4456. póroó

Lexicon

póroó: To harden, to make callous, to render insensitive

Original Word: πωρόω
Part of Speech: Verb
Transliteration: póroó
Pronunciation: po-ro'-o
Phonetic Spelling: (po-ro'-o)
Definition: To harden, to make callous, to render insensitive
Meaning: I harden, render callous, petrify.

Strong's Exhaustive Concordance

harden, blind

Apparently from poros (a kind of stone); to petrify, i.e. (figuratively) to indurate (render stupid or callous) -- blind, harden.

HELPS Word-studies

4456 pōróō (from pōros, a kind of marble) – properly, made of stone; (figuratively) insensible; dull, unperceptive as a rock; calloused (hardened); i.e. unresponsive (dense), completely lacking sensitivity or spiritual perception.

[From the time of Hippocrates, 4456 (pōróō) means "harden," like a formed callus which petrifies (cf. DNTT, 2, 153).

4456 (pōróō) was applied to bony formations on the joints (a "callus," ossification) – hence meaning "to petrify" (as in "covering over with a callus"). 4456 (pōróō) is only used figuratively in the NT meaning "to deaden (dull), to make (render) obtuse (dull, dead)" (Souter).]

NAS Exhaustive Concordance

Word Origin
from póros (a stone, a callous)
Definition
to petrify, i.e. to harden
NASB Translation
hardened (5).

Thayer's Greek Lexicon

STRONGS NT 4456: πωρόω

πωρόω, πώρω: 1 aorist ἐπωρωσα (John 12:40 T Tr WH); perfect πεπώρωκα; perfect passive participle πεπωρωμενος; 1 aorist passive ἐπωρωθην; (πῶρος, hard skin, a hardening, induration); to cover with a thick skin, to harden by covering with a callus (R. V. everywhere simply to harden): metaphorically, καρδίαν, to make the heart dull, John 12:40; passive, to grow hard or callous, become dull, lose the power of understanding: Romans 11:7; τά νοήματα, 2 Corinthians 3:14; ἡ καρδία, Mark 6:52; Mark 8:17. Cf. Fritzsche, Commentary on Mark, p. 78f; on Romans, ii., p. 451f. ((Hippocrates (), Aristotle, others.))

Topical Lexicon

Word Origin: Derived from πῶρος (pōros), meaning "a kind of stone" or "callus."

Corresponding Greek / Hebrew Entries: • Strong's Hebrew 2388 (חָזַק, chazaq): To be strong, to harden, often used in the context of Pharaoh's heart being hardened in the Exodus narrative.
• Strong's Hebrew 7185 (קָשָׁה, qashah): To be hard, severe, or difficult, used in contexts of stubbornness or obstinacy.
• Strong's Hebrew 3513 (כָּבֵד, kabed): To be heavy, weighty, or burdensome, sometimes used metaphorically for a hardened heart.

These Hebrew terms reflect similar themes of resistance and insensitivity to divine influence, paralleling the New Testament usage of πωρόω.

Usage: The term is used in the New Testament to describe the spiritual hardening or insensitivity of the heart, often in the context of unbelief or resistance to divine truth.

Context: The Greek verb πωρόω (pōroō) appears in several New Testament passages, primarily in the context of spiritual insensitivity or hardness of heart. This term conveys the idea of becoming unresponsive or resistant to spiritual truths and divine revelation. It is often used to describe the condition of those who, despite witnessing miracles or hearing the teachings of Jesus, remain unbelieving or obstinate.

In Mark 6:52, the disciples are described as having hardened hearts after witnessing the miracle of the loaves: "for they had not understood about the loaves, but their hearts were hardened." This indicates a lack of spiritual perception despite physical evidence of Jesus' divine power.

Similarly, in John 12:40, the term is used to explain the unbelief of the people despite Jesus' signs: "He has blinded their eyes and hardened their hearts, so that they cannot see with their eyes, and understand with their hearts, and turn, and I would heal them."

The Apostle Paul also uses πωρόω in Romans 11:7 to describe Israel's spiritual state: "What then? What Israel was seeking, it failed to obtain, but the elect did. The others were hardened."

The concept of hardening is not merely a passive state but often involves a willful resistance to God's truth. It serves as a warning against the dangers of persistent unbelief and the importance of maintaining a receptive heart to God's word.

Forms and Transliterations

επωρωθη επωρώθη ἐπωρώθη επωρωθησαν επωρώθησαν ἐπωρώθησαν επωρωσεν ἐπώρωσεν πεπώρωκεν πεπωρωμενη πεπωρωμένη πεπωρωμενην πεπωρωμένην πεπώρωνται eporosen epōrōsen epṓrosen epṓrōsen eporothe eporṓthe epōrōthē epōrṓthē eporothesan eporṓthesan epōrōthēsan epōrṓthēsan peporomene peporoméne pepōrōmenē pepōrōménē peporomenen peporoménen pepōrōmenēn pepōrōménēn

Englishman's Concordance

Mark 6:52 V-RPM/P-NFS
GRK: ἡ καρδία πεπωρωμένη
NAS: but their heart was hardened.
KJV: heart was hardened.
INT: the heart hardened

Mark 8:17 V-RPM/P-AFS
GRK: οὐδὲ συνίετε πεπωρωμένην ἔχετε τὴν
NAS: Do you have a hardened heart?
KJV: heart yet hardened?
INT: nor understand Hardened have you the

John 12:40 V-AIA-3S
GRK: ὀφθαλμοὺς καὶ ἐπώρωσεν αὐτῶν τὴν
NAS: THEIR EYES AND HE HARDENED THEIR HEART,
KJV: eyes, and hardened their heart;
INT: eyes and has hardened of them the

Romans 11:7 V-AIP-3P
GRK: δὲ λοιποὶ ἐπωρώθησαν
NAS: it, and the rest were hardened;
KJV: and the rest were blinded
INT: however [the] rest were hardened

2 Corinthians 3:14 V-AIP-3S
GRK: ἀλλὰ ἐπωρώθη τὰ νοήματα
NAS: But their minds were hardened; for until
KJV: their minds were blinded: for until
INT: But were hardened the minds

Strong's Greek 4456
5 Occurrences

ἐπώρωσεν — 1 Occ.
ἐπωρώθη — 1 Occ.
ἐπωρώθησαν — 1 Occ.
πεπωρωμένη — 1 Occ.
πεπωρωμένην — 1 Occ.