The breastpiece, also known as the breastplate of judgment, holds significant symbolic meaning within the biblical narrative, particularly in the context of the Old Testament priesthood. It is described in detail in the Book of Exodus as part of the sacred garments worn by the High Priest, Aaron, and his successors. The breastpiece was an essential component of the priestly attire, designed to be both functional and symbolic, reflecting the spiritual responsibilities and the divine connection of the High Priest to the people of Israel.

Biblical Description and Construction

The breastpiece is described in Exodus 28:15-30. It was crafted with skilled artistry, made of gold, blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and finely spun linen. The breastpiece was square and folded double, measuring a span in length and a span in width. It was adorned with four rows of precious stones, each stone representing one of the twelve tribes of Israel. The stones were set in gold filigree, and each stone was engraved with the name of a tribe. The breastpiece was attached to the ephod, another priestly garment, by gold chains and rings, ensuring it remained over the High Priest's heart.

Symbolism of the Stones and Tribes

The twelve stones on the breastpiece symbolize the twelve tribes of Israel, signifying the High Priest's role as an intercessor for the entire nation. Each stone, unique in color and type, represents the distinct identity and heritage of each tribe, yet together they form a unified whole. This arrangement underscores the unity and diversity within the people of God, with the High Priest bearing their names before the Lord as a continual reminder of their covenant relationship.

The Urim and Thummim

Embedded within the breastpiece were the Urim and Thummim, mysterious objects used for divination and discerning God's will. Exodus 28:30 states, "And place the Urim and Thummim in the breastpiece of judgment, so that they will be over Aaron’s heart whenever he enters the presence of the LORD. Thus Aaron will always bear the means of making decisions for the Israelites over his heart before the LORD." The presence of the Urim and Thummim highlights the breastpiece's role in seeking divine guidance and judgment, emphasizing the High Priest's duty to lead the people according to God's will.

Symbolism of the Heart

The placement of the breastpiece over the High Priest's heart is rich in symbolism. The heart, in biblical thought, is the seat of emotion, will, and intellect. By wearing the breastpiece over his heart, the High Priest symbolically carries the concerns, sins, and needs of the people close to his own heart, demonstrating his role as a mediator between God and Israel. This act signifies the deep compassion and responsibility the High Priest holds for the spiritual welfare of the nation.

Christological Significance

From a Christian perspective, the breastpiece foreshadows the ultimate High Priest, Jesus Christ. Hebrews 4:14-16 speaks of Jesus as the great High Priest who has passed through the heavens, empathizing with human weaknesses and interceding on behalf of believers. Just as the High Priest bore the names of the tribes on his breastpiece, Christ bears the names of His people, interceding for them before the Father. The breastpiece, therefore, serves as a typological symbol of Christ's mediatorial work and His intimate connection with His followers.

In summary, the breastpiece of judgment is a profound symbol within the biblical tradition, representing the High Priest's role as an intercessor, the unity and diversity of God's people, and the divine guidance sought through the Urim and Thummim. Its placement over the heart underscores the compassion and responsibility inherent in spiritual leadership, ultimately pointing to the perfect mediation of Jesus Christ.