Concubinage in the biblical context refers to a recognized relationship between a man and a woman that is similar to marriage but lacks the full status and rights of marriage. In ancient Israel, concubines were often women who did not have the same social or legal standing as wives, yet they were considered part of the household and had certain protections and rights.

Caleb and Concubinage

Caleb, a prominent figure in the Old Testament, is best known as one of the twelve spies sent by Moses to explore the land of Canaan and as a faithful follower of God. While the Bible does not explicitly detail Caleb's involvement with concubinage, it does provide insight into his family structure, which can be understood within the broader context of ancient Israelite practices.

Caleb is mentioned in the genealogies of the tribe of Judah. In 1 Chronicles 2:46, we read about Caleb's concubine, Ephah: "Ephah, Caleb’s concubine, bore Haran, Moza, and Gazez. Haran was the father of Gazez." This passage indicates that Caleb had a concubine named Ephah, who bore him children. The mention of Ephah as a concubine rather than a wife suggests that she held a different status within the household, yet her children were recognized and included in the genealogical records.

The role of concubines in Israelite society was complex. While they did not have the same status as wives, their children could be considered legitimate and were often integrated into the family lineage. This is evident in the case of Caleb, where the offspring of his concubine are listed alongside those of his wives.

Laws Concerning Concubinage

The Mosaic Law provided certain protections for concubines, although it did not grant them the full rights of a wife. For instance, Exodus 21:7-11 outlines the rights of a female servant who becomes a concubine, ensuring she is not mistreated and has provisions for her well-being. While these laws do not specifically mention Caleb, they reflect the broader legal and social framework within which concubinage was practiced.

In the context of Caleb's life, the presence of a concubine and her children in the genealogical records suggests a level of acceptance and integration within the family structure. This reflects the cultural norms of the time, where concubinage was a recognized and regulated institution.

Conclusion

The account of Caleb and his concubine Ephah provides a glimpse into the practice of concubinage in ancient Israel. While the Bible does not provide extensive details about the personal dynamics of Caleb's household, the inclusion of Ephah and her children in the genealogical records highlights the accepted role of concubines within the family and society. The laws concerning concubinage, as outlined in the Mosaic Law, aimed to provide certain protections and rights, ensuring that concubines were treated with a degree of dignity and care.1 Chronicles 2:46-48
And Ephah, Caleb's concubine, bore Haran, and Moza, and Gazez: and Haran begat Gazez.
Nave's Topical Index

What is a concubine? Why did God allow men to have concubines in the Bible? | GotQuestions.org

How many wives did Abraham have? | GotQuestions.org

Concubinage: Dictionary and Thesaurus | Clyx.com

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