Introduction:
Psalm 110 is a significant and prophetic psalm attributed to King David. It is one of the most frequently quoted Old Testament passages in the New Testament, underscoring its importance in Christian theology. This psalm is often recognized for its messianic themes, portraying the Messiah as both a king and a priest. The Berean Standard Bible provides a clear translation of this profound text.

Text and Structure:
Psalm 110 is composed of seven verses, each rich with theological implications. The psalm can be divided into two main sections: the enthronement of the Messiah (verses 1-3) and the priestly role of the Messiah (verses 4-7).

Verse 1:
"The LORD said to my Lord: 'Sit at My right hand until I make Your enemies a footstool for Your feet.'"

This opening verse is pivotal, as it records a divine conversation between Yahweh and David's "Lord," interpreted by Christians as the pre-incarnate Christ. The imagery of sitting at the right hand signifies a position of honor and authority, indicating the Messiah's exaltation and sovereign rule.

Verses 2-3:
"The LORD will extend Your mighty scepter from Zion: 'Rule in the midst of Your enemies.' Your people shall be willing on Your day of battle. Arrayed in holy splendor, Your young men come to You like dew in the morning’s womb."

These verses depict the Messiah's reign and the willing submission of His people. The "mighty scepter" symbolizes His kingly authority, extending from Zion, the spiritual center of God's kingdom. The imagery of dew suggests freshness and vitality, reflecting the readiness and purity of those who follow the Messiah.

Verse 4:
"The LORD has sworn and will not change His mind: 'You are a priest forever in the order of Melchizedek.'"

This verse introduces the unique priesthood of the Messiah, distinct from the Levitical priesthood. The reference to Melchizedek, a mysterious figure from Genesis 14, highlights the eternal and unchangeable nature of the Messiah's priesthood. This verse is foundational for understanding Christ's role as both king and priest, a theme elaborated in the New Testament, particularly in the Book of Hebrews.

Verses 5-7:
"The Lord is at Your right hand; He will crush kings in the day of His wrath. He will judge the nations, heaping up the dead; He will crush the leaders far and wide. He will drink from the brook by the road; therefore He will lift up His head."

These concluding verses describe the Messiah's victorious judgment over the nations. The imagery of crushing kings and judging nations underscores His ultimate authority and power. The act of drinking from the brook suggests refreshment and renewal, symbolizing the Messiah's sustained strength and triumph.

Theological Significance:
Psalm 110 holds profound theological significance within the Christian tradition. It affirms the dual role of the Messiah as both sovereign king and eternal priest. The psalm's messianic interpretation is reinforced by its frequent citation in the New Testament, where Jesus Himself references it to affirm His divine identity and mission (e.g., Matthew 22:44, Mark 12:36, Luke 20:42-43).

Christological Interpretation:
From a Christological perspective, Psalm 110 is seen as a prophetic announcement of Jesus Christ's exaltation and priesthood. The New Testament writers, particularly in the Book of Hebrews, expound on this psalm to articulate the superiority of Christ's priesthood over the old covenant system. The eternal priesthood "in the order of Melchizedek" is a cornerstone for understanding the new covenant established through Christ's sacrificial death and resurrection.

Conclusion:
Psalm 110 remains a cornerstone of messianic prophecy, offering a profound glimpse into the nature and work of the Messiah. Its themes of kingship, priesthood, and divine authority continue to resonate within Christian theology, affirming the identity and mission of Jesus Christ as the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy.