Title and Author: The book of Micah is named after its author, the prophet Micah, whose name means "Who is like Yahweh?" Micah is identified as a native of Moresheth, a town in the southern kingdom of Judah. He is considered one of the twelve minor prophets in the Old Testament. The Berean Standard Bible provides a faithful translation of his prophecies, capturing the essence of his message to Israel and Judah.

Historical Context: Micah prophesied during the reigns of Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah, roughly between 750 and 686 BC. This period was marked by social injustice, idolatry, and political turmoil. The northern kingdom of Israel faced imminent destruction by the Assyrian Empire, while Judah was threatened by the same fate. Micah's contemporaries included Isaiah, Hosea, and Amos.

Audience: Micah's primary audience was the people of Judah and Israel. He addressed both the common people and the leaders, including the political and religious elite. His messages were directed at the societal injustices and spiritual corruption prevalent in both kingdoms.

Purpose: The purpose of Micah's prophecy was to call the people of Israel and Judah to repentance and to warn them of impending judgment due to their sins. He also offered hope for restoration and the coming of a future ruler from Bethlehem, who would bring peace and justice.

Genre and Style: Micah is a prophetic book characterized by poetic language, vivid imagery, and rhetorical questions. It combines elements of judgment oracles and salvation promises.1. Micah (Micah 1:1)
- Micah is the prophet and author of the book. He is from Moresheth and prophesies during the reigns of Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah. His messages focus on judgment and restoration.

2. The LORD (Yahweh) (Micah 1:1)
- The LORD, or Yahweh, is the God of Israel, who speaks through Micah to deliver messages of judgment against Israel and Judah for their sins, as well as promises of future restoration.

3. Samaria (Micah 1:1)
- While not a person, Samaria is the capital of the Northern Kingdom of Israel. It is mentioned as a subject of God's judgment due to the idolatry and sins of its people.

4. Jerusalem (Micah 1:1)
- Similarly, Jerusalem is the capital of the Southern Kingdom of Judah. It is also addressed in Micah's prophecies concerning the judgment for its transgressions.

5. Jacob (Micah 1:5)
- Jacob refers to the nation of Israel, descended from the patriarch Jacob. The name is used to represent the collective people of Israel, who are being judged for their sins.

6. Israel (Micah 1:5)
- Israel is another name for the Northern Kingdom, and it is often used interchangeably with Jacob to refer to the people of God who are being called to account for their actions.

7. Omri (Micah 6:16)
- Omri was a king of Israel known for establishing a dynasty and for his idolatrous practices, which are condemned by Micah as part of the nation's sins.

8. Ahab (Micah 6:16)
- Ahab, the son of Omri, was another king of Israel infamous for his idolatry and wickedness, particularly his promotion of Baal worship, which Micah references as part of the nation's sinful legacy.1. Samaria (Micah 1:1)
- Samaria was the capital of the Northern Kingdom of Israel. It is often mentioned in the context of judgment due to the idolatry and corruption prevalent there.

2. Jerusalem (Micah 1:1)
- Jerusalem is the capital of the Southern Kingdom of Judah. It is a central location in the prophetic messages, often highlighted for its religious significance and also its moral failings.

3. Moresheth (Micah 1:14)
- Moresheth, also known as Moresheth-Gath, is the hometown of the prophet Micah. It is located in the Shephelah region of Judah.

4. Gath (Micah 1:10)
- Gath is one of the five Philistine cities. It is mentioned in a lament, indicating the spread of judgment.

5. Beth Ophrah (Micah 1:10)
- Beth Ophrah is a location in Judah. The name means "house of dust," and it is used in a wordplay related to mourning.

6. Shaphir (Micah 1:11)
- Shaphir is a town in Judah. The name means "beautiful," and it is mentioned in the context of shame and nakedness.

7. Zaanan (Micah 1:11)
- Zaanan is a town in Judah. The name is used in a wordplay related to going out or coming forth.

8. Beth Ezel (Micah 1:11)
- Beth Ezel is a location in Judah. It is mentioned in the context of mourning and loss.

9. Maroth (Micah 1:12)
- Maroth is a town in Judah. The name means "bitterness," and it is associated with waiting for good that does not come.

10. Lachish (Micah 1:13)
- Lachish is a fortified city in Judah. It is noted for its role in leading Judah into sin.

11. Moresheth Gath (Micah 1:14)
- This is another reference to Moresheth, emphasizing its connection to Gath.

12. Achzib (Micah 1:14)
- Achzib is a town in Judah. The name means "deception," and it is associated with disappointment.

13. Mareshah (Micah 1:15)
- Mareshah is a town in Judah. It is mentioned in the context of an invader coming against it.

14. Adullam (Micah 1:15)
- Adullam is a location in Judah known for its caves, which served as a refuge for David. It is mentioned as a place of retreat.1. Introduction and Judgment Against Samaria and Jerusalem (Micah 1:1-7)
- Micah introduces himself and declares the coming judgment against Samaria and Jerusalem due to their transgressions and idolatry. The Lord is depicted as coming down to witness against them.

2. Lamentation for the Cities of Judah (Micah 1:8-16)
- Micah expresses his sorrow and lamentation for the cities of Judah, predicting their downfall and destruction as a result of their sins.

3. Condemnation of Oppressors (Micah 2:1-5)
- The prophet condemns those who devise iniquity and oppress others, warning that they will face consequences for their actions.

4. False Prophets and Their Deception (Micah 2:6-11)
- Micah criticizes false prophets who lead the people astray with deceitful messages, contrasting their lies with the truth of God's word.

5. Promise of Restoration for a Remnant (Micah 2:12-13)
- Despite the judgment, God promises to gather a remnant of Israel and lead them like a shepherd, ensuring their restoration and protection.

6. Judgment Against Leaders and Prophets (Micah 3:1-12)
- Micah denounces the leaders and prophets of Israel for their corruption and injustice, predicting the destruction of Jerusalem as a result of their actions.

7. The Coming Kingdom of Peace (Micah 4:1-5)
- A vision of a future where the mountain of the Lord's house is exalted, and nations come to it for instruction, resulting in peace and the end of war.

8. Restoration and Dominion of Zion (Micah 4:6-13)
- God promises to restore Zion, gathering the lame and afflicted, and granting them dominion over their enemies.

9. The Birth of the Ruler from Bethlehem (Micah 5:2-5)
- A prophecy about the birth of a ruler from Bethlehem who will shepherd Israel and bring peace, often interpreted as a messianic prophecy.

10. Judgment and Deliverance (Micah 5:6-15)
- The Lord will deliver Israel from its enemies and execute vengeance on the nations that disobey Him, purging idolatry and reliance on military might.

11. The Lord's Case Against Israel (Micah 6:1-8)
- God presents His case against Israel, reminding them of His past acts of deliverance and calling them to act justly, love mercy, and walk humbly with Him.

12. Punishment for Injustice and Deceit (Micah 6:9-16)
- The Lord warns of punishment for the city's wickedness, deceit, and violence, emphasizing the consequences of their actions.

13. Lament and Hope for Deliverance (Micah 7:1-7)
- Micah laments the moral decay and corruption in society but expresses hope in the Lord for deliverance and salvation.

14. Israel's Confession and God's Compassion (Micah 7:8-20)
- Israel acknowledges its sins and looks to God for forgiveness and restoration. The book concludes with a declaration of God's compassion and faithfulness, promising to cast sins into the depths of the sea.1. Judgment and Punishment (Micah 1:3-4)
- Micah prophesies the impending judgment and punishment from God due to the sins of Israel and Judah. The imagery of God descending to the earth to bring destruction highlights the seriousness of their transgressions: "For behold, the LORD comes forth from His dwelling place; He will come down and tread on the high places of the earth."

2. Social Injustice (Micah 2:1-2)
- The prophet condemns the social injustices prevalent in society, such as the exploitation of the poor and the coveting of fields and houses. This theme underscores the moral decay and corruption among the leaders and the wealthy: "Woe to those who devise iniquity and plot evil on their beds! At morning light they accomplish it because it is in the power of their hand."

3. False Prophets and Leaders (Micah 3:5)
- Micah criticizes the false prophets and corrupt leaders who mislead the people for personal gain. These leaders are depicted as being more concerned with their own prosperity than with truth and justice: "This is what the LORD says: 'As for the prophets who lead My people astray, if one feeds them, they proclaim peace; if he does not, they prepare to wage war against him.'"

4. Hope and Restoration (Micah 4:1-2)
- Despite the grim messages of judgment, Micah also speaks of hope and restoration. He envisions a future where nations will come to the mountain of the Lord to learn His ways and live in peace: "In the last days the mountain of the house of the LORD will be established as the chief of the mountains; it will be raised above the hills, and peoples will stream to it."

5. The Coming Messiah (Micah 5:2)
- Micah prophesies the birth of a ruler from Bethlehem, who will shepherd the people of Israel. This messianic prophecy is significant in Christian theology as it is seen as a foretelling of Jesus Christ: "But you, Bethlehem Ephrathah, though you are small among the clans of Judah, out of you will come forth for Me one to be ruler over Israel, whose origins are from of old, from ancient times."

6. God’s Requirements for His People (Micah 6:8)
- The prophet outlines what God truly desires from His people, emphasizing justice, mercy, and humility over ritualistic offerings. This verse is often cited for its clear and concise summary of ethical living: "He has shown you, O man, what is good. And what does the LORD require of you but to act justly, to love mercy, and to walk humbly with your God?"

7. Divine Compassion and Forgiveness (Micah 7:18-19)
- The book concludes with a message of divine compassion and forgiveness, highlighting God's willingness to pardon iniquity and delight in mercy. This theme reassures the faithful of God's enduring love and grace: "Who is a God like You, who pardons iniquity and passes over the transgression of the remnant of His inheritance? He does not retain His anger forever, because He delights in loving devotion."1. Ruler in Israel (Micah 5:2)
- Description: This title refers to the prophecy of a ruler who will come from Bethlehem, indicating the birthplace of Jesus. It emphasizes His leadership and authority over Israel.
- Verse: "But you, Bethlehem Ephrathah, though you are small among the clans of Judah, out of you will come forth for Me one to be ruler over Israel—One whose origins are of old, from the days of eternity."

2. Shepherd (Micah 5:4)
- Description: This type portrays Jesus as a shepherd who will care for His flock, providing guidance, protection, and sustenance. It reflects His pastoral and nurturing role.
- Verse: "He will stand and shepherd His flock in the strength of the LORD, in the majestic name of the LORD His God. And they will live securely, for then His greatness will extend to the ends of the earth."

3. Peace (Micah 5:5)
- Description: Jesus is described as the embodiment of peace, bringing reconciliation and harmony. This title underscores His role in establishing peace between God and humanity.
- Verse: "And He will be their peace. When Assyria invades our land and marches through our fortresses, we will raise against him seven shepherds, even eight leaders of men."1. Prophecy of Destruction of Samaria
- Prophecy: "Therefore I will make Samaria a heap of rubble, a place for planting vineyards. I will pour her stones into the valley and expose her foundations." (Micah 1:6)
- Fulfillment: This prophecy was fulfilled when the Assyrians destroyed Samaria in 722 B.C.

2. Prophecy of Invasion of Judah
- Prophecy: "For a marauder has come against you; he has laid siege to your strongholds. With a rod they will strike the cheek of the judge of Israel." (Micah 5:1)
- Fulfillment: This refers to the Assyrian invasion of Judah during the reign of King Hezekiah, around 701 B.C.

3. Prophecy of Birth of the Messiah in Bethlehem
- Prophecy: "But you, Bethlehem Ephrathah, though you are small among the clans of Judah, out of you will come forth for Me one to be ruler over Israel, whose origins are from of old, from ancient times." (Micah 5:2)
- Fulfillment: Christians believe this prophecy was fulfilled with the birth of Jesus Christ in Bethlehem, as recorded in the New Testament (Matthew 2:1).

4. Prophecy of Restoration of Zion
- Prophecy: "In the last days the mountain of the house of the LORD will be established as the chief of the mountains; it will be raised above the hills, and peoples will stream to it." (Micah 4:1)
- Fulfillment: This prophecy is often interpreted as a future event, symbolizing the establishment of God's kingdom and the gathering of nations to worship.

5. Prophecy of Exile and Return
- Prophecy: "Therefore, because of you, Zion will be plowed like a field, Jerusalem will become a heap of rubble, and the temple hill a mound overgrown with thickets." (Micah 3:12)
- Fulfillment: Jerusalem was destroyed by the Babylonians in 586 B.C., and the people were exiled. The return from exile and rebuilding of Jerusalem began under Persian rule, as recorded in the books of Ezra and Nehemiah.

6. Prophecy of the Remnant of Jacob
- Prophecy: "The remnant of Jacob will be among the nations, in the midst of many peoples, like a lion among the beasts of the forest, like a young lion among flocks of sheep, which tramples and tears as it passes through, with no one to rescue them." (Micah 5:8)
- Fulfillment: This prophecy is often seen as referring to the strength and influence of the Jewish people among the nations, both historically and in a future eschatological sense.

1. First Cycle of Judgment and Restoration  ( 1:1⁠–⁠2:13 )

a. Judgment of Samaria and Jerusalem  ( 1:1⁠–⁠2:11 )

i. Judgment to Come  ( 1:1⁠–⁠7 )

ii. Weeping and Mourning  ( 1:8⁠–⁠16 )

iii. Woe to Oppressors  ( 2:1⁠–⁠5 )

iv. Reproof of False Prophets  ( 2:6⁠–⁠11 )

b. Restoration of a Remnant  ( 2:12⁠–⁠13 )

2. Second Cycle of Judgment and Restoration  ( 3:1⁠–⁠5:15 )

a. Judgment of Rulers and Prophets  ( 3:1⁠–⁠12 )

b. Future Restoration  ( 4:1⁠–⁠5:15 )

i. The Mountain of the House of the LORD  ( 4:1⁠–⁠5 )

ii. Restoration of Zion  ( 4:6⁠–⁠13 )

iii. A Ruler from Bethlehem  ( 5:1⁠–⁠6 )

iv. The Remnant of Jacob  ( 5:7⁠–⁠15 )

3. Third Cycle of Judgment and Restoration  ( 6:1⁠–⁠7:20 )

a. Judgment on Israel  ( 6:1⁠–⁠7:6 )

i. The Case against Israel  ( 6:1⁠–⁠8 )

ii. The Punishment of Israel  ( 6:9⁠–⁠16 )

iii. Israel’s Great Misery  ( 7:1⁠–⁠6 )

b. The Final Restoration of God's Kingdom  ( 7:7⁠–⁠20 )

i. Israel’s Confession and Comfort  ( 7:7⁠–⁠13 )

ii. God’s Compassion on Israel  ( 7:14⁠–⁠20 )