On the third day
The phrase "on the third day" is significant in biblical narratives, often symbolizing a period of preparation followed by a decisive action or revelation. In Esther's context, it follows her three days of fasting, which aligns with other biblical instances where the third day marks a turning point, such as Jonah's emergence from the fish (Jonah 1:17) and Jesus' resurrection (Matthew 16:21). This timing underscores the gravity and hope of Esther's mission.

Esther put on her royal robes
Esther's decision to wear her royal robes signifies her acceptance of her role and authority as queen. It contrasts with her previous humility during fasting and prayer, now presenting herself with dignity and purpose. This act can be seen as a type of Christ, who, though humble, is also the King of Kings. Esther's attire symbolizes her readiness to intercede for her people, much like Christ's intercession for humanity.

and stood in the inner court of the palace
The inner court of the palace was a place of significant authority and power, accessible only to those with permission. Esther's boldness in standing there without being summoned highlights her courage and the risk she was taking, as approaching the king unsummoned could result in death (Esther 4:11). This act of bravery is reminiscent of the boldness required to approach God, as seen in Hebrews 4:16.

across from the king’s quarters
Positioning herself across from the king's quarters indicates Esther's strategic approach. She places herself where she can be seen by the king, demonstrating both respect and determination. This positioning is crucial for her plan to succeed, reflecting the importance of wisdom and timing in executing God's will, as seen in Proverbs 21:1, which speaks of the king's heart being in the hand of the Lord.

The king was sitting on his royal throne
The king sitting on his royal throne emphasizes his authority and the gravity of Esther's approach. The throne is a symbol of power and judgment, and the king's presence there underscores the potential danger Esther faces. This imagery parallels the divine throne of God, where ultimate authority resides, as depicted in Revelation 4:2.

in the royal courtroom, facing the entrance
The royal courtroom was a place of judgment and decision-making. The king facing the entrance signifies his readiness to address matters brought before him. Esther's approach to the king in this setting highlights the theme of divine providence and justice, as God orchestrates events for the deliverance of His people, similar to how He works through the courts of heaven for the ultimate good of His followers (Romans 8:28).

As soon as the king saw Queen Esther standing in the court
This phrase highlights the immediacy of the king's recognition of Esther, emphasizing her boldness in approaching the king uninvited, which was a dangerous act due to the Persian law that could result in death unless the king extended his favor. The court was a place of authority and power, and Esther's presence there signifies her courage and determination to intercede for her people. This moment is pivotal in the narrative, showcasing Esther's role as a mediator, a type of Christ who intercedes on behalf of others.

she found favor in his sight
Finding favor is a recurring theme in the Bible, often indicating divine intervention or blessing. Esther's favor with the king can be seen as a result of God's providence, aligning with the biblical principle that God grants favor to those who seek His will. This mirrors the favor found by Joseph in Egypt (Genesis 39:4) and Daniel in Babylon (Daniel 1:9), suggesting a pattern of God's people being placed in positions of influence for His purposes.

The king extended the gold scepter in his hand toward Esther
The gold scepter symbolizes royal authority and the king's willingness to grant Esther an audience, signifying acceptance and mercy. In ancient Persian culture, the scepter was a powerful emblem of the king's rule and his ability to grant life or death. This act of extending the scepter can be seen as a foreshadowing of Christ's role as the mediator who grants access to the Father, as seen in Hebrews 4:16, where believers are encouraged to approach the throne of grace with confidence.

and she approached and touched the tip of the scepter
Touching the scepter was a formal act of submission and respect, acknowledging the king's authority while also signifying the acceptance of his favor. This act can be compared to the biblical theme of drawing near to God, as seen in James 4:8, where believers are encouraged to draw near to God with the promise that He will draw near to them. Esther's approach is a model of faith and obedience, reflecting the believer's approach to God through Christ, who is the ultimate mediator.

“What is it, Queen Esther?”
This phrase highlights the unique position Esther holds as queen, despite her Jewish heritage in a Persian empire. Her title signifies her authority and favor with the king, which is crucial for the unfolding events. Esther's role as queen is a fulfillment of God's providence, placing her in a position to influence the king. This echoes the biblical theme of God using individuals in positions of power to fulfill His purposes, similar to Joseph in Egypt (Genesis 41:41-44).

“the king inquired.”
The king's inquiry shows his openness and willingness to listen to Esther, indicating a favorable disposition towards her. This moment is pivotal, as it sets the stage for Esther to make her request. The king's readiness to hear Esther reflects the cultural norms of the Persian court, where the king's favor was essential for any petition. This also demonstrates the king's trust and affection for Esther, which is crucial for her plan to save her people.

“What is your request?”
This question underscores the king's willingness to grant Esther's desires, highlighting the trust and favor she has earned. It reflects the cultural practice of the Persian monarchy, where the king had the power to grant significant requests. This moment is a turning point in the narrative, as Esther must carefully present her petition to save the Jewish people. It also parallels the biblical theme of intercession, where individuals plead on behalf of others, as seen with Abraham interceding for Sodom (Genesis 18:22-33).

“Even up to half the kingdom,”
This hyperbolic expression was a common royal idiom in ancient Near Eastern cultures, indicating the king's generosity and willingness to grant substantial requests. It does not imply a literal division of the kingdom but rather emphasizes the king's favor and the extent of his willingness to please Esther. This phrase is similar to Herod's offer to Herodias' daughter in Mark 6:23, showing a pattern of royal generosity in biblical narratives.

“it will be given to you.”
The king's assurance of granting Esther's request highlights the certainty and authority of his promise. This reflects the absolute power of the Persian king, whose word was law. It also foreshadows the successful outcome of Esther's intercession for her people, demonstrating God's sovereignty and the fulfillment of His plans through human agents. This assurance is a testament to the divine orchestration at work, as Esther's courage and faith align with God's purpose to protect His people.

If it pleases the king,
Esther approaches the king with humility and respect, a common practice in ancient royal courts. This phrase indicates her awareness of the king's authority and her tactful approach to gain his favor. In the context of the Persian Empire, where the king's word was law, such deference was crucial. This approach is reminiscent of Nehemiah's respectful request to King Artaxerxes (Nehemiah 2:5).

Esther replied,
Esther's response is strategic and carefully planned. Her reply is part of a larger narrative where she must navigate the dangerous political landscape of the Persian court. Esther's wisdom and courage are highlighted here, as she takes a proactive role in addressing the threat to her people. Her actions can be seen as a type of Christ, who also intercedes on behalf of His people.

may the king and Haman come today
By inviting both the king and Haman, Esther sets the stage for revealing Haman's plot against the Jews. This invitation is significant because it includes Haman, the antagonist, in a setting where he is unaware of Esther's true intentions. The urgency of "today" suggests the pressing nature of her request, reflecting the immediate danger faced by the Jewish people.

to the banquet I have prepared for the king.
Banquets were significant social and political events in ancient Persia, often used to discuss important matters. Esther's preparation of the banquet demonstrates her initiative and resourcefulness. The setting of a banquet is reminiscent of other biblical feasts, such as the wedding feast in Matthew 22:1-14, symbolizing a place of revelation and decision. Esther's role as a mediator at this banquet prefigures Christ's role as the mediator of the New Covenant.

“Hurry,” commanded the king,
The urgency in the king's command reflects the importance he places on Esther's request. In the Persian court, the king's word was law, and his commands were executed promptly. This urgency may also indicate the king's curiosity or eagerness to please Esther, whom he favored. The king's authority and the swift execution of his orders are consistent with the absolute power Persian monarchs wielded, as seen in other parts of the Book of Esther and historical records of Persian rule.

“and bring Haman,
Haman, the antagonist in the story, holds the position of prime minister, second only to the king. His inclusion in the banquet is significant, as it sets the stage for the unfolding of Esther's plan to reveal his plot against the Jews. Haman's presence is crucial for the narrative's development, highlighting the tension between him and Esther. This moment foreshadows the eventual downfall of Haman, a theme of divine justice and reversal found throughout the book.

so we can do as Esther has requested.”
Esther's request to host a banquet is part of her strategic plan to save her people. Her approach demonstrates wisdom and patience, as she carefully sets the stage to reveal Haman's plot. This phrase underscores Esther's influence and the favor she has found with the king, which is pivotal for the deliverance of the Jewish people. Esther's actions can be seen as a type of intercession, drawing parallels to the mediating role of Christ.

So the king and Haman went to the banquet that Esther had prepared.
The banquet is a central event in the narrative, symbolizing Esther's courage and the unfolding of God's providence. Banquets were significant in Persian culture, often used for political and social purposes. Esther's preparation of the banquet shows her active role in God's plan, reflecting themes of divine sovereignty and human responsibility. The setting of the banquet also connects to other biblical feasts, which often serve as moments of revelation and turning points in God's redemptive history.

And as they drank their wine
In ancient Persian culture, banquets were significant social and political events. Wine was often consumed during these gatherings, symbolizing celebration and the king's favor. The setting of a banquet indicates a moment of potential influence and decision-making. Esther's strategic use of a banquet to approach the king reflects her wisdom and understanding of court customs.

the king said to Esther
King Ahasuerus, also known as Xerxes I, was the ruler of the Persian Empire. His relationship with Esther, his queen, is central to the narrative. Esther's position as queen gives her unique access to the king, yet she must navigate the risks associated with approaching him without being summoned, as seen earlier in the story.

What is your petition?
The king's question indicates his willingness to listen and respond to Esther's needs. In the context of the narrative, Esther's petition is crucial for the survival of her people, the Jews. This moment highlights the theme of divine providence, as Esther is positioned to intercede on behalf of her people.

It will be given to you.
The king's assurance suggests a readiness to grant Esther's request, demonstrating his favor towards her. This reflects the cultural practice of kings granting requests during banquets, a time when they were more inclined to generosity.

What is your request?
The repetition of the question emphasizes the king's openness and eagerness to fulfill Esther's desires. It also builds suspense in the narrative, as the reader anticipates Esther's response and the unfolding of her plan.

Even up to half the kingdom, it will be fulfilled.
This hyperbolic expression was a common royal idiom, indicating the king's extreme generosity and willingness to grant significant requests. It is not meant to be taken literally but underscores the king's favor towards Esther. This phrase is reminiscent of Herod's offer to Herodias' daughter in Mark 6:23, illustrating a similar cultural expression of royal benevolence.

Esther replied
Esther's response is significant in the context of her courageous approach to King Xerxes. Her reply is a calculated and strategic move, reflecting her wisdom and understanding of court protocol. Esther's ability to speak directly to the king highlights her position and favor in the royal court, which is crucial for the unfolding of her plan to save her people. This moment is a turning point in the narrative, showcasing Esther's bravery and the divine providence at work in her life.

This is my petition
The term "petition" indicates a formal request, often used in legal or royal contexts. Esther's use of this word suggests the seriousness and gravity of her appeal. In the Persian Empire, such petitions were typically presented with great care and respect, acknowledging the authority of the king. Esther's petition is not just a personal request but one that carries the weight of her people's survival. This reflects the biblical theme of intercession, where a mediator stands in the gap for others, a role that foreshadows Christ's intercession for humanity.

and my request
The word "request" complements "petition," emphasizing the dual nature of Esther's appeal. While "petition" may imply a formal plea, "request" suggests a more personal appeal, highlighting Esther's relational approach to the king. This duality underscores the complexity of Esther's situation, where she must balance her personal relationship with the king and her duty to her people. Theologically, this can be seen as a type of Christ, who, in His dual nature, mediates between God and humanity, fulfilling both divine justice and mercy.

If I have found favor in the sight of the king
Esther's approach to the king is marked by humility and respect, reflecting the cultural norms of the Persian court where subjects were expected to show deference to the monarch. This phrase echoes the biblical theme of finding favor, as seen in Genesis 39:4 where Joseph found favor in the eyes of Potiphar. Esther's request for favor is also reminiscent of the grace believers seek from God, as seen in passages like Proverbs 3:4.

and if it pleases the king to grant my petition and fulfill my request
Esther's careful wording shows her understanding of court protocol and the importance of aligning her desires with the king's pleasure. This reflects the wisdom and discernment she possesses, akin to the wisdom of Solomon in 1 Kings 3:9. The dual mention of "petition" and "request" emphasizes the gravity and importance of what she is about to ask, highlighting the seriousness of her mission to save her people.

may the king and Haman come tomorrow to the banquet I will prepare for them
The invitation to a banquet is a strategic move by Esther, using hospitality to create a favorable setting for her request. Banquets were significant in Persian culture, often used for political and social purposes. This mirrors the use of feasts in biblical narratives, such as the wedding at Cana in John 2, where significant events unfold. Esther's invitation also foreshadows the unfolding of God's providential plan, as the banquet becomes a pivotal moment in the story.

Then I will answer the king’s question.
Esther's promise to answer the king's question indicates her strategic patience and wisdom. She is setting the stage for a more opportune moment to reveal her true request. This reflects the biblical principle of timing and discernment, as seen in Ecclesiastes 3:1, which speaks of a time for every purpose under heaven. Esther's approach is a model of faith and courage, trusting in God's timing and provision, much like Jesus' deliberate timing in revealing His identity and mission throughout the Gospels.

That day Haman went out full of joy and glad of heart.
Haman's joy is rooted in his pride and the favor he believes he has with the king and queen. This reflects the fleeting nature of worldly happiness, which is often based on external circumstances and personal ambition. In the broader biblical context, joy that is not rooted in God is temporary and can quickly turn to despair, as seen in Haman's story. His joy is contrasted with the deeper, more enduring joy found in a relationship with God, as described in scriptures like Philippians 4:4.

At the king’s gate, however, he saw Mordecai,
The king's gate was a place of official business and judgment in ancient Persia, similar to city gates in other ancient cultures. Mordecai's presence there indicates his role as a government official or someone of significance. This setting is crucial as it highlights the public nature of the conflict between Haman and Mordecai, which is not just personal but has broader implications for the Jewish people.

who did not rise or tremble in fear at his presence.
Mordecai's refusal to bow or show fear is a significant act of defiance against Haman, who expected reverence due to his high position. This act can be seen as a demonstration of Mordecai's faith and conviction, reminiscent of Daniel's refusal to bow to Nebuchadnezzar's statue (Daniel 3). It underscores the biblical theme of standing firm in one's beliefs despite external pressures.

And Haman was filled with rage toward Mordecai.
Haman's rage is indicative of his pride and insecurity. His inability to tolerate Mordecai's defiance reveals a character consumed by ego and hatred. This mirrors the biblical principle that unchecked anger and pride lead to one's downfall, as seen in Proverbs 16:18. Haman's rage foreshadows his eventual demise, illustrating the biblical truth that those who oppose God's people ultimately face judgment.

Nevertheless, Haman restrained himself and went home.
Haman's ability to restrain himself despite his anger towards Mordecai highlights his cunning and strategic nature. In the cultural context of ancient Persia, public displays of anger could be seen as a loss of control, which might undermine one's authority or position. Haman's restraint here is a calculated move, as he plans to deal with Mordecai in a more strategic manner. This moment of self-control is temporary and contrasts with his later actions, which are driven by pride and hatred. The narrative sets up a tension between Haman's public persona and his private intentions, reflecting the broader theme of hidden motives and divine justice found throughout the Book of Esther.

And calling for his friends and his wife Zeresh,
Haman's reliance on his friends and wife Zeresh for counsel is indicative of the social and familial structures of the time, where decisions were often made in consultation with close associates and family members. Zeresh, mentioned here, plays a significant role in advising Haman, which is consistent with the influence women could wield in domestic and political matters in ancient Persia. This gathering of friends and family also underscores the communal nature of decision-making in the ancient world. The advice Haman receives from Zeresh and his friends later in the narrative leads to the construction of the gallows for Mordecai, which ultimately becomes a pivotal point in the story. This scene foreshadows the reversal of fortunes that is a key theme in Esther, as Haman's plans for Mordecai ultimately lead to his own downfall.

Haman recounted to them his glorious wealth
Haman's wealth is a significant aspect of his identity and status in the Persian Empire. Wealth in ancient times was often seen as a sign of divine favor and personal success. Haman's recounting of his wealth reflects his pride and self-importance. In the broader biblical context, wealth is frequently discussed in terms of its potential to lead to pride and downfall, as seen in Proverbs 16:18, "Pride goes before destruction, a haughty spirit before a fall."

his many sons
In ancient Near Eastern cultures, having many sons was considered a great blessing and a sign of strength and legacy. Sons were seen as carriers of the family name and protectors of the family's future. Haman's boasting about his sons highlights his desire for a lasting legacy and his belief in his own enduring influence. This is contrasted with the biblical theme that true legacy is found in righteousness and faithfulness to God, as seen in Psalm 127:3-5.

and all the ways the king had honored and promoted him
Haman's position as second in command to King Xerxes (Ahasuerus) is a testament to his political acumen and the favor he found with the king. The honor and promotion he received are central to his identity and his sense of self-worth. This phrase underscores the theme of human ambition and the fleeting nature of worldly honor, as seen in Ecclesiastes 1:14, where the pursuit of earthly achievements is described as "a chasing after the wind."

over the other officials and servants
Haman's elevation above other officials and servants highlights the hierarchical nature of the Persian court and the competitive environment in which he thrived. This phrase also sets the stage for the conflict between Haman and Mordecai, as Mordecai's refusal to bow to Haman becomes a personal affront to his pride. The biblical narrative often contrasts the exaltation of the proud with the eventual vindication of the humble, as seen in James 4:6, "God opposes the proud but shows favor to the humble."

“What is more,” Haman added,
Haman's statement reveals his pride and self-importance. In the context of the Persian Empire, where honor and status were highly valued, being singled out by the queen would have been seen as a significant personal achievement. This phrase highlights Haman's arrogance, a character flaw that ultimately leads to his downfall, reminiscent of Proverbs 16:18, "Pride goes before destruction, a haughty spirit before a fall."

“Queen Esther invited no one but me”
This exclusivity emphasizes Esther's strategic planning. By inviting only Haman and the king, Esther creates a sense of intimacy and importance, which plays into Haman's ego. It also sets the stage for her to reveal her true intentions. The cultural context of Persian banquets, which were often political in nature, underscores the significance of her invitation.

“to join the king at the banquet she prepared,”
Banquets in the ancient Near East were not merely social gatherings but were often used for political maneuvering and decision-making. Esther's preparation of the banquet indicates her active role in the unfolding events, contrasting with the passive role women were often expected to play. This reflects the providential theme of God using unexpected means and people to fulfill His purposes, as seen throughout the book of Esther.

“and I am invited back tomorrow along with the king.”
The repeated invitation suggests Esther's careful and deliberate approach. By inviting Haman again, she ensures that he remains confident and unsuspecting, which is crucial for her plan to succeed. This mirrors the biblical theme of patience and timing, as seen in Ecclesiastes 3:1, "There is a time for everything, and a season for every activity under the heavens." Esther's actions can also be seen as a type of Christ, who often used wisdom and timing in His ministry to reveal truth and fulfill His mission.

Yet none of this satisfies me
This phrase reflects Haman's deep-seated dissatisfaction and pride. Despite his wealth, power, and recent honors, Haman's heart is restless and unfulfilled. This mirrors the biblical theme that earthly achievements and possessions cannot truly satisfy the human soul, as seen in Ecclesiastes 1:8, where it is stated that "all things are wearisome." Haman's insatiable desire for recognition and control highlights the dangers of pride and envy, which are consistently warned against in Scripture (Proverbs 16:18).

as long as I see Mordecai the Jew
Mordecai's identity as a Jew is significant, as it ties into the broader narrative of the Jewish people's survival and God's providence. Mordecai's refusal to bow to Haman (Esther 3:2) is rooted in his faith and adherence to Jewish law, which forbids idolatry. This act of defiance is a catalyst for the events that follow, showcasing the tension between the Jewish people and their oppressors. Historically, the Jewish identity has been a source of both persecution and divine protection, as seen throughout the Old Testament.

sitting at the king’s gate.
The king's gate was a place of official business and judgment in ancient Persia, akin to a modern-day court or city hall. Mordecai's presence there indicates his role as an official or someone of influence, which is confirmed earlier in the narrative (Esther 2:19). This setting is crucial, as it is where Mordecai overhears the plot against the king (Esther 2:21-23), leading to his eventual recognition and the salvation of the Jewish people. The king's gate symbolizes a place of decision and divine intervention, where God orchestrates events for His purposes, reminiscent of Romans 8:28, which speaks of God working all things for good.

His wife Zeresh and all his friends told him
Zeresh, Haman's wife, and his friends play a significant role in advising Haman, reflecting the cultural norm of seeking counsel from one's close circle. In ancient Persian society, family and friends were often involved in decision-making processes. This mirrors the biblical principle found in Proverbs 11:14, which emphasizes the importance of seeking counsel. However, the advice given here is morally corrupt, highlighting the danger of ungodly counsel.

“Have them build a gallows fifty cubits high
The gallows, likely a large wooden structure for impalement or hanging, was to be fifty cubits high, approximately 75 feet. This height signifies Haman's extreme pride and desire for public humiliation of Mordecai. The number fifty may also symbolize completeness or fullness in biblical numerology, indicating Haman's complete intent to destroy Mordecai. This act of building a gallows is reminiscent of the prideful actions of other biblical figures who sought to exalt themselves, such as Nebuchadnezzar in Daniel 3.

and ask the king in the morning to have Mordecai hanged on it
Haman's plan to approach the king in the morning shows his eagerness and confidence in his influence over the king. This reflects the political dynamics of the Persian court, where access to the king was a sign of power. The plot against Mordecai is a direct attack on God's people, echoing the spiritual warfare seen throughout Scripture, such as in the story of Joseph and his brothers in Genesis 37.

Then go to the banquet with the king and enjoy yourself
Haman's intention to celebrate after Mordecai's execution reveals his callousness and self-centeredness. The banquet, a recurring theme in the Book of Esther, symbolizes the unfolding of God's providential plan. While Haman seeks to enjoy himself, the narrative foreshadows his downfall, aligning with the biblical principle that pride precedes destruction (Proverbs 16:18).

The advice pleased Haman, and he had the gallows constructed
Haman's satisfaction with the advice and his immediate action to construct the gallows demonstrate his hardened heart and determination to eliminate Mordecai. This reflects the biblical theme of the wicked plotting against the righteous, as seen in Psalm 37:12-13. The construction of the gallows sets the stage for the dramatic reversal of fortunes that is central to the story of Esther, illustrating God's sovereignty and justice.