The term "Arabs" in the biblical context refers to the various tribes and peoples inhabiting the Arabian Peninsula and surrounding regions. The Bible mentions Arabs in several passages, highlighting their interactions with the Israelites and other ancient Near Eastern peoples.

Biblical References:

1. Genealogical Origins:
The Arabs are traditionally considered descendants of Ishmael, the son of Abraham and Hagar, Sarah's Egyptian maidservant. In Genesis 16:10-12 , the angel of the LORD speaks to Hagar, saying, "I will greatly multiply your offspring so that they will be too numerous to count." The prophecy continues, "He will be a wild donkey of a man, his hand will be against everyone, and everyone's hand against him, and he will live in hostility toward all his brothers." This passage is often interpreted as a reference to the nomadic and independent nature of the Arab tribes.

2. Tribal Affiliations:
The Bible mentions several Arab tribes, including the Kedarites, who were known for their flocks and tents. Isaiah 21:13-17 refers to the "burden against Arabia" and mentions the Dedanites, Tema, and Kedar, indicating the presence of these tribes in the Arabian region. Ezekiel 27:21 also notes, "Arabia and all the princes of Kedar were your customers; they did business with you in lambs, rams, and goats."

3. Interactions with Israel:
The Arabs had various interactions with the Israelites throughout biblical history. In 2 Chronicles 17:11 , it is recorded that some Arab tribes brought tribute to King Jehoshaphat of Judah: "Some of the Philistines brought Jehoshaphat gifts and silver as tribute, and the Arabs brought him flocks: 7,700 rams and 7,700 goats." This indicates a period of relative peace and cooperation.

Conversely, there were also conflicts. In 2 Chronicles 21:16-17 , the LORD stirred up the spirit of the Philistines and the Arabs who lived near the Cushites against Jehoram, king of Judah, leading to an invasion and plundering of Judah.

4. Prophetic Literature:
The prophetic books often include oracles against the nations, including Arabia. Isaiah 21:13-17 contains a prophecy concerning the downfall of the Arab tribes, emphasizing the transient and vulnerable nature of their existence. Jeremiah 25:24 also lists the kings of Arabia among those who would drink the cup of the LORD's wrath.

Cultural and Religious Context:

The Arabs of the biblical era were predominantly nomadic, living in tents and relying on livestock for sustenance. They were known for their skills in trade, as evidenced by their interactions with major trading centers like Tyre. The religious practices of the Arabs during this time were polytheistic, with various deities worshiped across different tribes.

Historical Significance:

The Arabs played a significant role in the ancient Near Eastern world, serving as traders, warriors, and sometimes allies or adversaries to the Israelites. Their presence in the biblical narrative underscores the interconnectedness of the peoples and cultures of the region.

Legacy:

The biblical portrayal of the Arabs provides insight into the early history and development of the Arab peoples. Their lineage from Ishmael is a foundational aspect of their identity, influencing both historical and contemporary perspectives on their place in the biblical and broader historical narrative.