Moreover, the word of the LORD came to me, saying,
*Biblical Context:* This phrase introduces a new prophetic message delivered to the prophet Ezekiel. It signifies a direct communication from God, emphasizing the divine origin and authority of the message. Ezekiel, a priest and prophet during the Babylonian exile, often received such revelations, which he faithfully recorded and conveyed to the people of Israel.

*Historical and Cultural Context:* Ezekiel's ministry occurred during a tumultuous period in Israel's history, marked by the Babylonian conquest and the subsequent exile of the Jewish people. This context is crucial for understanding the urgency and gravity of the prophetic messages he received. The phrase underscores the continuity of God's communication with His people, even in times of judgment and displacement.

*Connections to Other Scripture:* The phrase "the word of the LORD came to me" is a common prophetic formula found throughout the Old Testament, appearing in the books of Jeremiah, Isaiah, and others. It serves to authenticate the message as divinely inspired and aligns Ezekiel with the tradition of the Hebrew prophets who acted as God's mouthpieces.

*Prophecy:* This introduction sets the stage for a prophetic declaration against Mount Seir, representing the nation of Edom. The prophecy that follows in Ezekiel 35 is part of a broader narrative of judgment against the nations surrounding Israel, highlighting God's sovereignty over all nations and His commitment to justice.

*Types of Jesus Christ:* While this specific phrase does not directly typify Christ, the role of the prophet as a mediator of God's word can be seen as a precursor to Christ, who is the ultimate revelation of God (Hebrews 1:1-2). Jesus, as the Word made flesh (John 1:14), fulfills and surpasses the prophetic tradition by embodying the message of God in His life and ministry. Son of man
This phrase is a title used frequently in the book of Ezekiel, emphasizing the prophet's humanity and his role as a representative of the people. It underscores the distinction between God and man, highlighting the divine authority behind Ezekiel's messages. The term is also used in the New Testament, notably by Jesus Christ to refer to Himself, indicating His role as the representative of humanity and the fulfillment of prophetic roles.

set your face against
This expression signifies a determined opposition and a resolute stance. It indicates that the message to follow is one of judgment and confrontation. In biblical terms, setting one's face against something often implies divine disapproval and impending judgment. This phrase is used in other prophetic contexts, such as in Jeremiah and Daniel, to denote God's firm stance against sin and rebellion.

Mount Seir
Mount Seir is a mountainous region associated with the descendants of Esau, also known as Edom. Geographically, it is located southeast of the Dead Sea. Historically, Edom had a tumultuous relationship with Israel, often characterized by hostility and conflict. The Edomites were descendants of Esau, Jacob's brother, and their enmity is rooted in the biblical narrative of Jacob and Esau. This judgment against Mount Seir symbolizes God's retribution against Edom for its perpetual enmity and violence against Israel.

and prophesy against it
The act of prophesying against Mount Seir indicates a divine pronouncement of judgment. Prophecy in the Old Testament often served as a warning and a call to repentance, but in this context, it is a declaration of inevitable judgment due to Edom's persistent sin. This prophecy aligns with other biblical passages where God pronounces judgment on nations that oppose His people, such as in Obadiah and Isaiah. The prophetic message serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty and justice, as well as His protection over His covenant people.

and declare that this is what the Lord GOD says:
This phrase emphasizes the authority and divine origin of the message. The prophet Ezekiel is acting as a mouthpiece for God, a common role for prophets in the Old Testament. This underscores the seriousness and certainty of the prophecy. The use of "Lord GOD" (Adonai Yahweh) highlights God's sovereignty and covenant relationship with Israel.

Behold, I am against you, O Mount Seir:
Mount Seir is a mountainous region associated with the Edomites, descendants of Esau, Jacob's brother. Historically, Edom had a tumultuous relationship with Israel, often characterized by hostility and conflict. God's declaration of being "against" Mount Seir signifies impending judgment due to Edom's actions against Israel. This reflects the broader biblical theme of divine retribution against nations that oppose God's people.

I will stretch out My hand against you:
The imagery of God stretching out His hand is a common biblical metaphor for divine intervention, often in the form of judgment or punishment. This phrase indicates a direct and powerful action from God, reminiscent of His actions against Egypt during the Exodus (Exodus 7:5). It conveys the certainty and severity of the coming judgment.

and make you a desolate waste:
The prophecy of desolation is a common motif in the prophetic literature, symbolizing complete destruction and abandonment. For Edom, this desolation is both a literal and symbolic punishment for their enmity towards Israel. Historically, Edom was eventually conquered and absorbed by other nations, fulfilling this prophecy. The desolation also serves as a warning to other nations about the consequences of opposing God's will.

I will turn your cities into ruins
This phrase is a declaration of divine judgment against Edom, a nation historically antagonistic towards Israel. The cities of Edom, such as Bozrah and Teman, were known for their fortifications and prosperity. The prophecy of their destruction signifies a complete reversal of their fortunes. This judgment reflects the broader biblical theme of God's sovereignty over nations and His ability to humble the proud (Isaiah 13:19; Jeremiah 49:13). Archaeological evidence of ancient Edomite cities shows ruins that align with the biblical narrative of their downfall.

and you will become a desolation
The term "desolation" indicates total devastation, leaving the land uninhabitable. This echoes the fate of other nations that opposed God's people, such as Babylon and Assyria. The desolation serves as a warning to all nations about the consequences of enmity against God's chosen people. Historically, Edom's desolation was fulfilled as the nation eventually disappeared from historical records, aligning with the prophetic word. This also prefigures the ultimate desolation of all who oppose God's kingdom at the end of the age (Revelation 18:2).

Then you will know that I am the LORD
This phrase underscores the purpose of divine judgment: to reveal God's identity and authority. Throughout Scripture, God's judgments are often followed by the acknowledgment of His sovereignty (Exodus 7:5; Ezekiel 6:7). For Edom, this recognition comes too late, serving as a sobering reminder of the importance of acknowledging God before judgment falls. This revelation of God as LORD is a central theme in Ezekiel, emphasizing His covenant faithfulness and justice. It also points to the ultimate revelation of God through Jesus Christ, who embodies God's justice and mercy (John 14:9).

Because you harbored an ancient hatred
This phrase refers to the longstanding enmity between the Edomites and the Israelites. The Edomites were descendants of Esau, Jacob's brother, and this animosity can be traced back to the sibling rivalry between Esau and Jacob (Genesis 25:23-34). The "ancient hatred" signifies a deep-seated hostility that persisted over generations. This enmity is also mentioned in other scriptures, such as Amos 1:11, where Edom's perpetual anger is condemned. The historical context shows that Edom often took advantage of Israel's vulnerabilities, exacerbating the conflict.

and delivered the Israelites over to the sword
This phrase highlights Edom's betrayal and active participation in the violence against Israel. During times of Israel's distress, particularly during the Babylonian invasion, Edom sided with the enemies of Israel, contributing to their downfall (Obadiah 1:10-14). This act of delivering Israel to the sword is seen as a grave sin, as it involved not only passive indifference but active aggression against their kin. The sword symbolizes warfare and destruction, emphasizing the severity of Edom's actions.

in the time of their disaster
The "time of their disaster" refers to the period of calamity for Israel, particularly the Babylonian conquest and the subsequent exile in 586 BC. This was a time of great suffering and loss for the Israelites, as Jerusalem was destroyed, and many were taken captive. The disaster was a fulfillment of prophetic warnings given by prophets like Jeremiah and Ezekiel, who had forewarned of the consequences of Israel's disobedience to God.

at the final stage of their punishment
This phrase indicates that the disaster was part of God's judgment upon Israel for their sins, as prophesied by Ezekiel and other prophets. The "final stage" suggests the culmination of a series of divine judgments that had been progressively unfolding. It underscores the idea that while God used other nations as instruments of His judgment, those nations, like Edom, were still held accountable for their actions. This reflects the biblical principle that God is sovereign over history, using it to accomplish His purposes while maintaining justice.

therefore as surely as I live, declares the Lord GOD,
This phrase emphasizes the certainty and authority of God's pronouncement. The phrase "as surely as I live" is an oath formula, underscoring the seriousness and unchangeable nature of God's words. It reflects God's eternal existence and His sovereign power to execute judgment. This is a common expression in prophetic literature, highlighting the divine authority behind the message (e.g., Numbers 14:21, Isaiah 49:18).

I will give you over to bloodshed and it will pursue you.
This is a declaration of judgment against Edom, a nation historically hostile to Israel. The term "bloodshed" signifies violence and death, indicating that Edom will face the consequences of its own violent actions. The imagery of bloodshed pursuing them suggests an inescapable retribution. This reflects the biblical principle of reaping what one sows (Galatians 6:7). Historically, Edom's enmity with Israel is well-documented, and this prophecy aligns with the broader biblical narrative of divine justice against nations that oppose God's people (Obadiah 1:10).

Since you did not hate bloodshed,
Edom's failure to abhor violence is highlighted here. Their complacency or even delight in violence, particularly against Israel, is condemned. This reflects a moral indictment, as they are judged not only for their actions but also for their attitudes. The biblical ethic calls for a love of justice and mercy (Micah 6:8), and Edom's disregard for these values leads to their downfall.

it will pursue you.
The repetition of the phrase emphasizes the inevitability and persistence of the coming judgment. The pursuit of bloodshed suggests that Edom cannot escape the consequences of its actions. This mirrors the biblical theme of divine retribution, where the punishment fits the crime (Psalm 7:15-16). The relentless nature of this pursuit underscores the seriousness of their sin and the certainty of God's justice.

I will make Mount Seir a desolate waste
Mount Seir is historically the region inhabited by the Edomites, descendants of Esau, Jacob's brother. This prophecy against Mount Seir symbolizes God's judgment against Edom for its longstanding enmity with Israel. The desolation signifies complete destruction, reflecting the divine retribution for Edom's actions. The imagery of desolation is consistent with other biblical prophecies where God judges nations for their sins (Isaiah 34:9-11). The desolation of Mount Seir serves as a warning to all nations about the consequences of opposing God's chosen people.

and will cut off from it those who come and go
This phrase indicates the cessation of all activity and life in the region, emphasizing the totality of the judgment. The cutting off of those who "come and go" suggests the end of trade, travel, and communication, which were vital for the survival and prosperity of ancient cities. This reflects the broader biblical theme of divine judgment leading to isolation and ruin, as seen in the fall of other cities like Babylon (Jeremiah 51:37). The phrase also underscores the finality of God's judgment, leaving no room for recovery or restoration, which is a common motif in prophetic literature.

I will fill its mountains with the slain;
This phrase indicates a divine judgment pronounced upon the land, specifically targeting the mountains, which were often seen as places of strength and refuge. In the context of Ezekiel, this prophecy is directed against Mount Seir, representing Edom. Historically, Edom was a perpetual enemy of Israel, and this judgment reflects God's retribution for Edom's hostility. The imagery of mountains filled with the slain underscores the totality and severity of the judgment. Mountains in biblical literature often symbolize stability and permanence, but here they become sites of devastation, highlighting the reversal of fortune for Edom.

those killed by the sword will fall on your hills,
The sword is a common biblical symbol of warfare and divine judgment. The mention of those killed by the sword falling on the hills suggests a widespread and inescapable destruction. Hills, like mountains, were strategic locations in ancient warfare, often used for defense. The prophecy indicates that even these elevated places will not provide safety from God's judgment. This can be connected to other biblical passages where the sword is used as an instrument of God's wrath, such as in Jeremiah 25:31, emphasizing the inevitability of divine justice.

in your valleys,
Valleys in the ancient Near East were often fertile and populated areas, essential for agriculture and habitation. The mention of valleys in this context suggests that the judgment will affect both the high and low places, leaving no part of the land untouched. This comprehensive destruction serves as a warning to those who oppose God's people. The valleys, typically places of life and sustenance, become sites of death, illustrating the complete reversal of Edom's fortunes.

and in all your ravines.
Ravines, being narrow and often difficult to traverse, symbolize hidden or protected areas. The inclusion of ravines in the prophecy indicates that there will be no refuge from the coming judgment. This reflects the thoroughness of God's retribution, as even the most secluded places will not escape His wrath. The imagery of ravines filled with the slain reinforces the totality of the devastation. This can be seen as a fulfillment of the broader biblical theme of God's justice reaching every corner of the earth, as seen in Amos 9:3, where even the depths of the sea cannot hide from God's hand.

I will make you a perpetual desolation
This phrase is a declaration of judgment against Mount Seir, representing the Edomites. Historically, the Edomites were descendants of Esau, Jacob's brother, and had a long-standing enmity with Israel. The term "perpetual desolation" indicates a complete and enduring devastation, suggesting that the land would be left barren and uninhabited. This prophecy aligns with other biblical judgments against Edom, such as in Obadiah 1:10-18, where Edom's betrayal and violence against Israel are condemned. The use of "perpetual" emphasizes the severity and lasting nature of God's judgment, reflecting His sovereignty and justice.

and your cities will not be inhabited
This part of the prophecy underscores the totality of the desolation. The cities of Edom, once thriving, would become empty and lifeless. Archaeological evidence supports the decline of Edomite cities, such as Bozrah and Petra, which eventually fell into ruin. The uninhabited cities symbolize the complete removal of Edom's power and presence, fulfilling God's promise of judgment. This desolation serves as a warning to nations that oppose God's people and His purposes, illustrating the consequences of pride and hostility against God's covenant community.

Then you will know that I am the LORD
This concluding phrase highlights the purpose of the judgment: to reveal God's identity and authority. Throughout the book of Ezekiel, the recognition formula "you will know that I am the LORD" is used repeatedly to affirm God's sovereignty and faithfulness to His word. The judgment against Edom serves as a demonstration of God's power and a vindication of His people. It also points to the ultimate recognition of God's lordship by all nations, a theme echoed in Philippians 2:10-11, where every knee will bow and every tongue confess that Jesus Christ is Lord. This acknowledgment of God as LORD is both a call to repentance and a promise of His ultimate justice.

Because you have said
This phrase introduces the accusation against Edom, highlighting their intentions and words. In biblical context, words often reveal the heart's intentions (Matthew 12:34). The Edomites, descendants of Esau, harbored animosity towards Israel, descendants of Jacob, reflecting the ancient sibling rivalry (Genesis 25:23).

‘These two nations and countries will be ours, and we will possess them,’
The "two nations" refer to Israel and Judah, which were divided after Solomon's reign (1 Kings 12). Edom's desire to possess these lands indicates opportunistic aggression, taking advantage of Israel's weakened state post-exile. Historically, Edom sought to expand its territory during Judah's Babylonian captivity, reflecting a common practice of seizing land during times of vulnerability.

even though the LORD was there,
This phrase underscores the divine presence in Israel, despite their exile. Theologically, it affirms God's covenantal promise to dwell with His people (Exodus 29:45). The presence of the LORD signifies protection and ownership, making Edom's claim not just against Israel, but against God Himself. This echoes the theme of God's sovereignty and His ultimate plan for restoration, as seen in prophecies like Ezekiel 37, where God promises to reunite and restore Israel.

therefore as surely as I live, declares the Lord GOD,
This phrase emphasizes the certainty and authority of God's pronouncement. The use of "as surely as I live" is a divine oath, underscoring the seriousness and inevitability of the coming judgment. This is a common expression in prophetic literature, highlighting God's eternal nature and His sovereign power to fulfill His promises. It reflects the covenantal relationship between God and His people, where His declarations are as unchanging as His existence.

I will treat you according to the anger and jealousy you showed in your hatred against them,
This part of the verse addresses the Edomites' hostility towards Israel. Historically, Edom, descended from Esau, harbored longstanding enmity against Israel, descended from Jacob. This animosity is documented in various biblical passages, such as Obadiah and Psalm 137:7. The "anger and jealousy" refer to Edom's malicious actions during Israel's times of distress, particularly during the Babylonian conquest. God's response is a measure-for-measure retribution, a common biblical theme where divine justice mirrors the actions of the offenders.

and I will make Myself known among them when I judge you.
Here, God promises that His judgment on Edom will reveal His power and justice to Israel and the surrounding nations. This revelation serves a dual purpose: it vindicates Israel and demonstrates God's sovereignty and righteousness. The phrase "make Myself known" is significant in biblical theology, often associated with God's self-revelation through acts of salvation or judgment. This concept is echoed in other scriptures, such as Exodus 7:5, where God's actions in Egypt made His identity known. The judgment on Edom is not only punitive but also revelatory, affirming God's covenantal faithfulness to His people.

Then you will know that I, the LORD, have heard every contemptuous word you uttered against the mountains of Israel
This phrase emphasizes God's omniscience and His awareness of the words spoken against His people. The "mountains of Israel" symbolize the land and the people of Israel, often representing the spiritual and physical heritage of the Israelites. The contemptuous words reflect the hostility and arrogance of the surrounding nations, particularly Edom, towards Israel. This is a reminder of God's covenant with Israel and His promise to protect and vindicate them. The phrase also connects to the broader biblical theme of God hearing the cries and concerns of His people, as seen in Exodus 3:7, where God hears the cries of the Israelites in Egypt.

when you said, ‘They are desolate; they are given to us to devour!’
This part of the verse highlights the opportunistic attitude of Israel's enemies, who see the desolation of Israel as a chance to seize and consume the land. Historically, this reflects the period after the Babylonian exile when the land of Israel was vulnerable. The phrase "given to us to devour" indicates a belief that the downfall of Israel was a divine allowance for other nations to take over. This attitude is condemned by God, as it disregards His sovereignty and the future restoration He has planned for Israel. The desolation mentioned here is temporary, as prophesied in Ezekiel 36, where God promises to restore the land and bring His people back. This also serves as a type of Christ, who, despite being rejected and seemingly defeated, ultimately triumphs and restores His people.

You boasted against Me with your mouth
This phrase highlights the arrogance and pride of Edom, a nation that often opposed Israel. In biblical context, boasting against God signifies a deep-seated rebellion and lack of reverence. Historically, Edom, descended from Esau, had a long-standing enmity with Israel, the descendants of Jacob. This enmity is rooted in the Genesis account of Jacob and Esau, where Esau sold his birthright to Jacob. The boasting here can be seen as Edom's prideful attitude and their belief in their own strength and security, despite God's sovereignty. This is reminiscent of other biblical instances where nations or individuals boasted against God, such as in Isaiah 10:15, where Assyria is rebuked for its arrogance.

and multiplied your words against Me.
The multiplication of words against God suggests persistent and repeated blasphemy or slander. This indicates not just a single act of defiance but a continual pattern of disrespect and opposition. In the cultural context of the ancient Near East, words held significant power, and to speak against a deity was a serious offense. This phrase underscores the gravity of Edom's sin, as they not only opposed God but did so repeatedly and with increasing intensity. This can be paralleled with the behavior of other nations in the Bible, such as Babylon, which also spoke arrogantly against God (Isaiah 47:8-10).

I heard it Myself!
This declaration emphasizes God's omniscience and His personal involvement in the affairs of nations. It serves as a reminder that no action or word escapes God's notice. Theologically, this reflects the belief in a God who is both transcendent and immanent, aware of and responsive to human actions. This assurance of divine awareness is echoed in other scriptures, such as Psalm 94:9, which affirms that God, who created the ear, surely hears. It also serves as a warning that God will hold nations and individuals accountable for their words and actions, as seen in the judgment pronounced on Edom in the surrounding passages of Ezekiel 35.

This is what the Lord GOD says:
This phrase emphasizes the authority and divine origin of the message. In the prophetic books, this introduction is common, underscoring that the prophet speaks not on his own authority but as a mouthpiece for God. It reflects the seriousness and certainty of the prophecy, as it comes directly from the sovereign Lord.

While the whole earth rejoices:
This part of the verse contrasts the fate of Edom with the rest of the world. Historically, Edom had been a long-standing enemy of Israel, often rejoicing at Israel's misfortunes (see Obadiah 1:12). The phrase suggests a time of general peace or prosperity for other nations, possibly pointing to the Messianic age or a period of restoration for Israel. It highlights the isolation of Edom's judgment amidst a backdrop of global joy.

I will make you desolate:
The desolation of Edom is a recurring theme in the prophetic literature (see Isaiah 34:9-15, Jeremiah 49:17-18). This prophecy was fulfilled historically when Edom was conquered and its cities destroyed. Theologically, it serves as a warning against pride and hostility towards God's people. The desolation can also be seen as a type of ultimate judgment, reflecting the final separation of the righteous from the wicked. The imagery of desolation is often used to depict the consequences of sin and rebellion against God.

As you rejoiced when the inheritance of the house of Israel became desolate
This phrase highlights the schadenfreude of Edom over Israel's misfortune. Historically, Edom and Israel had a tumultuous relationship, rooted in the sibling rivalry between Esau (ancestor of the Edomites) and Jacob (ancestor of the Israelites). The "inheritance of the house of Israel" refers to the Promised Land, which became desolate due to invasions and exile. Edom's rejoicing is condemned as it reflects a lack of compassion and brotherly love, contrary to the biblical principle of loving one's neighbor (Leviticus 19:18).

so will I do to you
This is a declaration of divine retribution. The principle of "measure for measure" is evident here, where Edom's actions towards Israel will be mirrored back upon them. This reflects the biblical theme of justice, where God holds nations accountable for their actions (Obadiah 1:15). It underscores the idea that God is sovereign and just, ensuring that those who harm His people will face consequences.

You will become a desolation, O Mount Seir
Mount Seir is the mountainous region inhabited by the Edomites. The prophecy of desolation is a direct response to Edom's actions and attitudes. Archaeological evidence shows that Edom was indeed a significant kingdom, but it eventually faced decline and destruction, fulfilling this prophecy. The desolation serves as a warning to all nations about the consequences of opposing God's people.

and so will all of Edom
This expands the judgment from Mount Seir to the entire nation of Edom. Historically, Edom was known for its strategic location and trade routes, but its downfall was prophesied due to its enmity with Israel. The complete desolation of Edom is a testament to the fulfillment of God's word and serves as a reminder of the fate of those who oppose His plans.

Then they will know that I am the LORD
This phrase emphasizes the ultimate purpose of God's judgments: to reveal His sovereignty and identity. Throughout the Bible, God's actions are often intended to demonstrate His power and authority, leading people to acknowledge Him as the one true God (Exodus 7:5). This acknowledgment is not just for Edom but serves as a universal call to recognize God's dominion over all nations.