice and Righteousness
The psalm continues by affirming God's commitment to justice and righteousness: "The King is mighty, He loves justice. You have established equity; You have exercised justice and righteousness in Jacob" (Psalm 99:4). The Hebrew term for "justice" (מִשְׁפָּט, mishpat) and "righteousness" (צְדָקָה, tzedakah) reflect God's moral perfection and His fair governance, which are central to His character.

3. Worship at His Holy Mountain
The call to worship is a significant theme, as seen in the exhortation: "Exalt the LORD our God and worship at His footstool; He is holy!" (Psalm 99:5). The Hebrew word for "worship" (שָׁחָה, shachah) implies bowing down in reverence, indicating the appropriate response to God's holiness and majesty.

4. God's Faithfulness to His People
The psalm recounts God's faithfulness to His people through the examples of Moses, Aaron, and Samuel: "Moses and Aaron were among His priests, and Samuel among those who called on His name. They called to the LORD and He answered" (Psalm 99:6). This highlights God's responsiveness and covenant faithfulness, as He listens and answers those who seek Him.

5. Forgiveness and Discipline
The psalm also addresses God's forgiveness and discipline: "O LORD our God, You answered them. You were a forgiving God to them, yet an avenger of their misdeeds" (Psalm 99:8). The Hebrew word for "forgiving" (נָשָׂא, nasa) conveys the idea of lifting or carrying away sin, while "avenger" (נָקַם, naqam) indicates God's righteous judgment against wrongdoing, balancing mercy with justice.

6. Exaltation of God's Holiness
The psalm concludes with a final call to exalt God's holiness: "Exalt the LORD our God and worship at His holy mountain, for the LORD our God is holy" (Psalm 99:9). The repetition of God's holiness (קָדוֹשׁ, qadosh) throughout the psalm underscores its centrality to His nature and the appropriate response of reverence and worship from His people.1. The Holiness of God
Psalm 99 emphasizes the holiness of God, a central theme that underscores His purity and separateness from sin. The Hebrew word for holy, "קָדוֹשׁ" (qadosh), is used to describe God's nature. The psalm declares, "Exalt the LORD our God and worship at His footstool; He is holy!" (Psalm 99:5).

2. God's Sovereignty and Kingship
The psalm portrays God as the supreme ruler over all the earth. It begins with, "The LORD reigns; let the nations tremble" (Psalm 99:1). This theme highlights God's ultimate authority and control over creation, reflecting the Hebrew concept of "מָלַךְ" (malak), meaning to reign or be king.

3. God's Justice and Righteousness
Justice is a key attribute of God's character in Psalm 99. The psalm states, "The King is mighty, He loves justice—You have established equity; You have exercised justice and righteousness in Jacob" (Psalm 99:4). The Hebrew word "מִשְׁפָּט" (mishpat) refers to God's fair and just governance.

4. The Worship of God
Worship is a recurring theme, as the psalm calls believers to exalt and worship God. "Exalt the LORD our God and worship at His holy mountain, for the LORD our God is holy" (Psalm 99:9). This reflects the Hebrew practice of "שָׁחָה" (shachah), meaning to bow down or prostrate oneself in reverence.

5. God's Faithfulness to His People
The psalm recounts God's faithfulness to Israel through His interactions with leaders like Moses, Aaron, and Samuel. "Moses and Aaron were among His priests, Samuel was among those who called on His name" (Psalm 99:6). This theme emphasizes God's consistent and covenantal relationship with His people.

6. The Fear of the Lord
The psalm encourages a reverent fear of God, acknowledging His power and majesty. "Let them praise Your great and awesome name—He is holy!" (Psalm 99:3). The Hebrew word "יָרֵא" (yare) conveys a sense of awe and respect towards God.1. Psalm 99:1 states the earth trembles when the Lord reigns; how do we address the lack of historical or geological evidence for such a quake?

2. Psalm 99:5 calls for worship at God’s footstool; if this footstool is literal, why is there no archaeological record or clear location for it?

3. Psalm 99:6 mentions Moses, Aaron, and Samuel; how can we confirm the historical existence and roles of Moses and Aaron, given limited archaeological evidence?

4. Psalm 99:7 describes God speaking out of a pillar of cloud; how is this scientifically plausible, and why is there no external record of such a phenomenon?

5. Psalm 99:8 portrays a God who forgives yet also punishes; how can this be reconciled with other biblical texts that emphasize unconditional grace and mercy?

1. How does Psalm 99 portray the relationship between God's sovereignty and His holiness?

2. What aspects of God's character are illuminated in this Psalm?

3. How do the descriptions of God's interactions with Moses, Aaron, and Samuel emphasize His characteristics?

4. Reflect on the significance of the "pillar of cloud". How does this motif serve the overall message of the Psalm?

5. How does this Psalm inspire you to understand and respond to authority in your own life?

6. How does Psalm 99 challenge you to reflect on God's justice and equity?

7. How does the concept of God's mercy resonate with you personally, especially considering His responses to misdeeds?

8. How does Psalm 99 influence your understanding of prayer and the expectation of God's response?

9. How might you apply the lessons from Psalm 99 in your daily interactions with others?

10. In a world filled with injustice, how does Psalm 99 inspire you to strive for equity and fairness?

11. Considering the awe and reverence induced by God's power in Psalm 99, how does this shape your view of God's love and His expectations of us?

12. How might the call to "exalt the LORD and worship at His holy hill" translate into your personal acts of worship and praise?

13. In what ways does the Psalm's emphasis on God's holiness challenge your perspective on personal holiness?

14. Reflect on the trembling and shaking of the earth in response to God's might. How might this imagery apply to current global events and crises?

15. How does God’s interaction with His faithful servants inspire your communication with Him?

16. In the context of your community or society, how can the principles of God’s justice be implemented?

17. How do the messages in Psalm 99 aid you in understanding your purpose and role in life?

18. In moments of personal transgressions, how does the Psalm’s depiction of God’s forgiveness impact your view of repentance?

19. Reflect on the statement, "He established them for His instruction." How does this deepen your understanding of God’s expectations of His people?

20. In what ways does Psalm 99 inspire you to respond when faced with challenges or uncertainties?