In the cultural context of the Bible, particularly during the New Testament period, reclining at meals was a common practice, especially during formal occasions and banquets. This custom is reflected in several passages of Scripture, providing insight into the social and religious life of the time.

Historical and Cultural Context

Reclining at meals was a practice adopted from Greco-Roman customs, which influenced Jewish society during the Second Temple period. The practice involved lying on couches or beds, known as "triclinia," arranged around a central table. Diners would recline on their left side, supporting themselves with their left elbow, leaving their right hand free to eat. This posture was considered a mark of freedom and leisure, distinguishing formal dining from ordinary meals.

Biblical References

The Gospels provide several instances where reclining at meals is mentioned, illustrating the practice among Jesus and His contemporaries. In the account of the Last Supper, the Gospel of John notes, "So He got up from the supper, laid aside His outer garments, and wrapped a towel around His waist" (John 13:4). This setting implies that Jesus and His disciples were reclining, as was customary for a Passover meal.

In Luke 7:36-38, a Pharisee invites Jesus to dine with him, and the text describes a woman anointing Jesus' feet while He reclines at the table: "As she stood behind Him at His feet weeping, she began to wet His feet with her tears and wipe them with her hair. Then she kissed His feet and anointed them with the perfume" (Luke 7:38). The description of Jesus' position indicates the use of a reclining bed.

Symbolism and Significance

Reclining at meals held symbolic significance in Jewish tradition, particularly during the Passover Seder. It was a symbol of the freedom the Israelites gained after their deliverance from Egypt. The act of reclining was a physical expression of liberty and rest, contrasting with the posture of slaves who would eat standing or sitting.

In the New Testament, reclining at meals also serves as a backdrop for significant teachings and events. For instance, during the Last Supper, Jesus uses the setting to institute the Lord's Supper, a pivotal moment in Christian tradition. The intimate setting of reclining allowed for close fellowship and conversation, facilitating Jesus' teachings and interactions with His disciples.

Social Implications

Reclining at meals was not merely a matter of comfort but also a reflection of social status and relationships. Invitations to recline at a meal were often extended to those of equal or higher social standing. In Luke 14:7-11, Jesus uses the setting of a banquet to teach about humility and the kingdom of God, advising guests to take the lowest place rather than seeking honor for themselves.

The practice of reclining at meals underscores the communal and relational aspects of dining in biblical times. It highlights the importance of hospitality, fellowship, and the breaking of bread as central elements of social and religious life.

Conclusion

The use of beds for reclining at meals in biblical times provides a rich context for understanding various New Testament narratives. It reflects the cultural practices of the era and offers deeper insight into the social dynamics and spiritual teachings of the Scriptures.1 Samuel 28:23-25
But he refused, and said, I will not eat. But his servants, together with the woman, compelled him; and he listened to their voice. So he arose from the earth, and sat on the bed.
Torrey's Topical Textbook

Amos 6:4-6
That lie on beds of ivory, and stretch themselves on their couches, and eat the lambs out of the flock, and the calves out of the middle of the stall;
Torrey's Topical Textbook

Luke 7:36-38
And one of the Pharisees desired him that he would eat with him. And he went into the Pharisee's house, and sat down to meat.
Torrey's Topical Textbook

John 13:23
Now there was leaning on Jesus' bosom one of his disciples, whom Jesus loved.
Torrey's Topical Textbook

The Miraculous Feeding of the Five Thousand
... been said that the term is used only by St ... companies' [3238] of fifties and hundreds,
reclining, [3239] and ... many-coloured dresses, like garden-beds' [3240] [3241 ...
/.../the life and times of jesus the messiah/chapter xxix the miraculous feeding.htm

the Legendary History of Egypt
... in need of help, whereas the horse is used for the ... offered sacrifices to the gods,
sepulchral meals unto the ... They went fowling among the reed-beds, or retired ...
/.../chapter iii -the legendary history of.htm

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