In the biblical context, the classification of animals and birds into "clean" and "unclean" is primarily derived from the Mosaic Law, as detailed in the books of Leviticus and Deuteronomy. This classification was significant for the Israelites, as it determined which animals could be consumed and used in sacrificial offerings.

Clean Animals

The criteria for clean animals are outlined in Leviticus 11 and Deuteronomy 14. According to these passages, clean land animals are those that both chew the cud and have a split hoof. Examples include cattle, sheep, and goats. The Berean Standard Bible states in Leviticus 11:3, "You may eat any animal that has a split hoof completely divided and that chews the cud."

These animals were permissible for consumption and were often used in various sacrificial rites. The distinction of clean animals was not only a dietary regulation but also held spiritual significance, symbolizing purity and holiness in the covenant relationship between God and His people.

Clean Birds

The classification of clean birds is less explicitly defined than that of land animals. However, Leviticus 11:13-19 and Deuteronomy 14:11-20 provide lists of birds that are considered unclean, implying that those not listed are clean. Clean birds generally include domesticated species such as chickens, doves, and pigeons. These birds were also used in sacrificial offerings, particularly in cases of purification and atonement.

For instance, in Leviticus 1:14 , the text specifies, "If, however, his offering to the LORD is a burnt offering of birds, he is to present a turtledove or a young pigeon." This indicates the acceptability of these birds for sacrificial purposes.

Spiritual and Cultural Significance

The distinction between clean and unclean animals and birds served multiple purposes. It was a constant reminder of the Israelites' unique identity as God's chosen people, set apart from other nations. The dietary laws reinforced the concept of holiness, as seen in Leviticus 11:44 : "For I am the LORD your God. Consecrate yourselves therefore, and be holy, because I am holy."

Moreover, these laws had practical implications, promoting health and hygiene among the Israelites. The consumption of clean animals was believed to contribute to the physical well-being of the community.

New Testament Perspective

In the New Testament, the distinction between clean and unclean animals is addressed, particularly in the context of the early Church's expansion to include Gentile believers. In Acts 10, Peter's vision of a sheet containing all kinds of animals signifies the abolition of these dietary restrictions. Acts 10:15 records the voice saying, "Do not call anything impure that God has made clean."

This shift underscores the transition from the Old Covenant to the New Covenant, where the focus is on spiritual purity rather than ceremonial law. The Apostle Paul further emphasizes this in Romans 14:14 , stating, "I am convinced, being fully persuaded in the Lord Jesus, that nothing is unclean in itself."

The classification of clean animals and birds, while rooted in the Old Testament, finds its fulfillment and transformation in the New Testament, reflecting the broader theological themes of purity, holiness, and the inclusivity of the Gospel.