In the tenth year
This refers to the tenth year of King Jehoiachin's exile, which places the prophecy around 587 BC. This was a tumultuous period for Judah, as the Babylonian siege of Jerusalem was ongoing. The historical context is crucial, as it highlights the impending judgment on Egypt, a nation that had been both an ally and a source of false hope for Israel.

on the twelfth day of the tenth month
The specificity of the date underscores the precision and reliability of prophetic revelation. This exact dating is significant in biblical prophecy, as it provides a historical anchor for the events described. It also reflects the meticulous nature of Ezekiel's record-keeping, which is consistent throughout his ministry.

the word of the LORD came to me, saying
This phrase indicates divine revelation, a common introduction in prophetic literature. It emphasizes that the message is not from Ezekiel himself but from God. The phrase "word of the LORD" is used frequently in the Old Testament to denote a direct communication from God, often carrying authority and urgency. This particular message is part of a series of prophecies against Egypt, highlighting God's sovereignty over all nations.

Son of man
This title is frequently used for Ezekiel, emphasizing his humanity and role as a prophet. It underscores the distinction between God and man, highlighting the divine authority behind Ezekiel's messages. The term is also used in the New Testament, notably by Jesus, to refer to Himself, indicating His role as the representative of humanity.

set your face against
This phrase indicates a determined opposition and a resolute stance. It signifies God's judgment and the seriousness of the prophetic message. The imagery of setting one's face suggests unwavering focus and intent, often used in prophetic literature to denote divine displeasure.

Pharaoh king of Egypt
Pharaoh represents the political and spiritual leadership of Egypt, a nation historically opposed to Israel. Egypt was a powerful empire known for its wealth and military might. The specific Pharaoh is likely Hophra (Apries), who reigned during Ezekiel's time. Egypt's reliance on its own strength and idolatry made it a target of God's judgment.

and prophesy against him
This command to prophesy against Pharaoh indicates a direct message from God, revealing His sovereignty over nations. Prophecy serves as both a warning and a declaration of divine will. It underscores the accountability of rulers and nations to God's standards.

and against all Egypt
The inclusion of "all Egypt" broadens the scope of the prophecy to encompass the entire nation, not just its leader. This reflects the comprehensive nature of God's judgment, affecting every aspect of Egyptian society. Egypt's historical role as a refuge and adversary to Israel is significant, and this prophecy aligns with other biblical judgments against Egypt, such as those found in Isaiah and Jeremiah.

Speak to him and tell him that this is what the Lord GOD says:
This phrase introduces a divine message delivered by the prophet Ezekiel. It emphasizes the authority of God as the ultimate source of the prophecy. In the biblical context, prophets were often called to deliver messages of judgment or hope. This phrase underscores the role of Ezekiel as a mouthpiece for God, highlighting the seriousness and divine origin of the message.

Behold, I am against you, O Pharaoh king of Egypt:
Here, God declares His opposition to Pharaoh, the ruler of Egypt. Historically, Pharaohs were considered divine or semi-divine figures in Egyptian culture, often seen as gods on earth. This declaration of divine opposition would have been a significant affront to Pharaoh's perceived authority and divinity. It also reflects the historical enmity between Egypt and Israel, as Egypt was often a place of refuge or oppression for the Israelites.

O great monster who lies among his rivers:
The "great monster" likely refers to a crocodile or a mythical creature like a dragon, symbolizing chaos and power. In Egyptian culture, the Nile was central to life and prosperity, and the crocodile was a powerful symbol associated with the god Sobek. This imagery portrays Pharaoh as a formidable but ultimately controllable force. Biblically, it echoes themes of God’s sovereignty over chaos, similar to His control over Leviathan in other scriptures.

who says, ‘The Nile is mine; I made it myself.’
This phrase highlights Pharaoh's arrogance and self-deification, claiming ownership and creation of the Nile, which was the lifeblood of Egypt. It reflects the pride and hubris that often led to divine judgment in the Bible. Theologically, it contrasts with the biblical teaching that God is the Creator of all things. This claim of self-sufficiency and divine status is reminiscent of other biblical figures who were judged for their pride, such as Nebuchadnezzar in Daniel 4.

But I will put hooks in your jaws
This phrase signifies God's direct intervention and judgment against Pharaoh and Egypt. The imagery of hooks in the jaws is reminiscent of a fisherman capturing a large fish, symbolizing God's control over Egypt. This metaphor is also used in other scriptures, such as in Job 41:1-2, where God speaks of controlling Leviathan, a creature symbolizing chaos and opposition to God. The use of hooks indicates a forceful and inescapable capture, emphasizing God's sovereignty and power over nations.

and cause the fish of your streams to cling to your scales.
The fish represent the people of Egypt, who are dependent on the Nile for sustenance and life. The Nile was central to Egyptian civilization, both economically and religiously, as it was considered a divine entity. The clinging of the fish to the scales of the crocodile (symbolizing Pharaoh) suggests that the fate of the people is tied to their leader. This imagery underscores the idea that when God judges a nation, its people also suffer the consequences. It also reflects the interconnectedness of the ruler and the subjects in ancient Near Eastern cultures.

I will haul you up out of your rivers,
This action of hauling Pharaoh out of the rivers signifies the removal of Egypt's power and influence. The Nile River was the lifeblood of Egypt, and being taken out of it symbolizes a loss of life and vitality. Historically, Egypt was a dominant power, and this prophecy foretells its downfall. The act of being taken out of the river also suggests exposure and vulnerability, as the crocodile (Pharaoh) is removed from its natural habitat and protection.

and all the fish of your streams will cling to your scales.
Reiterating the earlier imagery, this phrase emphasizes the totality of the judgment. The fish clinging to the scales indicates that the people will share in Pharaoh's downfall. This can be seen as a warning to those who align themselves with ungodly leaders or systems, as their fate is intertwined. The repetition of this imagery serves to reinforce the certainty and completeness of God's judgment. It also highlights the theme of accountability, where both leaders and followers are held responsible for their actions and allegiances.

I will leave you in the desert
This phrase signifies God's judgment against Pharaoh and Egypt, symbolizing desolation and abandonment. The desert represents a place of barrenness and lifelessness, contrasting with Egypt's usual image of fertility due to the Nile. Biblically, the desert often symbolizes a place of testing or divine judgment, as seen in Israel's wilderness wanderings (Numbers 14:33-34).

you and all the fish of your streams
The fish symbolize the people and resources of Egypt, dependent on the Nile for sustenance. The Nile was central to Egyptian life, economy, and religion, often deified as a god. This imagery underscores the totality of the judgment, affecting both the ruler and his subjects. The mention of fish connects to the plagues of Egypt (Exodus 7:18), where the Nile's waters turned to blood, killing the fish.

You will fall on the open field
This phrase indicates a lack of protection and vulnerability. In ancient warfare, bodies left unburied on the battlefield were considered dishonored. The open field suggests exposure to the elements and scavengers, emphasizing the completeness of the defeat. This imagery is echoed in other prophetic judgments, such as in Jeremiah 8:2, where the dead are left unburied.

and will not be taken away or gathered for burial
Burial was a significant cultural practice in ancient Egypt, with elaborate rituals to ensure a safe passage to the afterlife. The denial of burial rites signifies utter disgrace and divine judgment. This reflects the severity of God's punishment, as seen in other biblical contexts where burial is denied as a sign of curse (1 Kings 14:11).

I have given you as food to the beasts of the earth and the birds of the air
This phrase highlights the totality of the destruction, with the dead becoming carrion for animals. It echoes the covenant curses in Deuteronomy 28:26, where disobedience leads to such a fate. The imagery of birds and beasts consuming the dead is also found in Revelation 19:17-18, symbolizing divine retribution. This can be seen as a type of Christ's ultimate victory over evil, where the enemies of God are defeated and left for the birds, contrasting with the resurrection and eternal life promised to believers.

Then all the people of Egypt will know that I am the LORD.
This phrase emphasizes God's sovereignty and His intention to reveal Himself to the nations, not just Israel. In the context of Ezekiel, God often declares His purpose to make Himself known through acts of judgment and deliverance. Egypt, a powerful nation and a symbol of worldly strength, is being reminded that their power is nothing compared to God's. Historically, Egypt was a significant player in the ancient Near East, often interacting with Israel. This declaration is a fulfillment of God's promise to demonstrate His power and authority over all nations, as seen in other scriptures like Exodus 7:5, where God reveals Himself to the Egyptians through the plagues.

For you were only a staff of reeds to the house of Israel.
This metaphor highlights Egypt's unreliability as an ally. A "staff of reeds" suggests something that appears supportive but is actually weak and fragile. In the historical context, Israel often sought alliances with Egypt for military support against other empires like Assyria and Babylon. However, these alliances proved to be ineffective and even detrimental, as Egypt could not provide the stability and strength Israel needed. This imagery is echoed in Isaiah 36:6, where Egypt is described as a "broken reed" that pierces the hand of anyone who leans on it. The phrase underscores the futility of relying on human power instead of trusting in God, who is the true source of strength and support.

When Israel took hold of you with their hands
This phrase refers to the reliance of Israel on Egypt for support and alliance, particularly during times of political and military distress. Historically, Israel often sought Egypt's help against powerful empires like Assyria and Babylon. This reliance is seen in passages such as Isaiah 30:1-2, where God warns against seeking Egypt's aid instead of trusting Him. The imagery of taking hold with hands suggests a desperate grasp for stability and security.

you splintered, tearing all their shoulders
The metaphor of Egypt as a splintering staff highlights its unreliability and the harm caused to those who depend on it. In ancient Near Eastern culture, a staff symbolized support and strength. However, Egypt's failure to provide the expected support led to injury and disappointment for Israel, as seen in 2 Kings 18:21, where Egypt is described as a broken reed. The tearing of shoulders signifies the physical and emotional strain resulting from misplaced trust.

when they leaned on you, you broke
This phrase emphasizes the complete failure of Egypt as a dependable ally. Leaning implies trust and dependence, and Egypt's breaking represents its inability to uphold its promises. This failure is a recurring theme in the prophetic literature, where reliance on foreign powers instead of God leads to downfall. The breaking of Egypt is also prophetic, foreshadowing its eventual defeat and subjugation by Babylon, as prophesied in Ezekiel 30:10-12.

and their backs were wrenched
The wrenching of backs symbolizes the severe consequences and suffering experienced by Israel due to their reliance on Egypt. This imagery conveys the idea of being burdened and oppressed, reflecting the physical and spiritual toll of trusting in human power rather than divine guidance. The wrenched backs can also be seen as a type of Christ, who bore the ultimate burden and suffering on behalf of humanity, as described in Isaiah 53:4-5.

Therefore this is what the Lord GOD says:
This phrase introduces a divine pronouncement, emphasizing the authority and certainty of the message. In the context of Ezekiel, the prophet often uses this formula to convey God's direct communication. It underscores the seriousness of the prophecy and the fact that it is not Ezekiel's own words but those of the sovereign LORD. This is a common prophetic introduction found throughout the Old Testament, reinforcing the idea that God is actively involved in the affairs of nations.

I will bring a sword against you:
The "sword" symbolizes war, judgment, and destruction. In biblical terms, it often represents God's instrument of judgment against nations and peoples who have acted in defiance of His will. In the context of Ezekiel 29, this prophecy is directed against Egypt, a nation that had been a significant power in the ancient Near East. Historically, Egypt had been both an ally and adversary to Israel, and its reliance on its own strength and idolatry led to divine judgment. The imagery of the sword is also used in other prophetic books, such as Jeremiah and Isaiah, to denote impending military defeat and divine retribution.

and cut off from you man and beast:
This phrase indicates total devastation, affecting both human and animal life. The cutting off of "man and beast" signifies a comprehensive judgment that leaves the land desolate. In ancient times, the prosperity of a nation was closely tied to its population and livestock, both of which were essential for agriculture, trade, and military strength. The destruction of both man and beast implies a complete collapse of societal and economic structures. This type of judgment is reminiscent of other biblical accounts, such as the plagues of Egypt in Exodus, where both humans and animals suffered under God's judgment. It also foreshadows the ultimate judgment and restoration themes found in the book of Revelation.

The land of Egypt will become a desolate wasteland.
This prophecy against Egypt is part of a series of judgments pronounced by Ezekiel against various nations. Egypt, a powerful and ancient civilization, was known for its fertile land due to the Nile River. The desolation foretold here signifies a complete reversal of Egypt's prosperity and strength. Historically, Egypt had been a dominant power, often seen as a refuge or ally by Israel. The prophecy underscores God's sovereignty over nations, emphasizing that even the mightiest can be brought low. This desolation serves as a divine judgment for Egypt's pride and idolatry.

Then they will know that I am the LORD.
This phrase is a recurring theme in Ezekiel, highlighting the purpose of God's judgments: to reveal His identity and authority. The recognition of the LORD by the nations, including Egypt, is a central goal of these prophecies. It reflects the biblical principle that God's actions in history are meant to lead people to acknowledge Him as the one true God. This acknowledgment is not just intellectual but involves a recognition of His power, justice, and sovereignty.

Because you said, ‘The Nile is mine; I made it,’
This statement reflects the pride and arrogance of Egypt, particularly its rulers, who claimed divine status and control over the Nile, the lifeblood of the nation. The Nile was central to Egypt's economy, agriculture, and religion, often deified and associated with gods like Hapi. By claiming ownership and creation of the Nile, the Egyptians were usurping the role of the Creator, a direct affront to the LORD. This prideful claim is reminiscent of other biblical instances where human arrogance leads to divine judgment, such as the Tower of Babel or Nebuchadnezzar's boast in Babylon. Theologically, it underscores the folly of idolatry and self-deification, contrasting human limitations with God's ultimate authority.

therefore I am against you and against your rivers.
This phrase indicates God's judgment against Egypt, specifically targeting the Nile River, which was central to Egypt's economy and culture. The Nile was considered a source of life and sustenance, and its deification in Egyptian religion made it a target for divine judgment. This judgment reflects God's sovereignty over all nations and their gods, as seen in Exodus 12:12, where God executed judgment on the gods of Egypt during the plagues. The phrase underscores the theme of divine retribution against pride and idolatry.

I will turn the land of Egypt into a ruin, a desolate wasteland
This prophecy foretells the devastation of Egypt, a nation known for its wealth and power. Historically, Egypt was a dominant force in the ancient Near East, often seen as a place of refuge and strength. The imagery of a "desolate wasteland" contrasts sharply with Egypt's fertile lands, emphasizing the totality of God's judgment. This desolation serves as a warning to other nations about the consequences of opposing God's will, similar to the fate of Babylon in Isaiah 13:19-22.

from Migdol to Syene,
Migdol and Syene represent the northern and southern extremities of Egypt, respectively. Migdol, located near the northeastern border, was a fortified city, while Syene (modern Aswan) was near the southern border. This phrase indicates the comprehensive nature of the judgment, affecting the entire land. The mention of these locations highlights the historical and geographical accuracy of the prophecy, as both were significant in Egypt's defense and trade routes.

and as far as the border of Cush.
Cush refers to the region south of Egypt, known today as Sudan. The inclusion of Cush signifies the extent of Egypt's influence and the reach of the impending judgment. Historically, Egypt and Cush had complex relations, including periods of conflict and cooperation. The border of Cush marks the southern limit of Egypt's power, and the prophecy suggests that even Egypt's influence over Cush would be affected. This reflects the broader theme of God's control over all nations, as seen in Amos 9:7, where God reminds Israel of His sovereignty over Cushites and other peoples.

No foot of man or beast will pass through
This phrase indicates a complete desolation of the land, emphasizing the severity of God's judgment. In biblical context, such desolation is often a sign of divine wrath and punishment. The imagery of no human or animal presence underscores the totality of the devastation. This can be compared to other instances in Scripture where God pronounces judgment leading to desolation, such as in Isaiah 34:10, where Edom is described as a place where no one will pass through forever and ever. The absence of both man and beast highlights the thoroughness of the destruction, leaving the land barren and lifeless.

and it will be uninhabited for forty years
The specific mention of "forty years" is significant, as the number forty often symbolizes a period of testing, trial, or judgment in the Bible. For example, the Israelites wandered in the wilderness for forty years (Numbers 14:33-34), and Jesus fasted for forty days and nights in the wilderness (Matthew 4:2). This period of forty years for Egypt's desolation serves as a time of divine judgment and purification. Historically, this prophecy against Egypt was fulfilled when Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon invaded and conquered Egypt, leading to a period of decline and desolation. Theologically, this period can be seen as a time for Egypt to reflect on its pride and idolatry, similar to how other nations and individuals in the Bible are given time to repent and turn back to God.

I will make the land of Egypt a desolation among desolate lands
This phrase indicates a divine judgment against Egypt, a nation historically known for its wealth and power. The desolation signifies a complete devastation, reducing Egypt to a state similar to other lands that have faced God's wrath. This prophecy aligns with the historical context of Egypt's decline during the 6th century BC, particularly under the Babylonian conquest led by Nebuchadnezzar. The imagery of desolation is reminiscent of other biblical judgments, such as those against Babylon and Edom, emphasizing God's sovereignty over all nations.

and her cities will lie desolate for forty years among the ruined cities
The specific mention of "forty years" is significant, as the number forty often symbolizes a period of testing or judgment in the Bible, such as Israel's forty years in the wilderness. This period of desolation for Egypt suggests a complete but temporary judgment, after which restoration is possible. Historically, this could refer to the period of Babylonian dominance when Egypt's influence waned. The mention of "ruined cities" underscores the totality of the destruction, aligning with the fate of other cities that opposed God's will.

And I will disperse the Egyptians among the nations
The dispersion of the Egyptians is a form of divine punishment, similar to the exile experienced by the Israelites. This scattering serves as a humbling process, stripping Egypt of its national identity and power. It reflects the broader biblical theme of God using exile as a means of correction and eventual restoration. The dispersion also highlights the interconnectedness of ancient Near Eastern politics, where displaced populations were common due to conquests and shifting empires.

and scatter them throughout the countries
This scattering throughout various countries indicates a loss of unity and strength for Egypt, as its people are forced to live among foreign nations. It serves as a reminder of the consequences of pride and reliance on earthly power rather than on God. This scattering can be seen as a type of the ultimate dispersion of humanity due to sin, with the hope of eventual gathering and restoration through Christ. The scattering of Egypt parallels the fate of other nations that opposed God's plans, reinforcing the message of divine justice and mercy.

For this is what the Lord GOD says:
This phrase emphasizes the authority and divine origin of the message. In the prophetic books, this formula often introduces a direct revelation from God, underscoring the seriousness and certainty of the prophecy. It reflects the role of prophets as God's spokespersons, delivering messages that are not their own but from the Lord.

At the end of forty years:
The number forty is significant in biblical literature, often symbolizing a period of testing, trial, or judgment. Examples include the forty years the Israelites spent in the wilderness (Numbers 14:33-34) and the forty days Jesus fasted in the desert (Matthew 4:2). Here, it indicates a defined period of judgment for Egypt, suggesting a complete cycle of divine discipline.

I will gather the Egyptians from the nations:
This phrase indicates a future restoration for Egypt after a period of dispersion. The gathering of a scattered people is a common theme in prophetic literature, often associated with God's mercy and faithfulness. It parallels the promises made to Israel regarding their own restoration (Jeremiah 29:14). This gathering signifies a reversal of judgment and a return to a semblance of former stability.

to which they were scattered:
The scattering of the Egyptians implies a significant upheaval, likely due to conquest or exile. Historically, Egypt faced invasions and periods of foreign domination, such as by the Assyrians and later the Babylonians. This scattering reflects the broader biblical theme of dispersion as a consequence of divine judgment, similar to the exile experienced by Israel and Judah.

I will restore Egypt from captivity
This phrase indicates a future event where Egypt, having been subjected to conquest and exile, will experience a form of restoration. Historically, Egypt was conquered by Babylon under Nebuchadnezzar, fulfilling earlier prophecies of judgment. The restoration suggests God's sovereignty over nations, emphasizing His control over historical events. This restoration is not a full return to former glory but a limited reprieve, highlighting God's mercy even in judgment. The concept of restoration after captivity is also seen in the return of the Israelites from Babylon, drawing a parallel between the two nations' experiences.

and bring them back to the land of Pathros
Pathros refers to Upper Egypt, a region south of Memphis. It is significant as the ancestral homeland of the Egyptians, emphasizing a return to their roots. This geographical reference underscores the historical and cultural identity of Egypt, as Pathros was known for its ancient civilization. The return to Pathros symbolizes a re-establishment of national identity, albeit in a diminished capacity. The mention of Pathros also connects to other biblical references to Egypt's geography, such as in Isaiah and Jeremiah, where Egypt's fate is often discussed.

the land of their origin
This phrase highlights the deep historical roots of the Egyptian people in Pathros. It serves as a reminder of Egypt's ancient heritage and its longstanding presence in the biblical narrative. The land of origin signifies a return to beginnings, which can be seen as a humbling process, stripping away the grandeur of Egypt's past empires. This return to origins can be compared to the spiritual journey of returning to foundational truths, a theme prevalent in the prophetic literature.

There they will be a lowly kingdom
The prophecy concludes with a declaration of Egypt's future status as a "lowly kingdom." This indicates a significant reduction in power and influence, contrasting sharply with Egypt's historical position as a dominant empire. The term "lowly" suggests humility and subservience, possibly as a vassal state. This humbling of Egypt serves as a warning to other nations about the consequences of pride and opposition to God's will. It also reflects the biblical theme of God exalting the humble and bringing down the proud, as seen in the teachings of Jesus and throughout the Old Testament.

Egypt will be the lowliest of kingdoms
This phrase indicates a significant shift in Egypt's status. Historically, Egypt was a powerful and influential empire, known for its advanced civilization and dominance in the ancient world. The prophecy foretells a humbling of Egypt, reducing it to a position of insignificance among nations. This aligns with the broader biblical theme of God humbling the proud (Proverbs 16:18). The historical context shows that after the Babylonian conquest and subsequent invasions, Egypt never regained its former glory, fulfilling this prophecy.

and will never again exalt itself above the nations.
This part of the prophecy emphasizes the permanence of Egypt's decline. Despite its past grandeur, Egypt would not rise to its former position of power. This can be seen as a divine judgment against Egypt's pride and idolatry, as well as its historical opposition to Israel (Exodus 1:8-14). Theologically, it reflects the sovereignty of God over nations, as He raises and lowers kingdoms according to His purposes (Daniel 2:21).

For I will diminish Egypt
The use of "I will" underscores God's direct involvement in the affairs of nations. This diminishment is not merely a result of political or military events but is portrayed as an act of divine will. It serves as a reminder of God's control over history and His ability to fulfill His word. The diminishing of Egypt can be seen in its reduced influence and power in the centuries following Ezekiel's prophecy.

so that it will never again rule over the nations.
This final phrase reiterates the completeness of Egypt's fall from power. Historically, Egypt's influence waned significantly after the conquests by Babylon, Persia, and later, Rome. The prophecy's fulfillment is evident as Egypt never regained its status as a ruling empire. This serves as a testament to the accuracy of biblical prophecy and God's faithfulness to His word. It also foreshadows the ultimate establishment of God's kingdom, where earthly powers are subject to His eternal reign (Revelation 11:15).

Egypt will never again be an object of trust for the house of Israel
This phrase reflects the historical context where Israel often sought alliances with Egypt for military and political support, contrary to God's commands. Egypt, a powerful nation, was frequently seen as a potential ally against other regional threats like Assyria and Babylon. However, these alliances often led Israel away from reliance on God. The prophecy indicates a shift where Egypt's influence and reliability as an ally would be diminished, fulfilling God's judgment against them. This aligns with Isaiah 30:1-3, where God warns against relying on Egypt.

but will remind them of their iniquity in turning to the Egyptians
The phrase highlights Israel's repeated sin of seeking help from Egypt instead of trusting in God. This iniquity is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, where Israel's reliance on foreign powers is seen as a form of idolatry and unfaithfulness. The reminder of their iniquity serves as a call to repentance and a return to covenant faithfulness. This is echoed in passages like Hosea 7:11, where Ephraim is described as a "silly dove" calling to Egypt.

Then they will know that I am the Lord GOD.
This phrase underscores the purpose of God's judgment and actions: to reveal His sovereignty and identity to His people. The recognition of God as the Lord is a central theme in Ezekiel, emphasizing that through His judgments and acts of deliverance, Israel and the nations will acknowledge His authority and holiness. This is a recurring motif in Ezekiel, seen in passages like Ezekiel 6:7 and Ezekiel 20:42, where God's actions lead to the acknowledgment of His divine lordship.

In the twenty-seventh year
This phrase refers to the twenty-seventh year of the Babylonian exile, which began in 597 BC when King Jehoiachin and many others were taken captive. This places the prophecy around 570 BC. The specific dating underscores the historical accuracy and reliability of the prophetic message, emphasizing God's control over history.

on the first day of the first month
The first month in the Hebrew calendar is Nisan, which corresponds to March-April in the Gregorian calendar. This timing is significant as it marks the beginning of the Jewish religious year, a time of renewal and reflection. It is also the month of Passover, a festival commemorating Israel's deliverance from Egypt, which adds a layer of meaning to the prophecy against Egypt.

the word of the LORD came to me, saying,
This phrase indicates divine revelation, a common introduction in prophetic literature. It emphasizes that the message is not from the prophet's own mind but from God Himself. The phrase "word of the LORD" is used throughout the Old Testament to signify authoritative communication from God, often carrying a message of judgment or hope. This underscores the role of the prophet as a mouthpiece for God, delivering His messages to the people.

Son of man
This phrase is a common designation for Ezekiel, emphasizing his humanity and role as a prophet. It is used over 90 times in the book, highlighting the contrast between the divine message and the human messenger. It also prefigures the title used by Jesus in the New Testament, emphasizing His incarnation and identification with humanity.

Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon
Nebuchadnezzar II was a powerful ruler of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, reigning from 605 to 562 BC. He is known for his military conquests and the expansion of Babylon. His campaigns against various nations, including Judah and Tyre, are well-documented in both biblical and extra-biblical sources. His role in biblical prophecy is significant, as he is often seen as an instrument of God's judgment.

caused his army to labor strenuously against Tyre
The siege of Tyre by Nebuchadnezzar lasted for 13 years, from 585 to 572 BC. Tyre was a fortified island city with strong defenses, making it a formidable target. The prolonged effort required significant resources and manpower, reflecting the intensity and difficulty of the campaign. This historical event is corroborated by ancient historians like Josephus.

Every head was made bald and every shoulder made raw
This imagery describes the physical toll on the soldiers due to the lengthy siege. The baldness likely refers to the wearing away of hair from helmets, while raw shoulders suggest the chafing from carrying heavy loads or armor. It underscores the exhaustive nature of the military effort and the hardships endured by the troops.

But he and his army received no wages from Tyre for the labor they expended on it
Despite the prolonged siege, Nebuchadnezzar did not capture the wealth of Tyre as expected. The city eventually surrendered, but the anticipated plunder was not realized. This outcome highlights the futility of human efforts without divine blessing and sets the stage for God's promise to reward Nebuchadnezzar with the spoils of Egypt instead, as mentioned in the following verses. This reflects the biblical theme of God's sovereignty over nations and His control over historical events.

Therefore this is what the Lord GOD says:
This phrase emphasizes the authority and sovereignty of God in delivering His message. It is a common prophetic introduction, underscoring that the following words are not of human origin but divinely inspired. This establishes the seriousness and certainty of the prophecy.

I will give the land of Egypt to Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon:
This prophecy indicates a divine judgment against Egypt, a nation historically opposed to Israel. Nebuchadnezzar, as the king of Babylon, is portrayed as an instrument of God's judgment. Historically, Babylon was a dominant power in the ancient Near East, and this prophecy aligns with Babylon's expansionist policies. The giving of Egypt to Nebuchadnezzar signifies a transfer of power and a humbling of Egypt, which had been a significant power in the region.

who will carry off its wealth, seize its spoil, and remove its plunder:
This phrase describes the outcome of Babylon's conquest of Egypt. The terms "wealth," "spoil," and "plunder" indicate the material riches that Egypt possessed, which were to be taken by Babylon. This reflects the common practice of ancient warfare, where victors would take the resources of the defeated. The prophecy highlights the totality of Egypt's defeat and the thoroughness of Babylon's victory.

This will be the wages for his army:
Here, the prophecy explains the reason for the conquest: it serves as compensation for Nebuchadnezzar's army. This suggests that the Babylonian forces were to be rewarded for their efforts, possibly due to their previous campaigns, such as the lengthy siege of Tyre. The concept of "wages" implies a transactional nature to the conquest, where the spoils of Egypt serve as payment for military service. This reflects the economic realities of ancient warfare, where soldiers were often compensated through the acquisition of plunder.

I have given him the land of Egypt as the reward for his labor
This phrase refers to God's decision to grant Nebuchadnezzar, the king of Babylon, the land of Egypt as a recompense for his efforts against Tyre. Historically, Nebuchadnezzar besieged Tyre for many years, and although he did not gain much material wealth from Tyre itself, God promised him Egypt as compensation. This reflects the biblical principle that God is sovereign over nations and uses them to accomplish His purposes. The land of Egypt, a symbol of wealth and power, was a significant reward, indicating the extent of God's control over earthly kingdoms.

because it was done for Me
This part emphasizes that Nebuchadnezzar's actions, though politically motivated, ultimately served God's divine plan. In the broader biblical narrative, God often uses pagan rulers to fulfill His purposes, as seen with Cyrus in Isaiah 45:1. This underscores the theme of God's sovereignty and His ability to direct the affairs of nations to achieve His will. It also serves as a reminder that all actions, whether recognized or not, are under God's purview and can be used for His glory.

declares the Lord GOD
This declaration affirms the authority and certainty of the message. The use of "Lord GOD" (Yahweh Elohim) highlights both the covenantal and sovereign aspects of God's character. It assures the reader that the prophecy is not merely a human prediction but a divine decree. This phrase is a common prophetic formula that underscores the reliability and seriousness of the message, reminding the audience of God's ultimate authority over history and His faithfulness to His word.

In that day
This phrase often refers to a specific time of divine intervention or fulfillment of prophecy. In the context of Ezekiel, it points to a future moment when God will act decisively on behalf of His people. This aligns with the prophetic tradition where "that day" signifies a time of judgment or restoration, as seen in other prophetic books like Isaiah and Joel.

I will cause a horn to sprout for the house of Israel
The "horn" symbolizes strength and power, often associated with kingship and deliverance. In biblical imagery, a horn represents the might of a ruler or nation. This prophecy suggests the rise of a leader or a period of empowerment for Israel. It can be connected to the Messianic expectation, where the "horn" is seen as a type of Christ, the ultimate deliverer and king from the line of David, as echoed in Luke 1:69.

and I will open your mouth to speak among them
This indicates a restoration of Ezekiel's prophetic voice, which had been silenced as a sign to the people (Ezekiel 3:26-27). The opening of the mouth signifies the return of God's direct communication through His prophet, emphasizing the importance of divine revelation and guidance. It underscores the role of prophets as God's mouthpiece, a theme prevalent throughout the Old Testament.

Then they will know that I am the LORD
A recurring theme in Ezekiel, this phrase underscores the purpose of God's actions: to reveal His sovereignty and identity to Israel and the nations. It reflects the covenant relationship where recognition of God's lordship is central. This acknowledgment is not just intellectual but involves a relational and covenantal understanding, as seen in the repeated declarations throughout Ezekiel (e.g., Ezekiel 6:7, 7:4).