Definition and Description:
Manna is the miraculous food provided by God to the Israelites during their 40-year journey in the wilderness after their exodus from Egypt. It is described as a small, round substance, as fine as frost, that appeared on the ground each morning except on the Sabbath. The name "manna" is derived from the Hebrew word "man hu," meaning "What is it?" as the Israelites questioned its nature upon first encountering it (Exodus 16:15).

Biblical References:
The primary accounts of manna are found in the books of Exodus and Numbers. In Exodus 16:4, the Lord tells Moses, "Behold, I will rain down bread from heaven for you. Each day the people are to go out and gather enough for that day." This provision was a test of obedience, as the Israelites were instructed to gather only what was needed for each day, with a double portion on the sixth day to prepare for the Sabbath rest (Exodus 16:5).

Manna is further described in Exodus 16:31: "Now the house of Israel called the bread manna. It was white like coriander seed and tasted like wafers made with honey." This description highlights its divine origin and pleasant taste, symbolizing God's care and provision.

In Numbers 11:7-9, manna is compared to bdellium and its appearance is likened to that of resin. The Israelites ground it in mills or beat it in mortars, boiled it in pots, and made it into cakes, which tasted like pastries baked with oil.

Theological Significance:
Manna is a profound symbol of God's provision and faithfulness. It served as a daily reminder of the Israelites' dependence on God for sustenance and their need to trust in His promises. The miraculous nature of manna, appearing consistently for 40 years and ceasing once the Israelites entered the Promised Land (Joshua 5:12), underscores God's sovereignty and care for His people.

Manna also holds typological significance in Christian theology. In John 6:31-35, Jesus refers to Himself as the "true bread from heaven," drawing a parallel between the manna given to the Israelites and His own role as the spiritual sustenance for believers. Jesus declares, "I am the bread of life. Whoever comes to Me will never hunger, and whoever believes in Me will never thirst" (John 6:35). This connection emphasizes the fulfillment of God's provision through Christ, who offers eternal life.

Cultural and Historical Context:
In the ancient Near Eastern context, the provision of food was a critical aspect of survival, especially in the harsh conditions of the wilderness. The daily appearance of manna not only met the physical needs of the Israelites but also reinforced their identity as a people chosen and sustained by God. The instructions regarding the collection and consumption of manna also served to instill discipline and reliance on divine timing and order.

Symbolism and Lessons:
Manna symbolizes God's grace and the importance of daily reliance on Him. It teaches lessons of obedience, trust, and gratitude. The Israelites' experience with manna serves as a reminder of the dangers of discontent and the human tendency to forget God's past faithfulness, as seen in their complaints and longing for the food of Egypt (Numbers 11:4-6).

Conclusion:
While manna was a temporary provision for the Israelites, its spiritual lessons endure. It points to the ultimate provision in Jesus Christ, who satisfies the deepest needs of the human soul. The account of manna encourages believers to trust in God's provision and to seek the true bread of life offered through faith in Christ.