Genesis 12:1-3
The call of Abram to leave his homeland parallels Naomi's return to Bethlehem, highlighting themes of faith and obedience.

Psalm 34:18
The LORD is near to the brokenhearted; He saves the contrite in spirit. This verse offers comfort to those experiencing loss, as Naomi and Ruth did.

Matthew 5:4
Blessed are those who mourn, for they will be comforted. Jesus' words remind us of the promise of comfort in times of grief.Context of Famine and Departure
Ruth 1:1-2 introduces us to a time of famine in Bethlehem, prompting Elimelech and his family to move to Moab. This decision sets the stage for the unfolding drama and highlights the theme of displacement and survival.

Tragedy and Loss
Verses 3-5 describe the deaths of Elimelech and his sons, leaving Naomi and her daughters-in-law as widows. This passage underscores the vulnerability and grief experienced by these women.

Naomi's Decision to Return
In Ruth 1:6-7, Naomi hears that the Lord has provided food for His people in Bethlehem, prompting her decision to return home. This marks a turning point and reflects a glimmer of hope amidst despair.

Ruth's Loyalty
Ruth 1:16-17 contains Ruth's famous declaration of loyalty to Naomi: Where you go, I will go, and where you stay, I will stay. Your people will be my people, and your God will be my God. This commitment exemplifies steadfast love and faithfulness.

Naomi's Bitterness
In verses 20-21, Naomi expresses her bitterness, feeling that the Almighty has dealt harshly with her. Her honesty about her pain invites us to bring our own struggles before God.Trust in God's Provision
Even in times of famine or loss, trust that God is working behind the scenes to provide for your needs.

Commitment to Relationships
Like Ruth, demonstrate loyalty and commitment to those God has placed in your life, even when it requires sacrifice.

Honesty in Prayer
Follow Naomi's example by being honest with God about your feelings, trusting that He can handle your pain and bitterness.

Hope in God's Redemption
Remember that God can transform our most difficult circumstances into opportunities for His redemptive work.1. Elimelech
Elimelech is introduced as the husband of Naomi. He is described as a man from Bethlehem in Judah who relocates his family to Moab due to a famine. His name in Hebrew (אֱלִימֶלֶךְ) means "My God is King."

2. Naomi
Naomi is the wife of Elimelech and the mother of Mahlon and Chilion. Her name in Hebrew (נָעֳמִי) means "pleasant" or "my delight." After the deaths of her husband and sons, she decides to return to Bethlehem, expressing her bitterness by asking to be called Mara, meaning "bitter."

3. Mahlon
Mahlon is one of Naomi and Elimelech's sons. His name in Hebrew (מַחְלוֹן) is often associated with sickness or weakness. He marries Ruth, a Moabite woman, but dies without leaving any children.

4. Chilion
Chilion is the other son of Naomi and Elimelech. His name in Hebrew (כִּלְיוֹן) can be associated with frailty or consumption. He marries Orpah, another Moabite woman, and also dies childless.

5. Ruth
Ruth is a Moabite woman who marries Mahlon. Her loyalty to Naomi is a central theme of the book. Her name in Hebrew (רוּת) is thought to mean "friend" or "companion." She famously pledges her loyalty to Naomi and the God of Israel.

6. Orpah
Orpah is the Moabite wife of Chilion. Her name in Hebrew (עָרְפָּה) is related to the word for "neck" or "back of the neck," possibly indicating turning back. She initially sets out with Naomi and Ruth but eventually returns to her people in Moab.

7. The Almighty (Shaddai)
While not a person in the narrative, God is referenced by Naomi as "the Almighty" (שַׁדַּי, Shaddai) in Ruth 1:20-21, indicating His sovereign power and role in the events of her life.1. Bethlehem in Judah
Bethlehem is the initial setting of the story, where Elimelech and his family originate. It is a town in the region of Judah. The name "Bethlehem" comes from the Hebrew "בֵּית לֶחֶם" (Beit Lechem), meaning "House of Bread," which is significant given the famine that drives the family to leave.

2. Moab
Moab is the land to which Elimelech and his family relocate due to the famine in Bethlehem. It is located east of the Dead Sea. The Moabites are descendants of Lot, and the relationship between Israel and Moab is historically complex. The Hebrew root "מוֹאָב" (Mo'av) is associated with the Moabite people and their territory.

3. Fields of Moab
This term refers to the agricultural areas in Moab where Naomi's family settles. The fields symbolize both the sustenance and the foreignness of the land compared to their home in Bethlehem.

4. Bethlehem (Return)
Naomi decides to return to Bethlehem after hearing that the LORD had provided food for His people. This return marks a significant turning point in the narrative, as it sets the stage for Ruth's loyalty and the unfolding of God's providence.1. Famine in the Land
The chapter begins by setting the scene during the time of the judges when a famine occurs in the land of Judah. This prompts a man from Bethlehem, Elimelech, to move with his family to Moab. The Hebrew word for famine, "רָעָב" (ra'av), indicates a severe shortage of food, which was a significant trial for the people of Israel.

2. Elimelech's Family Moves to Moab
Elimelech, his wife Naomi, and their two sons, Mahlon and Chilion, leave Bethlehem to sojourn in Moab. The term "sojourn" (גּוּר, gur) implies a temporary stay, suggesting they intended to return once the famine ended.

3. Death of Elimelech
While in Moab, Elimelech dies, leaving Naomi a widow with her two sons. This event marks the beginning of Naomi's deep personal losses.

4. Marriage of Mahlon and Chilion
Naomi's sons marry Moabite women, Orpah and Ruth. The marriages indicate a significant cultural integration, as marrying outside of Israel was generally discouraged.

5. Death of Mahlon and Chilion
After about ten years, both sons die, leaving Naomi without her husband and children. The Hebrew word for "died" (מוּת, muth) underscores the finality and tragedy of these events.

6. Naomi Decides to Return to Bethlehem
Hearing that the LORD had provided food for His people, Naomi decides to return to Bethlehem. The phrase "the LORD had visited His people" (פָּקַד יְהוָה, paqad Yahweh) suggests divine intervention and blessing.

7. Naomi Urges Her Daughters-in-Law to Stay in Moab
Naomi encourages Orpah and Ruth to return to their mothers' homes, expressing her inability to provide them with new husbands. This reflects the cultural importance of family and marriage for women's security.

8. Orpah Returns, Ruth Clings to Naomi
Orpah eventually returns to her people, but Ruth clings to Naomi, demonstrating her loyalty. The Hebrew word "דָּבַק" (dabaq) for "clings" conveys a strong, unwavering attachment.

9. Ruth's Declaration of Loyalty
Ruth famously declares her commitment to Naomi, saying, "Where you go, I will go; where you stay, I will stay. Your people will be my people, and your God will be my God." This declaration highlights Ruth's conversion and dedication.

10. Naomi and Ruth Arrive in Bethlehem
The chapter concludes with Naomi and Ruth arriving in Bethlehem at the beginning of the barley harvest. This timing is significant, as it sets the stage for the events that follow in the narrative.1. Famine in the Land (Ruth 1:1)
The chapter begins by setting the scene during the time of the judges when a famine strikes Bethlehem in Judah. This prompts Elimelech and his family to move to Moab. The Hebrew word for famine, "רָעָב" (ra'av), indicates a severe shortage of food, which often signifies divine judgment or a test of faith in the Old Testament.

2. Elimelech's Family Moves to Moab (Ruth 1:1-2)
Elimelech, his wife Naomi, and their two sons, Mahlon and Chilion, leave Bethlehem for Moab. This move is significant as Moabites were often seen as enemies of Israel, highlighting the desperation caused by the famine.

3. Death of Elimelech and His Sons (Ruth 1:3-5)
Naomi's husband, Elimelech, dies, leaving her with her two sons who marry Moabite women, Orpah and Ruth. Eventually, both sons also die, leaving Naomi without male protection or provision. The Hebrew term "שָׁכַל" (shakal) for bereavement underscores the depth of Naomi's loss.

4. Naomi's Decision to Return to Bethlehem (Ruth 1:6-7)
Hearing that the Lord had provided food for His people, Naomi decides to return to Bethlehem. The phrase "the LORD had visited His people" (Ruth 1:6) uses the Hebrew "פָּקַד" (paqad), indicating divine intervention and care.

5. Naomi Urges Her Daughters-in-Law to Stay in Moab (Ruth 1:8-13)
Naomi encourages Orpah and Ruth to remain in Moab and remarry, expressing her inability to provide them with new husbands. Her plea reflects the cultural importance of family lineage and security through marriage.

6. Orpah Returns, Ruth Clings to Naomi (Ruth 1:14-18)
Orpah eventually returns to her people, but Ruth clings to Naomi, expressing her loyalty and commitment. Ruth's declaration, "Your people will be my people, and your God my God" (Ruth 1:16), signifies her conversion and dedication, using the Hebrew "דָּבַק" (dabaq) for "clings," indicating a deep, covenantal bond.

7. Naomi and Ruth Arrive in Bethlehem (Ruth 1:19-22)
Upon their arrival, the town is stirred, and Naomi expresses her bitterness, asking to be called Mara, meaning "bitter." The Hebrew "מָרָא" (mara) reflects her perception of the Lord's dealings with her. The chapter closes with the note that they arrived at the beginning of the barley harvest, setting the stage for the events to follow.1. Famine and Providence
The chapter opens with a famine in the land of Judah, prompting Elimelech and his family to move to Moab (Ruth 1:1). This theme highlights God's providence and sovereignty, as the Hebrew word for famine, "רָעָב" (ra'av), often signifies a divine test or judgment, setting the stage for God's unfolding plan.

2. Loss and Grief
Naomi experiences profound loss with the deaths of her husband and sons (Ruth 1:3-5). This theme underscores the human experience of grief and the Hebrew concept of "שָׁכֹל" (shakol), meaning bereavement, which reflects the depth of Naomi's sorrow and the cultural significance of family.

3. Loyalty and Devotion
Ruth's famous declaration of loyalty to Naomi, "Where you go, I will go" (Ruth 1:16), exemplifies steadfast devotion. The Hebrew word "חֶסֶד" (chesed), often translated as loving-kindness or loyalty, is central to this theme, illustrating covenantal faithfulness.

4. Identity and Belonging
Naomi's return to Bethlehem and her insistence on being called Mara, meaning "bitter" (Ruth 1:20), reflect themes of identity and belonging. The Hebrew root "מָרַר" (marar) conveys bitterness, symbolizing Naomi's struggle with her identity in light of her losses.

5. Divine Intervention and Hope
The chapter concludes with Naomi and Ruth arriving in Bethlehem at the beginning of the barley harvest (Ruth 1:22). This theme of divine intervention and hope is encapsulated in the timing of their return, suggesting a new beginning and God's provision, as the harvest symbolizes potential and renewal.1. How historically plausible is the famine mentioned in Ruth 1:1, given the agricultural conditions and trade routes of that time?

2. What evidence supports Elimelech’s decision to move to Moab (Ruth 1:2) despite recurrent hostilities between Moab and Israel?

3. Does the marriage of Naomi’s sons to Moabite women (Ruth 1:4) conflict with restrictions found in Deuteronomy 23:3?

4. Could the sudden deaths of Elimelech and his sons in Ruth 1:3–5 be explained by any known historical or cultural cause?

5. How does the timeline in Ruth 1:1 align with or contradict other biblical accounts of the era of the judges?

1. How does the theme of loyalty play out in Ruth 1?

2. How does Ruth's commitment to Naomi contrast with Orpah's decision to leave?

3. How does the cultural context of Ruth and Naomi's time affect their decisions and reactions to their circumstances?

4. How does Ruth 1 challenge our understanding of familial and cultural obligations?

5. In what ways does Naomi's perception of God's hand in her life reflect our own perspectives during times of suffering?

6. How does Ruth's cross-cultural decision deepen our understanding of her faith commitment?

7. What are some of the ways you have dealt with adversity and loss similar to Naomi and Ruth's experiences?

8. How might Ruth's pledge to Naomi in verses 16-17 apply to your commitment to your faith or to people in your life?

9. How do the hardships experienced by Naomi and Ruth relate to the concept of 'refining through trials'?

10. How does the book of Ruth challenge traditional gender roles of its time, and how does that apply to our understanding today?

11. How do the decisions made by each character in Ruth 1 reflect their individual faith in God?

12. What modern cultural pressures might influence someone like Orpah or Ruth's decision today?

13. Naomi felt that God's hand had turned against her (Ruth 1:13). How do we reconcile feelings of divine abandonment with the concept of a loving, caring God?

14. How does the concept of 'hesed' (loving kindness) play out in Ruth 1?

15. What lessons can we learn about making decisions during difficult times based on the experiences of Naomi, Ruth, and Orpah?

16. If you were in Ruth's position, how might you have responded to Naomi's insistence that you return to your homeland?

17. How does Ruth 1 challenge or confirm your understanding of loyalty and devotion?

18. How does the ending of Ruth 1 (arrival at the time of barley harvest) symbolize hope in times of adversity?

19. How can the lessons in Ruth 1 guide us in showing kindness and loyalty to those around us in contemporary society?

20. How does Ruth's decision to adopt Naomi's people and God challenge us in our commitment to our faith communities today?