For the choirmaster.
This phrase indicates that the psalm was intended for public worship and was to be directed by the choirmaster, a leader in the musical aspects of temple worship. The role of the choirmaster was crucial in organizing and leading the Levites in song, which was an integral part of Israelite worship. This highlights the communal aspect of the psalm, meant to be sung by the congregation.

A Psalm of the sons of Korah.
The sons of Korah were a group of Levitical singers descended from Korah, who was a cousin of Moses and Aaron. Despite Korah's rebellion against Moses (Numbers 16), his descendants were spared and later became prominent in temple worship. This lineage emphasizes God's grace and redemption, as the descendants of a rebel became leaders in worship. The sons of Korah contributed several psalms, which often focus on themes of longing for God and His presence.

You showed favor to Your land, O LORD;
This phrase acknowledges God's past acts of grace and mercy towards the land of Israel. The "land" refers to the Promised Land, which holds significant theological importance as the inheritance given by God to the descendants of Abraham. Showing favor implies God's blessing and protection, often associated with periods of peace and prosperity. This reflects the covenant relationship between God and Israel, where obedience led to divine favor.

You restored Jacob from captivity.
"Jacob" is a metonym for the nation of Israel, named after the patriarch Jacob, whose name was changed to Israel. The restoration from captivity likely refers to the return from the Babylonian exile, a pivotal event in Jewish history. This restoration is seen as a fulfillment of God's promises and a demonstration of His faithfulness. It also prefigures the ultimate restoration and redemption found in Jesus Christ, who delivers humanity from the captivity of sin. The theme of restoration is central to the biblical narrative, pointing to God's power to renew and redeem His people.

You forgave the iniquity of Your people;
This phrase highlights God's mercy and willingness to forgive the sins of His people, Israel. The term "iniquity" refers to moral corruption or wickedness, indicating a deep-seated sinfulness. In the Old Testament, forgiveness is often associated with the sacrificial system established in the Law of Moses, where the shedding of blood was required for atonement (Leviticus 17:11). This forgiveness is a foreshadowing of the ultimate forgiveness offered through Jesus Christ, whose sacrifice on the cross provides atonement for all humanity's sins (Hebrews 9:22). Historically, this forgiveness can be seen in events such as the return from Babylonian exile, where God restored His people despite their previous disobedience.

You covered all their sin.
The concept of "covering" sin is rooted in the Hebrew word "kaphar," which means to cover, purge, or make atonement. This covering is symbolic of God's grace, where He chooses not to count the sins against His people. In the sacrificial system, the blood of animals was used to cover sins temporarily, pointing to the need for a more permanent solution. This is fulfilled in the New Testament through Jesus Christ, whose blood covers and removes sin once and for all (1 John 1:7). The comprehensive nature of "all their sin" emphasizes the completeness of God's forgiveness, leaving no sin uncovered or unforgiven.

Selah
The term "Selah" is often found in the Psalms and is thought to be a musical or liturgical pause, inviting the reader or listener to reflect on the preceding words. It serves as a moment to meditate on the profound truth of God's forgiveness and grace. In the context of worship, it allows the congregation to internalize the message and respond with gratitude and reverence. The use of "Selah" underscores the importance of contemplating the depth of God's mercy and the transformative power of His forgiveness.

You withheld all Your fury;
This phrase reflects God's mercy and restraint. In the context of Israel's history, God's fury often manifested as judgment due to the people's disobedience and idolatry. The withholding of fury suggests a period of divine patience and forgiveness. This can be seen in the cycles of sin and redemption throughout the Old Testament, particularly in the Book of Judges, where God repeatedly delivers Israel despite their failures. Theologically, this restraint is a precursor to the ultimate act of mercy through Jesus Christ, who absorbs God's wrath on behalf of humanity (Romans 5:9).

You turned from Your burning anger.
This part of the verse emphasizes a change in God's disposition towards His people. The "burning anger" signifies intense divine displeasure, often resulting in consequences for sin. However, the turning away from anger indicates reconciliation and restoration. This is reminiscent of God's covenantal promises, where He remains faithful despite human unfaithfulness. The turning away from anger can be seen as a foreshadowing of the New Covenant, where through Christ's sacrifice, believers are reconciled to God (2 Corinthians 5:18-19). This act of turning is also a call for repentance, aligning with the prophetic messages in the Old Testament that urge Israel to return to God to experience His compassion and forgiveness (Joel 2:13).

Restore us, O God of our salvation
This phrase is a plea for divine intervention and renewal. The concept of restoration is central to the biblical narrative, reflecting the Israelites' recurring need for God's mercy and forgiveness. Historically, this plea may have been voiced during a time of national distress, such as the Babylonian exile, when the Israelites longed for a return to their homeland and a renewal of their covenant relationship with God. The title "God of our salvation" emphasizes God's role as the deliverer and redeemer of His people, a theme that resonates throughout the Old Testament. This phrase also foreshadows the ultimate restoration through Jesus Christ, who is seen as the fulfillment of God's promise of salvation.

and put away Your displeasure toward us
This part of the verse acknowledges the reality of God's righteous anger due to the people's sins. In the Old Testament, God's displeasure often manifested in tangible consequences, such as defeat in battle or exile. The request to "put away" this displeasure indicates a desire for reconciliation and peace with God. It reflects the covenantal relationship where God's favor is contingent upon the people's faithfulness. This plea is echoed in other scriptures, such as 2 Chronicles 7:14, where God promises healing and forgiveness if His people humble themselves and turn from their wicked ways. Theologically, this phrase underscores the need for repentance and the hope for divine mercy, which is ultimately realized in the New Testament through the atoning work of Christ.

Will You be angry with us forever?
This phrase reflects a deep concern about the enduring nature of God's anger. In the context of Israel's history, God's anger often manifested as a response to the people's disobedience and idolatry. The Israelites experienced periods of divine discipline, such as the Babylonian exile, which were seen as expressions of God's righteous anger. The question posed here is rhetorical, expressing a hope that God's anger is not eternal. Biblically, God's anger is always balanced by His mercy and willingness to forgive, as seen in passages like Exodus 34:6-7, where God is described as "slow to anger, abounding in love and faithfulness." This phrase also echoes the lament of other psalms, such as Psalm 77:7-9, where the psalmist questions the permanence of God's rejection.

Will You draw out Your anger to all generations?
This phrase suggests a concern for the future and the impact of God's anger on subsequent generations. In the Old Testament, the consequences of sin were often seen as affecting not just the individual but their descendants, as seen in Exodus 20:5, where God warns of visiting "the iniquity of the fathers on the children to the third and fourth generation." However, the Bible also emphasizes God's desire to bless future generations, as in Deuteronomy 7:9, which speaks of God keeping His covenant of love to a thousand generations. The plea here is for God to relent and not allow His anger to extend indefinitely. This reflects a trust in God's character as one who ultimately desires restoration and reconciliation, a theme fulfilled in the New Testament through Jesus Christ, who bore the wrath of God on behalf of humanity, offering redemption and peace with God for all generations.

Will You not revive us again
This phrase is a plea for spiritual renewal and restoration. The context of Psalm 85 suggests that the Israelites are seeking God's favor after a period of distress or judgment. Historically, this could relate to the return from Babylonian exile, a time when the people longed for national and spiritual revival. The concept of revival is deeply rooted in the Old Testament, where God repeatedly restores His people after they turn back to Him (e.g., Judges 2:16-19). Theologically, this reflects the cyclical nature of Israel's relationship with God, characterized by periods of faithfulness followed by rebellion and subsequent restoration. The plea for revival is also prophetic, pointing to the ultimate revival through Jesus Christ, who brings spiritual life to all who believe (John 10:10).

that Your people may rejoice in You
The purpose of revival is not merely for the people's benefit but for the glory of God, as their joy is found in Him. This joy is a recurring theme in the Psalms and is often associated with God's presence and salvation (Psalm 16:11, Psalm 51:12). In the cultural context of ancient Israel, joy was expressed through worship, festivals, and communal gatherings, all centered around God's covenantal relationship with His people. Theologically, this joy is a foretaste of the eternal joy promised in the New Testament, where believers find their ultimate satisfaction in Christ (Philippians 4:4). The phrase underscores the idea that true joy is found not in circumstances but in a restored relationship with God, a theme that resonates throughout Scripture and is fulfilled in the person and work of Jesus Christ.

Show us Your loving devotion
This phrase is a plea for God to reveal His steadfast love, a central theme throughout the Psalms. The Hebrew word for "loving devotion" is "chesed," which encompasses mercy, kindness, and covenantal loyalty. This request reflects the Israelites' reliance on God's faithful love, especially during times of distress or uncertainty. The concept of "chesed" is foundational in understanding God's relationship with His people, as seen in His covenant with Abraham (Genesis 12:1-3) and His promises to David (2 Samuel 7:12-16). It is a reminder of God's unchanging nature and His commitment to His people, which is echoed in Lamentations 3:22-23, where His mercies are described as new every morning.

O LORD
The use of "LORD" in all capitals indicates the Hebrew name "YHWH," the personal and covenantal name of God revealed to Moses in Exodus 3:14. This name signifies God's eternal existence and His role as the covenant-keeping God of Israel. By invoking this name, the psalmist appeals to God's authority and His historical acts of deliverance and faithfulness. It is a call to the God who led Israel out of Egypt and sustained them in the wilderness, emphasizing His power and willingness to intervene on behalf of His people.

and grant us Your salvation
The request for salvation is both immediate and eschatological. In the immediate context, it likely refers to deliverance from national or personal calamity, a common theme in the Psalms where the community seeks God's intervention against enemies or in times of crisis. Historically, this could relate to periods of exile or oppression, such as the Babylonian captivity. Eschatologically, it points to the ultimate salvation through the Messiah, a hope that is fulfilled in Jesus Christ. The New Testament frequently connects salvation with Jesus, as seen in passages like Luke 2:30-32, where Simeon recognizes Jesus as God's salvation. This phrase underscores the belief in God's power to save and His ultimate plan for redemption through Christ.

I will listen to what God the LORD will say;
This phrase emphasizes the importance of attentiveness to God's voice, a recurring theme throughout Scripture. Listening to God requires a posture of humility and readiness to obey. In the historical context, the Israelites often heard God's voice through prophets, priests, and sacred texts. The phrase underscores the personal responsibility of each believer to seek divine guidance. The use of "God the LORD" highlights the covenant relationship between God and His people, reminding them of His authority and faithfulness. This call to listen is echoed in Deuteronomy 6:4-5, where the Shema instructs Israel to hear and love the LORD.

for He will surely speak peace to His people and His saints;
The promise of peace is central to God's message. In the Old Testament, peace (shalom) signifies completeness, welfare, and harmony, not merely the absence of conflict. This peace is a covenantal blessing, often associated with obedience and faithfulness to God. The term "His people" refers to Israel, God's chosen nation, while "His saints" can be understood as those set apart for His purposes, emphasizing holiness and dedication. This assurance of peace is prophetic, pointing to the ultimate peace brought by Jesus Christ, the Prince of Peace (Isaiah 9:6), who reconciles humanity to God.

He will not let them return to folly.
Folly in biblical terms often denotes moral and spiritual foolishness, a departure from God's wisdom and commands. Historically, Israel's repeated cycles of sin and repentance illustrate this folly. The assurance that God will not let His people return to folly suggests divine intervention and guidance to prevent backsliding. This reflects God's commitment to sanctification, ensuring His people grow in righteousness. It aligns with New Testament teachings, such as Philippians 1:6, which assures believers that God will complete the good work He began in them. This phrase also highlights God's protective and redemptive nature, ensuring His people remain on the path of wisdom and truth.

Surely His salvation is near to those who fear Him
This phrase emphasizes the assurance and proximity of God's deliverance to those who revere Him. The concept of "fear" in biblical terms often denotes a deep respect and reverence for God, rather than terror. This reverence is a recurring theme throughout the Psalms and Proverbs, where the "fear of the Lord" is the beginning of wisdom (Proverbs 9:10). The nearness of salvation suggests God's readiness to deliver and protect His people, a promise seen throughout the Old Testament, such as in Deuteronomy 4:7, where God is described as being near to His people whenever they call on Him. This nearness is also a foreshadowing of the New Testament revelation of Jesus Christ, whose name, Yeshua, means "salvation," and who is described as being "God with us" (Matthew 1:23).

that His glory may dwell in our land
The dwelling of God's glory in the land is reminiscent of the Shekinah glory that filled the tabernacle and later the temple, signifying God's presence among His people (Exodus 40:34-35, 1 Kings 8:10-11). This phrase reflects the hope and expectation of God's manifest presence, bringing peace, prosperity, and righteousness. Historically, the land of Israel was seen as a special place where God's presence was uniquely experienced, a concept rooted in the covenant promises to Abraham and his descendants (Genesis 12:1-3). Theologically, this points forward to the ultimate fulfillment in the New Jerusalem, where God's glory will dwell eternally with His people (Revelation 21:3, 23). The phrase also carries a messianic expectation, as the coming of Christ is seen as the ultimate revelation of God's glory dwelling among humanity (John 1:14).

Loving devotion and faithfulness have joined together;
This phrase highlights the harmonious relationship between God's steadfast love and His faithfulness. In the Hebrew context, "loving devotion" (chesed) refers to God's covenantal love, a recurring theme throughout the Old Testament, especially in His dealings with Israel. "Faithfulness" (emet) signifies reliability and truth, underscoring God's unwavering commitment to His promises. This union reflects the ideal relationship between God and His people, as seen in the covenantal promises made to Abraham (Genesis 12:1-3) and reiterated throughout Israel's history. The joining of these attributes can also be seen as a foreshadowing of the New Covenant through Jesus Christ, where God's love and faithfulness are fully realized and offered to all humanity (John 3:16).

righteousness and peace have kissed.
The imagery of righteousness and peace kissing suggests a perfect and intimate union. "Righteousness" (tsedeq) in the biblical sense often refers to God's justice and moral order, while "peace" (shalom) encompasses wholeness, well-being, and harmony. This phrase can be seen as a prophetic vision of the Messianic age, where justice and peace will coexist perfectly. Isaiah 9:6-7 speaks of the coming Messiah as the "Prince of Peace," whose reign will establish justice and righteousness. In the New Testament, Jesus embodies this union, bringing peace through His sacrificial death and resurrection, reconciling humanity to God (Romans 5:1). The kiss symbolizes the reconciliation and unity that God desires for His creation, ultimately fulfilled in Christ's redemptive work.

Faithfulness sprouts from the earth
This phrase suggests a divine interaction where human faithfulness emerges as a response to God's grace. The imagery of "sprouting" evokes agricultural growth, symbolizing new life and renewal. In biblical context, the earth often represents humanity or the physical realm. This can be seen in Genesis 2:7, where God forms man from the dust of the ground. The idea of faithfulness emerging from the earth may also reflect the covenant relationship between God and His people, where human faithfulness is a response to divine faithfulness. The agricultural metaphor aligns with passages like Hosea 10:12, which calls for sowing righteousness and reaping steadfast love. This phrase can be seen as a type of Christ, who is the ultimate expression of faithfulness and truth, as He came to earth to fulfill God's promises.

and righteousness looks down from heaven
This part of the verse portrays righteousness as a divine attribute that originates from God. The imagery of "looking down" suggests oversight, care, and the bestowal of blessings from above. In the biblical narrative, heaven is often depicted as God's dwelling place, where His will and righteousness are perfectly established. This aligns with passages like Isaiah 45:8, which speaks of righteousness pouring down from the skies. The connection between heaven and earth in this verse reflects the biblical theme of God's kingdom coming to earth, as seen in the Lord's Prayer (Matthew 6:10). Righteousness looking down can also be seen as a prophetic anticipation of Christ, who embodies divine righteousness and brings it to humanity. This dual imagery of faithfulness and righteousness highlights the harmonious relationship between God's actions and human response, emphasizing the covenantal theme throughout Scripture.

The LORD will indeed provide what is good
This phrase emphasizes God's faithfulness and His role as the ultimate provider. Throughout the Old Testament, God is depicted as the source of all blessings and goodness (Psalm 34:8, James 1:17). The assurance that God will provide what is good reflects His covenant relationship with Israel, where He promises to care for His people if they remain faithful (Deuteronomy 28:1-14). This promise is not only material but also spiritual, pointing to the ultimate good found in a relationship with God through Jesus Christ, who is the embodiment of God's goodness (John 10:11).

and our land will yield its increase
This phrase speaks to the agricultural context of ancient Israel, where the land's productivity was directly linked to God's blessing (Leviticus 26:4). The land yielding its increase is a sign of divine favor and a fulfillment of God's promises to His people (Genesis 26:12). In a broader sense, this can be seen as a metaphor for spiritual fruitfulness, where the land represents the hearts of believers, and the increase signifies the fruits of the Spirit (Galatians 5:22-23). This also foreshadows the ultimate restoration and abundance in the new creation, where God's people will experience eternal prosperity and peace (Revelation 21:1-4).

Righteousness will go before Him
This phrase suggests the idea of righteousness as a forerunner or herald, preparing the way for the Lord. In biblical context, righteousness often refers to God's moral perfection and justice. This imagery is reminiscent of John the Baptist's role in preparing the way for Jesus Christ, as seen in Isaiah 40:3 and Matthew 3:3. The concept of righteousness going before God implies that His actions and presence are always preceded by His just and holy nature. This aligns with the biblical theme that God’s righteousness is foundational to His covenant with His people, as seen in passages like Psalm 89:14.

to prepare the way for His steps.
The preparation of the way for His steps indicates a path being made ready for the Lord's coming or intervention. This echoes the ancient practice of preparing roads for the arrival of a king or dignitary, ensuring a smooth and honorable passage. In a spiritual sense, it suggests that God’s righteous acts pave the way for His presence and blessings among His people. This can be connected to the prophetic imagery in Malachi 3:1, where a messenger prepares the way for the Lord. It also points to the ultimate fulfillment in Jesus Christ, whose life and ministry were marked by righteousness, preparing the way for humanity's reconciliation with God. The phrase underscores the importance of living righteously as a means of welcoming God's presence and guidance in one's life.