God's Justice
Psalm 9:7-8, But the LORD abides forever; He has established His throne for judgment. He judges the world with justice; He governs the people with equity.

God's Patience
2 Peter 3:9, The Lord is not slow in keeping His promise, as some understand slowness. Instead, He is patient with you, not wanting anyone to perish, but everyone to come to repentance.

God as a Refuge
Psalm 46:1, God is our refuge and strength, an ever-present help in times of trouble.God's Jealousy and Vengeance
Nahum 1:2 states, The LORD is a jealous and avenging God; the LORD is avenging and full of wrath. This verse highlights God's protective nature over His people and His intolerance for idolatry and injustice.

God's Patience and Power
Verse 3 declares, The LORD is slow to anger and great in power; the LORD will by no means leave the guilty unpunished. God's patience is immense, but His justice is inevitable.

God's Sovereignty over Nature
Verses 4-5 describe God's control over the natural world, emphasizing His omnipotence: He rebukes the sea and dries it up; He makes all the rivers run dry.

God as a Refuge
Verse 7 offers comfort, The LORD is good, a stronghold in the day of distress; He cares for those who trust in Him. This assures believers of God's protection and care.

The Certainty of Judgment
Verse 8 warns, But with an overwhelming flood, He will make an end of Nineveh; He will pursue His foes into darkness. God's judgment is certain and thorough.Trust in God's Justice
In a world where injustice often seems to prevail, we can find solace in knowing that God will ultimately right all wrongs.

Seek Refuge in God
In times of trouble, remember that God is a stronghold and cares deeply for those who trust in Him.

Reflect on God's Patience
Consider how God's patience has been evident in your life and how you can extend that patience to others.

Acknowledge God's Sovereignty
Recognize God's control over all creation and trust Him with the uncertainties in your life.1. The LORD (Yahweh)
The central figure in Nahum 1, described with various attributes and actions. The LORD is depicted as a jealous and avenging God, who is slow to anger but great in power. He will not leave the guilty unpunished (Nahum 1:2-3). The Hebrew name used here is "Yahweh," emphasizing His covenant relationship with Israel.

2. The Wicked (Enemies of God)
While not named individually, the wicked or enemies of God are implied throughout the chapter. They are those who oppose God and His people, and they are the recipients of His wrath and judgment (Nahum 1:8-9). The text speaks of God pursuing His foes into darkness.

3. Judah
Although not directly named in Nahum 1, Judah is the implied audience of the prophecy, as the book of Nahum is directed towards the Southern Kingdom of Judah, offering them comfort and assurance of God's justice against their oppressors.

The chapter primarily focuses on God's character and His impending judgment on Nineveh, with the emphasis on His power and justice.1. Nineveh
Nineveh is the capital of the Assyrian Empire, known for its great size and power. It is the primary focus of Nahum's prophecy, as God declares judgment against it for its wickedness. The Hebrew root for Nineveh is "נִינְוֵה" (Ninveh), which is consistently used throughout the Old Testament to refer to this significant city.

2. Bashan
Bashan is a region known for its fertile land and strong bulls. In Nahum 1:4, it is mentioned as part of the imagery of God's power over nature, as He dries up the land. The Hebrew root "בָּשָׁן" (Bashan) refers to this area east of the Jordan River, often associated with abundance and strength.

3. Carmel
Carmel is a mountain range in Israel, known for its lush vegetation. In Nahum 1:4, Carmel is also mentioned to illustrate God's control over the natural world, as He can cause it to wither. The Hebrew root "כַּרְמֶל" (Karmel) signifies a fruitful or garden-like place, highlighting the contrast between its usual state and the desolation God can bring.

4. Lebanon
Lebanon is famous for its majestic cedars and is often symbolically used in the Bible to represent strength and beauty. In Nahum 1:4, Lebanon's withering is another demonstration of God's overwhelming power. The Hebrew root "לְבָנוֹן" (Levanon) refers to this mountainous region north of Israel, known for its forests.1. The Oracle Against Nineveh
Nahum 1:1 introduces the book as an "oracle concerning Nineveh," which is a "book of the vision of Nahum the Elkoshite." The term "oracle" (מַשָּׂא, ^massa^) often denotes a burden or a prophetic pronouncement, indicating the serious nature of the message.

2. God's Jealous and Avenging Nature
Nahum 1:2 describes God as "jealous and avenging," emphasizing His protective zeal for His people and His readiness to execute justice. The Hebrew word for "jealous" (קַנּוֹא, ^qanno^) conveys a deep, protective passion.

3. God's Power Over Nature
Nahum 1:3-5 illustrates God's power over nature, stating, "The LORD is slow to anger but great in power; the LORD will by no means leave the guilty unpunished." The imagery of storms, earthquakes, and the drying up of seas and rivers highlights His sovereign control.

4. The Lord's Wrath Against His Enemies
Nahum 1:6-8 speaks of God's wrath, which is like "an overwhelming flood" that "will pursue His foes into darkness." The Hebrew word for "wrath" (חֵמָה, ^chema^) indicates intense anger, underscoring the severity of divine judgment.

5. The Goodness of the Lord to Those Who Trust Him
Nahum 1:7 contrasts the previous verses by affirming, "The LORD is good, a stronghold in the day of distress; He cares for those who trust in Him." This highlights God's protective and benevolent nature towards His faithful followers.

6. The End of Nineveh's Plotting
Nahum 1:9-11 declares that whatever Nineveh plots against the Lord, "He will bring it to an end; trouble will not rise up a second time." The assurance of divine intervention against evil plans is emphasized here.

7. The Destruction of Nineveh
Nahum 1:12-14 prophesies the destruction of Nineveh, stating, "Though they are at full strength and numerous, they will be cut down and pass away." The certainty of Nineveh's downfall is assured by God's decree.

8. The Proclamation of Peace
Nahum 1:15 concludes with a message of peace for Judah: "Look, there on the mountains, the feet of one who brings good news, who proclaims peace!" This echoes the promise of deliverance and restoration for God's people.1. The Character of God (Nahum 1:2-3)
Nahum begins by describing God's nature, emphasizing His attributes of jealousy, vengeance, and wrath. The text states, "The LORD is a jealous and avenging God; the LORD is avenging and full of wrath. The LORD takes vengeance on His foes and reserves wrath for His enemies" (Nahum 1:2). The Hebrew word for "jealous" (קַנּוֹא, qanno) conveys a sense of zealous protection over His people.

2. God's Power Over Nature (Nahum 1:3-6)
The passage highlights God's control over the natural world, illustrating His might and authority. "The LORD is slow to anger and great in power; the LORD will by no means leave the guilty unpunished. His path is in the whirlwind and storm, and clouds are the dust beneath His feet" (Nahum 1:3). The imagery of storms and clouds signifies His omnipotence.

3. The Certainty of God's Judgment (Nahum 1:7-8)
Nahum reassures the faithful of God's goodness and protection while affirming the certainty of judgment against His enemies. "The LORD is good, a stronghold in the day of distress; He cares for those who trust in Him. But with an overwhelming flood, He will make an end of Nineveh; He will pursue His foes into darkness" (Nahum 1:7-8). The Hebrew term for "good" (טוֹב, tov) reflects God's benevolent nature.

4. The Futility of Opposing God (Nahum 1:9-11)
The text underscores the futility of plotting against the Lord, as His plans cannot be thwarted. "Whatever you plot against the LORD, He will bring to an end; trouble will not rise up a second time" (Nahum 1:9). This emphasizes the Hebrew concept of divine sovereignty and the inevitability of His will.

5. The Promise of Deliverance for Judah (Nahum 1:12-13)
God promises relief and deliverance for Judah from their oppressors. "Though they are strong and numerous, they will be cut down and pass away. Though I have afflicted you, O Judah, I will afflict you no longer" (Nahum 1:12). This reflects God's covenant faithfulness and His commitment to His people.

6. The Destruction of Nineveh (Nahum 1:14-15)
The chapter concludes with a prophecy of Nineveh's destruction and a message of peace for Judah. "The LORD has issued a command concerning you, O Nineveh: 'There will be no more descendants to carry on your name. I will cut off the carved images and cast idols from the house of your gods. I will prepare your grave, for you are contemptible'" (Nahum 1:14). The Hebrew word for "contemptible" (קָלָל, qalal) indicates the city's despised status before God.1. The Jealousy and Vengeance of God
Nahum 1:2 states, "The LORD is a jealous and avenging God; the LORD is avenging and full of wrath." The Hebrew word for "jealous" (קַנּוֹא, qanno) conveys a sense of zealous protection over what is rightfully His. This theme emphasizes God's protective nature over His people and His righteous anger against sin and idolatry.

2. The Power and Majesty of God
In Nahum 1:3-5, the text describes God's power over nature: "The LORD is slow to anger and great in power; the LORD will by no means leave the guilty unpunished." The imagery of storms, earthquakes, and the melting of mountains highlights God's supreme authority and control over creation, underscoring His ability to execute judgment.

3. The Goodness and Refuge of God
Nahum 1:7 declares, "The LORD is good, a stronghold in the day of distress; He cares for those who trust in Him." This theme contrasts God's wrath with His goodness and protection for those who seek refuge in Him. The Hebrew word for "good" (טוֹב, tov) reflects His benevolent and kind nature.

4. The Inevitable Judgment on the Wicked
The chapter repeatedly emphasizes the certainty of judgment on the wicked, as seen in Nahum 1:8, "But with an overwhelming flood, He will make an end of Nineveh; He will pursue His foes into darkness." The imagery of an "overwhelming flood" signifies the totality and inescapability of divine judgment.

5. The Futility of Opposing God
Nahum 1:9-11 highlights the futility of plotting against the LORD: "Whatever you plot against the LORD, He will bring to an end; trouble will not rise up a second time." This theme underscores the ultimate sovereignty of God and the foolishness of resisting His will.

6. The Deliverance and Restoration of God's People
In Nahum 1:12-13, God promises deliverance for His people: "Though I have afflicted you, I will afflict you no more. For now I will break their yoke from your neck and tear away your shackles." This theme reflects God's commitment to restoring and freeing His people from oppression.1. In Nahum 1:2, how can God be both loving and yet described as jealous and avenging?

2. Regarding Nahum 1:3, how do we reconcile science’s explanation of storms with the claim that God controls whirlwinds?

3. Nahum 1:5 mentions mountains quaking and hills melting; is there any historical or geological evidence for such dramatic events tied to divine wrath?

4. In Nahum 1:8, it’s stated that God would destroy Nineveh with an overwhelming flood; do archaeological records support a catastrophic flood as the cause of Nineveh’s downfall?

5. If Nahum 1’s prophecies apply to ancient Nineveh’s destruction, why should modern believers consider this chapter relevant or authoritative?

1. How does Nahum 1 reflect on God's sovereignty?

2. What does the destruction of Nineveh reveal about God's justice?

3. How do the descriptions of God in Nahum 1 challenge your current perceptions of Him?

4. In what ways can the concept of God being a refuge be applied in your personal life?

5. How do the themes of divine wrath and mercy intertwine in this chapter?

6. How might you react if you were a citizen of Nineveh hearing this prophecy?

7. How does God's power over creation, as depicted in verses 4-6, impact your understanding of His authority?

8. In your life, how can you seek to avoid the fate of Nineveh and instead receive God's mercy?

9. What contemporary situations can you relate to the fall of Nineveh?

10. How can the people of Nineveh's actions serve as a warning for modern society?

11. How does God’s promise of deliverance for Judah in verse 15 provide hope for us today?

12. How can the principles in Nahum 1 be applied to societal justice today?

13. How does this chapter influence your understanding of sin and its consequences?

14. What steps can you take to ensure you are seeking refuge in God in times of trouble?

15. How do the dual aspects of God's nature (justice and mercy) reflect in your personal experiences?

16. How would you explain the balance of God's wrath and patience to someone struggling with this concept?

17. How can Nahum's prophecy encourage believers living in societies that oppose their faith?

18. Reflecting on Nahum 1, how would you counsel someone living in fear of God's wrath?

19. What lessons can governments and leaders today learn from the judgment pronounced on Nineveh?

20. How does Nahum 1 inform your understanding of God’s protective love for His people?