Then the word of the LORD came to me, saying,
*The word of the LORD*: This phrase indicates divine revelation, a common expression in prophetic literature, signifying that the message originates from God Himself. It underscores the authority and authenticity of the prophecy. In the context of Ezekiel, it emphasizes that the prophet is merely a vessel for God's communication, not speaking on his own accord.

*Came to me*: This personalizes the message, highlighting Ezekiel's role as a chosen prophet. It suggests a direct and intimate communication between God and Ezekiel, reinforcing the prophet's responsibility to convey God's message accurately to the people of Israel.

*Saying*: This introduces the content of the divine message. In the broader context of Ezekiel 34, the message is a rebuke of the leaders of Israel, often referred to as shepherds, for their failure to care for the people. This sets the stage for the subsequent verses where God outlines the failures of these leaders and His plan to intervene.

In the broader biblical narrative, this passage connects to the theme of God as the true shepherd, a motif that is further developed in the New Testament with Jesus Christ being identified as the Good Shepherd (John 10:11). This typology highlights the contrast between human leaders who fail and the divine leadership of Christ, who cares for and sacrifices Himself for His flock. Son of man, prophesy against the shepherds of Israel.
The term "Son of man" is a title used frequently in Ezekiel, emphasizing his humanity and role as a prophet. The "shepherds of Israel" refers to the leaders, including kings, priests, and prophets, who were responsible for guiding and caring for the people. In biblical context, shepherds symbolize leadership and care, as seen in Psalm 23 and John 10. The call to "prophesy against" indicates a divine judgment against these leaders for failing in their duties.

Prophesy and tell them that this is what the Lord GOD says:
The repetition of "prophesy" underscores the urgency and importance of the message. "The Lord GOD" (YHWH Elohim) emphasizes the authority and sovereignty of God, who is delivering a direct message. This phrase establishes the divine origin of the prophecy, distinguishing it from human opinion.

‘Woe to the shepherds of Israel, who only feed themselves!
"Woe" is a term of lament and impending judgment, often used by prophets to announce divine displeasure. The shepherds' self-serving behavior contrasts with their expected role of caring for the people. This selfishness is condemned in other scriptures, such as Jeremiah 23:1-2 and Zechariah 11:17, where leaders are criticized for neglecting their duties.

Should not the shepherds feed their flock?
This rhetorical question highlights the leaders' failure to fulfill their primary responsibility. The imagery of shepherds feeding their flock is a common biblical metaphor for leadership, as seen in John 21:15-17, where Jesus instructs Peter to "feed my sheep." This expectation reflects God's care for His people, as exemplified by Jesus, the Good Shepherd, who lays down His life for the sheep (John 10:11).

You eat the fat
This phrase criticizes the leaders of Israel for exploiting their position for personal gain. In biblical times, "fat" symbolized the best or richest part of the offerings, often reserved for God (Leviticus 3:16). The leaders were consuming what was meant for the people's benefit, reflecting selfishness and neglect of their duties. This behavior contrasts with the sacrificial system where the fat was burned as an offering to God, indicating a misuse of what was sacred.

wear the wool
Wool was a valuable commodity in ancient Israel, used for clothing and trade. The leaders are accused of taking the wool for themselves, symbolizing their exploitation of the people for personal comfort and wealth. This imagery highlights their failure to care for the flock, as shepherds were expected to protect and provide for their sheep, not exploit them. This selfishness is condemned in other scriptures, such as in Micah 3:1-3, where leaders are criticized for their greed and oppression.

and butcher the fattened sheep
The phrase indicates the leaders' willingness to destroy the very ones they were supposed to nurture. Fattened sheep were typically prepared for special occasions or sacrifices, symbolizing abundance and blessing. By butchering them for personal gain, the leaders are depicted as merciless and self-serving. This imagery is a stark contrast to the Good Shepherd, a type of Christ, who lays down His life for the sheep (John 10:11).

but you do not feed the flock
The primary duty of a shepherd is to feed and care for the flock, ensuring their well-being and growth. The leaders' failure to do so represents a neglect of their God-given responsibilities. This neglect is a recurring theme in prophetic literature, where leaders are often rebuked for failing to uphold justice and care for the vulnerable (Jeremiah 23:1-4). In the New Testament, Jesus fulfills the role of the true Shepherd, feeding His flock with spiritual nourishment and guidance (John 6:35).

You have not strengthened the weak
This phrase highlights the failure of the leaders to support and uplift those who are vulnerable. In biblical context, shepherds were responsible for the well-being of their flock, symbolizing leaders' duty to care for their people. The weak here can be seen as those who are spiritually, emotionally, or physically frail. This neglect contrasts with God's character, who is described as a shepherd in Psalm 23, providing strength and guidance.

healed the sick
The leaders' failure to heal the sick reflects a lack of compassion and care. In ancient Israel, sickness often symbolized spiritual or moral decay. Healing was a sign of divine intervention and care, as seen in the ministry of Jesus, who healed many as a demonstration of God's kingdom (Matthew 4:23). The leaders' neglect is a stark contrast to the healing ministry of Christ.

bound up the injured
Binding up the injured refers to tending to those who are wounded, both physically and spiritually. In the cultural context, shepherds would bind the wounds of their sheep, symbolizing care and restoration. This imagery is used in Isaiah 61:1, where the Messiah is prophesied to bind up the brokenhearted, pointing to Jesus' mission of restoration.

brought back the strays
This phrase indicates a failure to seek out those who have wandered away. In biblical times, straying sheep were vulnerable to predators, symbolizing those who have drifted from the faith. Jesus' parable of the lost sheep (Luke 15:4-7) illustrates God's heart for bringing back the lost, contrasting with the leaders' negligence.

or searched for the lost
Searching for the lost involves actively seeking those who are missing or have gone astray. This reflects God's pursuit of humanity, as seen in Jesus' mission to seek and save the lost (Luke 19:10). The leaders' failure to search for the lost shows a lack of concern for the spiritual well-being of their people.

Instead, you have ruled them with violence and cruelty
This phrase condemns the leaders for their harsh and oppressive rule. Violence and cruelty are antithetical to the shepherding role, which should be characterized by care and protection. This behavior is reminiscent of the oppressive rulers criticized by the prophets (e.g., Jeremiah 23:1-2). In contrast, Jesus is depicted as the Good Shepherd who lays down His life for the sheep (John 10:11), embodying the opposite of violence and cruelty.

They were scattered for lack of a shepherd
This phrase highlights the absence of leadership and guidance among the people of Israel. In biblical context, shepherds often symbolize leaders or kings, as seen in passages like Psalm 23 and John 10:11, where God and Jesus are depicted as shepherds. The scattering of the people reflects the consequences of poor leadership, as seen in the historical context of Israel's exile. The shepherds, or leaders, failed to care for the flock, leading to their dispersion. This imagery is also prophetic, pointing to the coming of Jesus Christ, the Good Shepherd, who would gather and care for His people, as prophesied in Ezekiel 34:23.

and when they were scattered
The scattering of the people signifies the dispersion and exile of Israel due to their disobedience and the failure of their leaders. Historically, this refers to events like the Babylonian exile, where the Israelites were taken from their land. Theologically, scattering is often associated with judgment, as seen in Deuteronomy 28:64. However, it also sets the stage for eventual restoration, as God promises to regather His people, a theme echoed in Ezekiel 36:24 and fulfilled in the New Testament through the gathering of believers in Christ.

they became food for all the wild beasts
This phrase symbolizes vulnerability and danger faced by the Israelites in exile. In ancient Near Eastern culture, wild beasts often represented chaos and threat, as seen in Daniel 7:3-7. The lack of protection from a shepherd left the people exposed to external threats, both physical and spiritual. This imagery underscores the need for a true shepherd, fulfilled in Jesus Christ, who protects His flock from spiritual predators, as described in John 10:12-13. The phrase also serves as a warning against false leaders who fail to protect and nurture their people.

My flock went astray on all the mountains and every high hill.
This phrase reflects the spiritual condition of Israel, often depicted as God's flock. The imagery of sheep going astray is common in Scripture, symbolizing the people's tendency to wander from God's commandments and guidance. Mountains and high hills were frequently sites of idolatrous worship in ancient Israel, where altars to false gods were erected (1 Kings 14:23). This indicates that the people not only physically strayed but also spiritually, engaging in practices contrary to God's law. The shepherds, or leaders, failed in their duty to guide and protect the flock, leading to their dispersion.

They were scattered over the face of all the earth,
The scattering of the flock signifies the dispersion of the Israelites among the nations, a consequence of their disobedience and idolatry. Historically, this can be linked to the Assyrian and Babylonian exiles, where the Northern Kingdom of Israel and later the Southern Kingdom of Judah were conquered and the people were taken captive (2 Kings 17:6; 2 Kings 25:11). This scattering is also prophetic, pointing to the broader dispersion of the Jewish people throughout history. It underscores the loss of unity and identity when God's people are not under His direct care and guidance.

with no one to search for them or seek them out.
This highlights the failure of Israel's leaders, who were supposed to be shepherds to the people. They neglected their responsibility to care for, guide, and bring back the lost sheep. In a broader biblical context, this sets the stage for the coming of Jesus Christ, the Good Shepherd, who seeks and saves the lost (John 10:11; Luke 19:10). The absence of a shepherd to search for the scattered flock emphasizes the need for divine intervention and foreshadows the messianic promise of a shepherd who will gather and care for God's people.

Therefore, you shepherds,
This phrase addresses the leaders of Israel, often referred to as shepherds in biblical literature. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, rulers and leaders were commonly depicted as shepherds of their people, responsible for their welfare and guidance. The term "shepherd" is used metaphorically to describe the role of kings, priests, and prophets. This imagery is consistent with other biblical passages, such as Psalm 23, where God is depicted as the ultimate Shepherd. The use of "therefore" indicates a conclusion or judgment based on previous statements, emphasizing the seriousness of the message.

hear the word of the LORD:
This command underscores the authority and divine origin of the message. The phrase "word of the LORD" is a common biblical expression indicating a direct communication from God, often through a prophet. In the context of Ezekiel, it signifies a prophetic declaration that demands attention and obedience. The call to "hear" implies not just listening but also understanding and acting upon the message. This is a recurring theme in the prophetic books, where the failure to heed God's word often leads to judgment. The emphasis on hearing aligns with Deuteronomy 6:4, the Shema, which calls Israel to listen and obey the LORD.

As surely as I live, declares the Lord GOD,
This phrase emphasizes the certainty and authority of God's declaration. It is a solemn oath, underscoring the seriousness of the message. Similar expressions are found throughout the Old Testament, such as in Numbers 14:21 and Isaiah 49:18, where God swears by His own life, highlighting His unchanging nature and the reliability of His promises.

because My flock lacks a shepherd
The imagery of a flock without a shepherd is a common biblical metaphor for people without guidance or leadership. In the historical context, this refers to the leaders of Israel who failed to care for the people. The shepherd motif is prevalent in Scripture, with God often depicted as the ultimate Shepherd (Psalm 23:1). This also foreshadows Jesus Christ, who identifies Himself as the Good Shepherd in John 10:11, providing the care and leadership that was lacking.

and has become prey and food for every wild beast,
This phrase illustrates the vulnerability and danger faced by the people of Israel due to the absence of proper leadership. Wild beasts symbolize the surrounding nations and external threats that took advantage of Israel's weakened state. This imagery is consistent with other prophetic warnings, such as in Jeremiah 50:17, where Israel is described as scattered sheep devoured by lions.

and because My shepherds did not search for My flock
The shepherds, representing the leaders and priests of Israel, are criticized for their negligence. They failed in their duty to seek out and care for the people, leading to their dispersion and suffering. This neglect is condemned in other prophetic writings, such as in Jeremiah 23:1-2, where God promises to punish the shepherds who destroy and scatter His flock.

but fed themselves instead,
This phrase highlights the selfishness and corruption of the leaders, who prioritized their own needs over the welfare of the people. This self-serving behavior is a recurring theme in the prophetic literature, as seen in Isaiah 56:11, where the leaders are described as greedy dogs who never have enough. This contrasts with the selfless nature of Christ, who came to serve and give His life for the sheep (Mark 10:45).

therefore, you shepherds,
This phrase addresses the leaders of Israel, often referred to as shepherds in biblical literature. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, kings and leaders were commonly depicted as shepherds of their people, responsible for their welfare and guidance. The use of "therefore" indicates a conclusion or judgment based on previous statements, specifically the failures of these leaders to care for their flock. This imagery is consistent with other biblical passages, such as Psalm 23, where God is depicted as the ultimate Shepherd, and John 10, where Jesus identifies Himself as the Good Shepherd, contrasting with the negligent leaders.

hear the word of the LORD!
This command emphasizes the authority and urgency of God's message. In the prophetic tradition, "hear" is not merely about listening but involves obedience and response. The phrase "word of the LORD" signifies divine revelation, a common expression in the prophetic books indicating that the message comes directly from God. This call to attention is a reminder of the covenant relationship between God and His people, where leaders are expected to heed God's instructions. The failure to do so often results in judgment, as seen in other prophetic texts like Jeremiah 23, where false shepherds are condemned. This phrase underscores the accountability of leaders to divine authority and foreshadows the coming of Jesus, who perfectly fulfills the role of the obedient Shepherd.

This is what the Lord GOD says:
This phrase emphasizes the authority and divine origin of the message. In the prophetic tradition, the phrase underscores that the message is not from the prophet himself but from God. This is a common introduction in prophetic literature, indicating the seriousness and divine backing of the forthcoming pronouncement.

Behold, I am against the shepherds:
The "shepherds" symbolize the leaders of Israel, such as kings, priests, and prophets, who were responsible for guiding and caring for the people. The imagery of shepherds is frequently used in the Bible to describe leaders (e.g., Psalm 23, John 10). God's opposition to them indicates their failure in their duties, leading to the suffering and scattering of the people.

and I will demand from them My flock:
God holds the leaders accountable for their stewardship. The flock represents the people of Israel, whom God considers His own. This reflects the biblical principle of accountability, where leaders are responsible for the well-being of those they lead (James 3:1).

and remove them from tending the flock:
This signifies a divine judgment and removal of authority from the unfaithful leaders. Historically, this can be seen in the fall of Jerusalem and the exile, where the political and religious leaders lost their positions. It also foreshadows the coming of a new shepherd, ultimately fulfilled in Jesus Christ, who is described as the Good Shepherd (John 10:11).

so that they can no longer feed themselves:
The leaders were exploiting their positions for personal gain, neglecting the needs of the people. This phrase highlights the corruption and self-interest that had become prevalent among the leaders. The removal of their authority is also a removal of their ability to exploit the people.

For I will deliver My flock from their mouths:
God promises to rescue His people from the exploitation and harm caused by their leaders. This deliverance is both a physical and spiritual salvation, pointing to God's ongoing care and protection for His people. It also prefigures the ultimate deliverance through Christ, who saves His people from sin and spiritual death.

and it will no longer be food for them:
The imagery of the flock being "food" for the shepherds underscores the extent of the leaders' exploitation. God's intervention ensures that His people will no longer be preyed upon. This reflects God's justice and His commitment to the welfare of His people, aligning with the broader biblical theme of God as a protector and provider.

For this is what the Lord GOD says:
This phrase introduces a direct declaration from God, emphasizing the authority and certainty of the message. In the context of Ezekiel, God often speaks directly to His people through the prophet, underscoring the importance of the message. The use of "Lord GOD" (Adonai Yahweh) highlights both His sovereignty and covenant relationship with Israel.

Behold, I Myself will search for My flock:
The imagery of God as a shepherd is prevalent throughout the Bible, notably in Psalm 23 and John 10. Here, God promises personal involvement in seeking His people, contrasting with the negligent shepherds (leaders) criticized earlier in the chapter. This reflects God's intimate care and commitment to His covenant people, Israel, who are often depicted as sheep in need of guidance and protection.

and seek them out:
This phrase indicates a proactive and intentional effort by God to find His scattered people. Historically, this refers to the Israelites who were exiled and dispersed due to their disobedience and the failure of their leaders. Theologically, it foreshadows the coming of Jesus Christ, the Good Shepherd, who seeks and saves the lost (Luke 19:10). This also connects to the prophetic promise of restoration and regathering of Israel, as seen in passages like Jeremiah 31:10 and Isaiah 40:11.

As a shepherd looks for his scattered sheep
The imagery of a shepherd is deeply rooted in the biblical narrative, symbolizing care, guidance, and protection. Shepherds were common in ancient Israel, and their role was crucial for the survival of the flock. This phrase evokes the pastoral life familiar to Ezekiel's audience, emphasizing the personal and attentive nature of God's care. The shepherd metaphor is also used in Psalm 23 and John 10, where Jesus identifies Himself as the Good Shepherd, highlighting His role in seeking and saving the lost.

when he is among the flock
This phrase suggests proximity and presence. A shepherd's effectiveness is contingent upon being with the flock, understanding their needs, and protecting them from harm. It underscores God's intimate involvement with His people, contrasting with the neglectful leaders of Israel criticized earlier in Ezekiel 34. The presence of the shepherd among the sheep is a reassurance of safety and guidance, reflecting God's promise to be with His people.

so I will look for My flock
God's declaration to seek His flock indicates His initiative and commitment to restore His people. This reflects the covenant relationship between God and Israel, where God remains faithful despite the people's unfaithfulness. The phrase parallels the parable of the lost sheep in Luke 15, where the shepherd actively searches for the one lost sheep, illustrating God's relentless pursuit of His people.

I will rescue them from all the places
The promise of rescue signifies deliverance and redemption. Historically, this refers to the Babylonian exile, where the Israelites were scattered due to their disobedience. God's promise to gather them from all places points to His sovereignty and ability to restore. This theme of gathering is echoed in prophecies like Isaiah 11:12 and Jeremiah 23:3, where God promises to bring His people back to their land.

to which they were scattered
The scattering of the Israelites was a consequence of their sin and rebellion, leading to exile. This dispersion is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, seen in Deuteronomy 28:64 and 2 Kings 17:6. The scattering serves as both judgment and a call to repentance, with the promise of regathering as a sign of God's mercy and faithfulness.

on a day of clouds and darkness
This phrase symbolizes judgment and calamity, often associated with the Day of the Lord in prophetic literature. Clouds and darkness convey a sense of foreboding and divine intervention, as seen in Joel 2:2 and Zephaniah 1:15. It reflects the tumultuous period of exile but also points to the hope of restoration, as God's light ultimately pierces through the darkness, offering salvation and renewal.

I will bring them out from the peoples
This phrase indicates God's promise to rescue His people from among the nations where they have been scattered. Historically, this refers to the Israelites who were exiled due to their disobedience and idolatry. Theologically, it reflects God's sovereignty and His commitment to His covenant with Israel. This act of gathering is reminiscent of the Exodus, where God brought the Israelites out of Egypt. It also foreshadows the ultimate gathering of believers in Christ, as seen in the New Testament (John 10:16).

gather them from the countries
The gathering from various countries highlights the widespread dispersion of the Israelites during the Babylonian exile. This dispersion is known as the Diaspora. The promise of regathering signifies hope and restoration. It also points to the eschatological gathering of God's people from all nations, as prophesied in Isaiah 11:12 and fulfilled in the church's mission to all nations (Matthew 28:19).

and bring them into their own land
This promise of return to their own land emphasizes the physical and spiritual restoration of Israel. The land of Israel holds significant covenantal importance, as it was promised to Abraham and his descendants (Genesis 12:7). This return is not just a physical relocation but a spiritual renewal, symbolizing God's faithfulness. It also prefigures the ultimate restoration of creation and the establishment of God's kingdom.

I will feed them on the mountains of Israel
Feeding on the mountains of Israel symbolizes provision and care. The mountains represent the high places of blessing and security. This imagery is pastoral, reflecting God's role as the Shepherd of His people, a theme further developed in Ezekiel 34. It points to Jesus Christ, the Good Shepherd, who provides for His flock (John 10:11).

in the ravines
The mention of ravines indicates God's provision even in the low and difficult places. It suggests that God's care is comprehensive, reaching every part of the land and every aspect of life. This reflects the biblical theme of God's presence in both the highs and lows of life, as seen in Psalm 23:4.

and in all the settlements of the land
This phrase underscores the totality of God's provision and restoration. Every settlement, whether large or small, will experience God's blessing. It signifies the complete restoration of the nation and the fulfillment of God's promises. This comprehensive care is a type of the spiritual nourishment provided by Christ to His church, as seen in Ephesians 4:11-16.

I will feed them in good pasture
This phrase reflects God's promise to provide for His people, symbolizing spiritual nourishment and care. In the context of Ezekiel, God is addressing the failure of Israel's leaders, the shepherds, who have neglected their duties. The "good pasture" signifies a place of abundance and safety, contrasting with the barren and dangerous conditions under poor leadership. This imagery is reminiscent of Psalm 23:2, where the Lord leads His sheep to green pastures, emphasizing God's role as the ultimate Shepherd. It also foreshadows Jesus Christ, who in John 10:11 declares Himself the Good Shepherd, providing for and protecting His flock.

and the lofty mountains of Israel will be their grazing land
The "lofty mountains of Israel" symbolize strength, stability, and divine presence. Mountains in biblical literature often represent places of revelation and encounter with God, such as Mount Sinai and Mount Zion. In Ezekiel's time, these mountains were literal highlands, offering fertile land for grazing. This promise indicates a return to the land and a restoration of Israel's fortunes. It also points to a future hope where God's people will dwell securely in His presence, as seen in prophetic visions of a restored Israel (Isaiah 2:2-3).

There they will lie down in a good grazing land
The image of lying down suggests peace, rest, and security, free from fear and danger. This echoes the pastoral imagery of Psalm 23:2, where the sheep lie down in green pastures, symbolizing trust in the Shepherd's provision. In the historical context, this promise would have been particularly comforting to the exiled Israelites, who longed for stability and safety. It also prefigures the peace that Christ offers to believers, as seen in Matthew 11:28-29, where He invites the weary to find rest in Him.

they will feed in rich pasture on the mountains of Israel
The "rich pasture" signifies not only physical abundance but also spiritual richness and fulfillment. The mountains of Israel, as a recurring motif, highlight the centrality of the land in God's covenant promises. This phrase assures the exiles of a future where they will experience God's blessings in fullness. It also connects to the eschatological hope found in Revelation 7:16-17, where the Lamb shepherds His people, leading them to springs of living water, fulfilling the ultimate promise of divine provision and care.

I will tend My flock
This phrase emphasizes God's role as the shepherd of His people, a common biblical metaphor. In the context of Ezekiel, God is addressing the failure of Israel's leaders, who were supposed to shepherd the people but instead exploited them. The imagery of God as a shepherd is also found in Psalm 23, where the Lord is depicted as a caring and guiding shepherd. This phrase foreshadows the coming of Jesus Christ, who in John 10:11 declares Himself the "Good Shepherd," fulfilling the role of tending to and caring for His flock.

and make them lie down
The imagery of sheep lying down suggests peace, safety, and provision. In ancient Near Eastern culture, a shepherd would lead sheep to green pastures where they could rest without fear of predators. This phrase indicates God's promise to provide security and rest for His people, contrasting with the neglect they experienced under corrupt leaders. It echoes Psalm 23:2, "He makes me lie down in green pastures," reinforcing the theme of divine care and provision.

declares the Lord GOD
This declaration underscores the authority and certainty of God's promise. The use of "Lord GOD" (YHWH Elohim) highlights both His covenantal relationship with Israel and His supreme power. Throughout the book of Ezekiel, this phrase is used to affirm the divine origin of the prophet's message, ensuring that the people understand it is not merely human words but the authoritative word of God. This assurance is crucial for the exiled Israelites, offering hope and a future restoration under God's direct care.

I will seek the lost
This phrase reflects God's initiative in pursuing those who have strayed from His ways. It echoes the parable of the lost sheep in Luke 15:4-7, where the shepherd leaves the ninety-nine to find the one lost sheep. This demonstrates God's relentless love and desire for reconciliation with His people. Historically, Israel often strayed from God's commandments, and this promise reassures them of God's commitment to restore them.

bring back the strays
The imagery of bringing back strays highlights God's role as a shepherd who actively seeks to restore those who have wandered. In the context of Ezekiel, this refers to the Israelites who were exiled and scattered due to their disobedience. This action is a fulfillment of God's covenant promises, emphasizing His faithfulness despite Israel's unfaithfulness.

bind up the broken
Binding up the broken signifies healing and restoration. In ancient times, shepherds would tend to the wounds of their sheep, symbolizing care and compassion. This phrase can be connected to Psalm 147:3, which speaks of God healing the brokenhearted. It points to God's restorative power and His concern for the well-being of His people.

and strengthen the weak
Strengthening the weak indicates God's empowerment and support for those who are vulnerable. This can be seen in Isaiah 40:29-31, where God gives strength to the weary. It reflects God's provision and sustenance, ensuring that His people are equipped to face challenges.

but the sleek and strong I will destroy
This phrase contrasts God's treatment of the humble and the proud. The "sleek and strong" represent those who are self-reliant and oppressive, often at the expense of others. In the context of Ezekiel, this could refer to corrupt leaders or nations that exploit the weak. God's justice involves bringing down the proud and exalting the humble, as seen in James 4:6.

I will shepherd them with justice.
God's role as a shepherd is central to this passage, emphasizing His leadership and care. Shepherding with justice means ruling with fairness and righteousness, ensuring that all are treated equitably. This is a messianic prophecy pointing to Jesus Christ, the Good Shepherd, who embodies perfect justice and care for His flock, as seen in John 10:11-14.

This is what the Lord GOD says to you, My flock:
The phrase "This is what the Lord GOD says" emphasizes divine authority and the prophetic nature of the message. The term "My flock" indicates God's ownership and care for His people, often symbolized as sheep in biblical literature. This imagery is consistent with passages like Psalm 23, where God is depicted as a shepherd. The use of "flock" also highlights the communal aspect of God's people, suggesting a collective responsibility and identity.

I will judge between one sheep and another:
This phrase indicates a divine judgment that is discerning and specific. The judgment is not just between the righteous and the wicked but also among those who are part of the community of believers. This reflects the biblical theme of God’s intimate knowledge of His people, as seen in passages like John 10:14, where Jesus says, "I am the good shepherd; I know my sheep and my sheep know me." The judgment among the sheep suggests accountability within the community of faith.

between the rams and the goats:
The distinction between "rams" and "goats" symbolizes different types of individuals within the community. Rams, being mature male sheep, may represent leaders or those with authority, while goats often symbolize those who are rebellious or wayward, as seen in Matthew 25:31-46, where Jesus separates the sheep from the goats based on their actions. This imagery underscores the idea that God’s judgment is based on righteousness and behavior, not merely on outward affiliation with the community. The separation also foreshadows the final judgment, where Christ will distinguish between those who truly follow Him and those who do not.

Is it not enough for you to feed on the good pasture?
This phrase addresses the leaders of Israel, often symbolized as shepherds, who have been given abundant resources and blessings. The "good pasture" represents the spiritual and material blessings provided by God. In biblical context, pastures are often used as metaphors for God's provision (Psalm 23:2). The rhetorical question implies that the leaders' greed and selfishness are excessive, as they exploit these blessings without regard for others. This reflects a broader biblical theme of stewardship and responsibility (Luke 12:48).

Must you also trample the rest of the pasture with your feet?
Here, the imagery shifts to the destructive actions of the leaders. By trampling the pasture, they ruin what could have been beneficial for others. This act symbolizes the corruption and oppression that result from their leadership. The trampling suggests a lack of care for the community, echoing the prophetic calls for justice and righteousness (Isaiah 5:8). The leaders' actions not only deprive others but also spoil the potential for future growth and sustenance.

Is it not enough for you to drink the clear waters?
The "clear waters" symbolize purity and the life-giving sustenance provided by God. Water is a recurring biblical symbol for life and spiritual refreshment (John 4:14). The leaders have access to these pure resources, yet their actions suggest a disregard for the sanctity and value of what they have been given. This phrase challenges the leaders to recognize the sufficiency of God's provision and to act with gratitude and responsibility.

Must you also muddy the rest with your feet?
Muddying the waters represents the leaders' corruption and the resulting confusion and disorder they cause. This imagery highlights the impact of their actions on the community, as they make it difficult for others to access the same purity and clarity. The act of muddying reflects a broader biblical theme of sin and its consequences, as seen in the disruption of God's intended order (Genesis 3). This phrase calls for repentance and a return to righteous leadership, aligning with prophetic calls for renewal and restoration (Jeremiah 3:22).

Why must My flock feed on what your feet have trampled
This phrase highlights the injustice and neglect by the leaders of Israel, who are metaphorically described as shepherds. In biblical context, shepherds were responsible for the care and guidance of their flock, symbolizing the leaders' duty to care for the people. The imagery of trampling suggests a disregard for the well-being of the flock, as the leaders have selfishly consumed the best resources, leaving the people with what is damaged and unfit. This reflects a broader biblical theme of God’s concern for justice and care for the oppressed, as seen in passages like Isaiah 1:17 and Micah 6:8. The shepherd imagery is also a type of Christ, who is the Good Shepherd (John 10:11), contrasting with the negligent leaders.

and drink what your feet have muddied?
The act of muddying the water symbolizes further corruption and pollution by the leaders, making what should be life-giving and pure into something harmful and undrinkable. Water is often a symbol of life and purity in the Bible, as seen in Psalm 23:2 and Revelation 22:1. The leaders' actions have tainted what was meant to sustain the people, reflecting a failure to provide spiritual nourishment and guidance. This phrase underscores the need for righteous leadership and foreshadows the coming of Jesus Christ, who offers living water (John 4:10) and restores what has been corrupted. The prophetic critique here aligns with other biblical calls for repentance and renewal, such as in Jeremiah 3:15, where God promises to give shepherds after His own heart.

Therefore this is what the Lord GOD says to them:
This phrase introduces a direct message from God, emphasizing divine authority and the seriousness of the proclamation. In the context of Ezekiel, God often speaks directly to His people through the prophet, underscoring the importance of the message. The use of "Lord GOD" (Adonai Yahweh) highlights both His sovereignty and covenant relationship with Israel. This phrase sets the stage for a divine intervention, indicating that what follows is not merely a human opinion but a decree from the Creator.

‘Behold, I Myself will judge:
The declaration "I Myself" emphasizes God's personal involvement in the judgment process, indicating that He will not delegate this task to others. This reflects God's intimate concern for justice and righteousness among His people. In the broader biblical narrative, God is often portrayed as the ultimate judge (Psalm 50:6, James 4:12), ensuring that His standards are upheld. This personal involvement also foreshadows the coming of Christ, who will execute judgment (John 5:22).

between the fat sheep and the lean sheep.
The imagery of "fat sheep" and "lean sheep" symbolizes the disparity between the powerful and the oppressed within the community of Israel. The "fat sheep" represent those who have exploited their position for personal gain, neglecting the needs of others, while the "lean sheep" symbolize those who have been marginalized and mistreated. This metaphor aligns with the broader biblical theme of God defending the oppressed and holding the powerful accountable (Isaiah 1:17, James 5:1-6). The judgment between these groups reflects God's commitment to justice and equity, ensuring that the wrongs are righted. This also points to the messianic role of Jesus as the Good Shepherd (John 10:11), who cares for all His sheep and ensures justice within His flock.

Since you shove with flank and shoulder
This phrase illustrates the aggressive and domineering behavior of the leaders of Israel, who are likened to strong sheep or rams pushing others aside. In the context of Ezekiel 34, God is addressing the shepherds of Israel, who have failed in their duty to care for the flock. The imagery of shoving with flank and shoulder suggests a forceful and selfish attitude, prioritizing their own needs over the welfare of the weaker members of the community. This behavior is condemned as it reflects a lack of compassion and responsibility, which are essential qualities of a true shepherd. The metaphor of sheep and shepherds is common in the Bible, with leaders often depicted as shepherds responsible for the well-being of their people (e.g., Psalm 23, John 10:11-14).

butting all the weak ones with your horns
The use of "butting" with horns further emphasizes the aggressive and harmful actions of the leaders. Horns in biblical symbolism often represent strength and power (e.g., Daniel 7:24, Revelation 17:12). Here, the leaders are using their power to harm rather than protect, targeting the weak and vulnerable. This behavior is contrary to the biblical mandate for leaders to defend and support those who are powerless (e.g., Isaiah 1:17, James 1:27). The weak ones represent those in society who are marginalized or oppressed, and the leaders' actions are a direct violation of their duty to serve and uplift these individuals.

until you have scattered them abroad
The result of the leaders' actions is the scattering of the flock, which signifies disunity and vulnerability. In the ancient Near Eastern context, a scattered flock was at risk of predation and lacked the protection and guidance of a shepherd. This scattering is symbolic of the spiritual and social disintegration of Israel due to the negligence and abuse of its leaders. The scattering of God's people is a recurring theme in the Bible, often associated with judgment and exile (e.g., Deuteronomy 28:64, Jeremiah 23:1-2). However, it also sets the stage for God's promise of restoration and gathering, as seen later in Ezekiel 34:23-24, where God promises to set up one shepherd, a prophecy often interpreted as pointing to Jesus Christ, the Good Shepherd who gathers and cares for His flock (John 10:16).

I will save My flock
This phrase emphasizes God's role as the divine shepherd who actively intervenes to rescue His people. In the context of Ezekiel, the Israelites were in exile, suffering under poor leadership, both politically and spiritually. This promise of salvation reflects God's commitment to deliver His people from oppression and misguidance. The imagery of God as a shepherd is consistent throughout Scripture, notably in Psalm 23 and John 10:11, where Jesus identifies Himself as the Good Shepherd, indicating a messianic fulfillment of this promise.

and they will no longer be prey
Here, the focus is on protection and security. Historically, Israel had been vulnerable to surrounding nations, often falling victim to invasions and exploitation. This assurance speaks to a future where God's people will be safe from external threats. Theologically, it points to the ultimate safety found in God's kingdom, where believers are secure from spiritual adversaries. This connects to Revelation 7:16-17, where the Lamb shepherds His people, ensuring they are no longer harmed.

I will judge between one sheep and another
This phrase indicates a process of discernment and justice within the community of God's people. It suggests that not all who are part of the flock are faithful or righteous. This internal judgment is reminiscent of the parable of the sheep and the goats in Matthew 25:31-46, where Christ separates the righteous from the unrighteous. It underscores the idea that God knows the hearts of individuals and will hold each accountable, ensuring that true justice prevails within His flock.

I will appoint over them one shepherd
This phrase signifies God's intention to provide a singular, unified leadership for His people, contrasting with the multiple, often corrupt leaders of Israel's past. The concept of a "shepherd" is deeply rooted in the biblical tradition, symbolizing guidance, care, and protection. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, kings and leaders were often referred to as shepherds of their people, emphasizing their role in ensuring the well-being and safety of their subjects. This promise of one shepherd points to a future time of restoration and unity under a divinely appointed leader.

My servant David
The reference to "David" is not to King David himself, who had long since passed, but to a future leader from David's lineage. This is a messianic prophecy, indicating that the coming shepherd will embody the qualities of David, who was a man after God's own heart. The Davidic Covenant, found in 2 Samuel 7, promises that David's throne will be established forever, pointing to the Messiah, who Christians believe is fulfilled in Jesus Christ. This connection underscores the expectation of a righteous and eternal ruler.

and he will feed them
Feeding here is metaphorical, representing the provision of spiritual nourishment, guidance, and care. This imagery is consistent with the role of a shepherd who ensures that the flock has access to green pastures and still waters, as seen in Psalm 23. The shepherd's role is to lead the sheep to sustenance, ensuring their growth and health. This phrase emphasizes the nurturing aspect of the promised leader's reign, providing for the needs of the people.

He will feed them and be their shepherd
Reiterating the role of the shepherd, this phrase emphasizes the ongoing and active care that the leader will provide. The repetition underscores the certainty and importance of this promise. In the New Testament, Jesus identifies Himself as the Good Shepherd (John 10:11), fulfilling this prophecy by offering His life for the sheep and providing eternal life. This connection highlights the continuity of God's plan for His people, ensuring they are led and cared for by a faithful shepherd.

I, the LORD, will be their God
This phrase emphasizes the covenant relationship between God and His people. In the context of Ezekiel, this is a reaffirmation of God's promise to be the God of Israel, despite their previous disobedience and exile. It echoes the covenant language found in passages like Exodus 6:7 and Jeremiah 31:33, where God promises to be the God of His people and they will be His people. This relationship is central to the identity of Israel and is a recurring theme throughout the Old Testament.

and My servant David will be a prince among them
This phrase refers to the messianic expectation rooted in the Davidic Covenant, as seen in 2 Samuel 7:12-16, where God promises David that his throne will be established forever. In Ezekiel's time, David had long since passed, so this reference is understood as a prophecy pointing to a future leader from David's line. Christians interpret this as a type of Christ, who is often referred to as the Son of David in the New Testament (e.g., Matthew 1:1, Luke 1:32). The term "prince" suggests a ruler who leads with authority and care, aligning with the shepherd imagery earlier in Ezekiel 34, where God condemns the false shepherds of Israel and promises to shepherd His people Himself.

I, the LORD, have spoken
This phrase underscores the authority and certainty of God's word. When God declares something, it is as good as done, reflecting His sovereignty and faithfulness. This assurance is meant to comfort the exiled Israelites, affirming that God's promises are reliable and will come to pass. It also serves as a reminder of the prophetic nature of Ezekiel's message, which is not merely human words but divinely inspired revelation. This phrase is a common conclusion in prophetic literature, emphasizing the divine origin and unchangeable nature of the prophecy.

I will make with them a covenant of peace
This phrase refers to God's promise of restoration and blessing for His people. The concept of a "covenant of peace" is significant in biblical theology, often symbolizing a harmonious relationship between God and His people. This covenant echoes the promises made in earlier scriptures, such as the Abrahamic and Davidic covenants, where God assures His people of His enduring faithfulness and protection. The idea of peace (shalom) in Hebrew encompasses not just the absence of conflict but a state of completeness and well-being. This covenant is prophetic, pointing towards the ultimate peace brought by the Messiah, Jesus Christ, who is referred to as the "Prince of Peace" in Isaiah 9:6.

and rid the land of wild animals
In the ancient Near East, wild animals were a constant threat to both people and livestock. This promise indicates a removal of danger and a restoration of safety and order in the land. It symbolizes God's control over creation and His ability to protect His people from physical and spiritual threats. This imagery is reminiscent of the peaceable kingdom described in Isaiah 11:6-9, where natural enemies live in harmony, further pointing to the messianic age.

so that they may dwell securely in the wilderness
The wilderness often represents a place of testing and danger in the Bible, as seen in the Israelites' journey in the desert. However, in this context, it becomes a place of safety and security, highlighting God's transformative power. This assurance of security in traditionally perilous places underscores God's sovereignty and the comprehensive nature of His protection. It also reflects the eschatological hope found in Revelation 21:3-4, where God dwells with His people, and there is no more danger or fear.

and sleep in the forest
Sleeping in the forest without fear signifies complete trust and safety under God's covenant. Forests, like wildernesses, were often seen as places of danger due to wild animals and robbers. This promise indicates a reversal of the curse and a return to Edenic conditions where humanity lived in harmony with creation. It also symbolizes spiritual rest and peace, which Jesus offers to believers, as seen in Matthew 11:28-30, where He invites the weary to find rest in Him.

I will make them and the places around My hill a blessing.
This phrase refers to God's promise to transform His people and their surroundings into a source of blessing. "My hill" likely refers to Mount Zion, a central place of worship and the symbolic dwelling place of God in Jerusalem. Historically, Mount Zion was the site of the Temple, representing God's presence among His people. The promise of making the people and the land a blessing echoes the Abrahamic covenant, where God promised to make Abraham's descendants a blessing to all nations (Genesis 12:2-3). This transformation is not just physical but spiritual, indicating a renewal and restoration of Israel. Theologically, this can be seen as a type of the Church, where believers are called to be a blessing to the world through the indwelling presence of Christ.

I will send down showers in season—showers of blessing.
The imagery of "showers in season" signifies God's provision and favor. In an agrarian society like ancient Israel, timely rain was crucial for crops and survival, symbolizing God's sustenance and care. The "showers of blessing" suggest an abundance of divine favor, not just in material terms but also spiritually. This can be connected to the outpouring of the Holy Spirit, as seen in Joel 2:23-29 and fulfilled in Acts 2, where God's Spirit is poured out on all people. The showers also point to the eschatological hope of a future time when God's blessings will be fully realized in His kingdom. This phrase reassures believers of God's faithfulness to provide and nurture His people, both physically and spiritually.

The trees of the field will give their fruit
This phrase signifies a return to agricultural abundance and prosperity, reflecting God's blessing upon the land. In the context of ancient Israel, fruitfulness was a sign of divine favor and covenant faithfulness (Deuteronomy 28:4). The imagery of fruitful trees is often used in Scripture to symbolize spiritual vitality and blessing (Psalm 1:3; Jeremiah 17:8).

and the land will yield its produce
This indicates a restoration of the land's fertility, a reversal of the curses associated with disobedience (Leviticus 26:20). The land yielding its produce is a fulfillment of God's promise to provide for His people, reminiscent of the Edenic ideal where the land abundantly provided for humanity's needs (Genesis 1:29-30).

My flock will be secure in their land
The term "My flock" refers to God's people, often depicted as sheep under His care (Psalm 23:1; John 10:11). Security in the land implies peace and stability, a fulfillment of the covenant promises where Israel would dwell safely without fear of enemies (Leviticus 26:5-6). This security is both physical and spiritual, pointing to the ultimate peace found in Christ, the Good Shepherd.

Then they will know that I am the LORD
This phrase underscores the purpose of God's actions: to reveal His identity and sovereignty. Knowing the LORD involves recognizing His power, faithfulness, and covenant relationship with His people (Exodus 6:7). It is a recurring theme in Ezekiel, emphasizing that God's interventions are meant to lead to a deeper understanding and acknowledgment of Him (Ezekiel 6:7, 13:9).

when I have broken the bars of their yoke
The "bars of their yoke" symbolize oppression and captivity, likely referring to the Babylonian exile. Breaking these bars signifies liberation and deliverance, echoing the Exodus narrative where God freed Israel from Egyptian bondage (Exodus 6:6). This act of deliverance prefigures the ultimate liberation from sin and death through Jesus Christ (Romans 6:18).

and delivered them from the hands that enslaved them
This deliverance is both a physical and spiritual act, reflecting God's redemptive power. Historically, it points to the return from Babylonian exile, but it also foreshadows the greater deliverance through Christ, who frees believers from the bondage of sin (Galatians 5:1). The theme of deliverance is central to the biblical narrative, highlighting God's role as Redeemer and Savior.

They will no longer be prey for the nations
This phrase reflects God's promise of protection and deliverance for His people, Israel. Historically, Israel had been subject to invasions and oppression by surrounding nations such as Assyria, Babylon, and Egypt. This promise signifies a future time of peace and security, often associated with the Messianic age. Theologically, it underscores God's sovereignty and His role as the ultimate shepherd who protects His flock. This promise can be seen as a type of Christ, who is the Good Shepherd, ensuring the safety and salvation of His people (John 10:11-16).

and the beasts of the earth will not consume them
In ancient Near Eastern culture, wild beasts were often symbolic of chaos and danger. This phrase suggests a removal of threats, both literal and metaphorical. It can also be interpreted as a metaphor for hostile nations or spiritual forces that threaten God's people. The imagery of beasts is used elsewhere in scripture, such as in Daniel and Revelation, to represent kingdoms or powers opposed to God. This assurance of safety from beasts highlights God's comprehensive protection over His people.

They will dwell securely
This promise of security is a recurring theme in prophetic literature, often associated with the restoration of Israel and the establishment of God's kingdom. It echoes the covenantal promises found in Leviticus 26:5-6 and Deuteronomy 12:10, where God assures His people of peace and safety in the land. This security is not just physical but also spiritual, indicating a restored relationship with God. It points forward to the ultimate fulfillment in the New Jerusalem, where God's people will dwell in eternal peace (Revelation 21:3-4).

and no one will frighten them
This phrase emphasizes the complete eradication of fear, a common human experience due to sin and separation from God. In the context of Ezekiel, it reassures the exiles of a future where they will no longer live in fear of foreign powers or internal strife. Biblically, fear is often contrasted with faith and trust in God. This promise is fulfilled in Christ, who offers peace that surpasses understanding (Philippians 4:7) and assures His followers of His presence and protection (Matthew 28:20).

And I will raise up for them a garden of renown
This phrase suggests a restoration and blessing from God, reminiscent of the Garden of Eden, symbolizing abundance and divine provision. The "garden of renown" implies a place of beauty and sustenance, reflecting God's promise to provide for His people. This imagery connects to the prophetic vision of a restored Israel, where the land will be fruitful and prosperous. It also foreshadows the ultimate restoration in the New Jerusalem, as described in Revelation 22:1-2, where the tree of life bears fruit and heals the nations. The garden signifies not only physical abundance but also spiritual renewal and peace.

and they will no longer be victims of famine in the land
This promise addresses the physical needs of the people, ensuring that they will not suffer from lack or hunger. Historically, Israel experienced periods of famine due to disobedience and foreign oppression. This assurance of no more famine indicates a reversal of past judgments and a return to covenant blessings as outlined in Deuteronomy 28:1-14. It reflects God's faithfulness to His covenant and His role as the provider. The absence of famine also symbolizes spiritual nourishment and the fulfillment of God's promises, as seen in Jesus' declaration in John 6:35, where He identifies Himself as the bread of life.

or bear the scorn of the nations
This phrase highlights the end of Israel's shame and humiliation among other nations. Throughout history, Israel faced ridicule and contempt from surrounding peoples, often due to their exile and suffering. The promise of no longer bearing scorn signifies a restoration of dignity and honor. It points to a time when God's people will be respected and recognized for their unique relationship with Him. This transformation is echoed in Isaiah 60:14-15, where the nations acknowledge Israel's favored status. It also prefigures the ultimate vindication of God's people in the eschatological future, where believers are exalted with Christ.

Then they will know
This phrase emphasizes the certainty and clarity of God's revelation to His people. It suggests a future time when understanding and recognition of God's presence and actions will be undeniable. This is a common theme in prophetic literature, where God often promises that His actions will lead to a deeper knowledge of Him (e.g., Ezekiel 6:7, 13:9).

that I, the LORD their God,
The use of "LORD" in all caps signifies the divine name YHWH, highlighting God's covenant relationship with Israel. This phrase underscores God's sovereignty and His personal relationship with His people. It reflects the covenantal promise found in Exodus 6:7, where God assures Israel that He will be their God.

am with them,
This assurance of God's presence is a recurring promise throughout Scripture, providing comfort and security to His people. It echoes the promise given to the patriarchs (Genesis 26:24) and is fulfilled ultimately in the person of Jesus Christ, who is called "Immanuel," meaning "God with us" (Matthew 1:23).

and that they, the house of Israel,
The "house of Israel" refers to the collective people of Israel, emphasizing their identity as God's chosen nation. This phrase is significant in the context of the Babylonian exile, where the unity and identity of Israel were under threat. It reassures them of their continued status as God's people.

are My people,’
This declaration reaffirms the covenant relationship between God and Israel. It is reminiscent of the covenant language found in Leviticus 26:12 and Jeremiah 31:33, where God promises to be their God and they will be His people. This relationship is central to the biblical narrative and is fulfilled in the New Covenant through Christ (Hebrews 8:10).

declares the Lord GOD.
The repetition of "Lord GOD" (Adonai YHWH) emphasizes the authority and certainty of the declaration. It is a solemn affirmation that what has been spoken will surely come to pass. This phrase is often used in prophetic literature to underscore the divine origin and reliability of the message (e.g., Ezekiel 17:24).

You are My flock
This phrase identifies the people of Israel as God's chosen flock, emphasizing a relationship of care and guidance. In biblical times, a flock was dependent on the shepherd for protection and provision, symbolizing God's role as a caretaker. This imagery is consistent with other scriptures, such as Psalm 23, where the Lord is depicted as a shepherd. The shepherd-flock relationship underscores God's commitment to His people, highlighting themes of leadership and responsibility.

the sheep of My pasture
The term "pasture" signifies a place of nourishment and safety, where the sheep can graze and thrive. This reflects God's provision and sustenance for His people. In the ancient Near East, pastures were vital for the survival of livestock, and thus, this metaphor illustrates God's provision of spiritual and physical needs. The imagery connects to John 10:11, where Jesus refers to Himself as the Good Shepherd, indicating His role in providing for and protecting His followers.

My people
This phrase reaffirms the covenant relationship between God and Israel. It echoes the covenantal language found throughout the Old Testament, such as in Exodus 6:7, where God promises to take the Israelites as His people. This designation as "My people" signifies belonging and identity, emphasizing the special status of Israel as God's chosen nation. It also foreshadows the New Covenant, where believers in Christ are grafted into this identity as God's people.

and I am your God,
This declaration emphasizes the reciprocal relationship between God and His people. It is a reaffirmation of the covenant promise found in Leviticus 26:12, where God promises to walk among His people and be their God. This statement underscores God's sovereignty and faithfulness, assuring the Israelites of His presence and authority. It also points to the ultimate fulfillment in Revelation 21:3, where God dwells with His people eternally.

declares the Lord GOD.
The use of "declares the Lord GOD" adds authority and finality to the statement. It is a common prophetic formula that underscores the divine origin of the message. This phrase assures the audience of the certainty and truth of God's promises. The title "Lord GOD" combines the personal name of God, Yahweh, with the title Adonai, emphasizing His supreme authority and covenantal faithfulness.