Again the word of the LORD came to me, saying,
This phrase indicates a continuation of divine communication, emphasizing the ongoing relationship between God and the prophet Ezekiel. The repetition of "the word of the LORD" underscores the authority and divine origin of the message. In the context of Ezekiel, this phrase is a common introduction to prophetic revelations, highlighting the role of Ezekiel as a mouthpiece for God. The phrase "came to me" suggests a personal and direct encounter with the divine, reinforcing the authenticity of the prophecy. This is consistent with other prophetic books where God speaks directly to His chosen messengers, such as Jeremiah and Isaiah. The phrase also sets the stage for the subsequent message, which often contains warnings, judgments, or instructions. In the broader biblical narrative, this reflects the pattern of God communicating His will and purposes through prophets, a theme that is fulfilled in the New Testament with the coming of Jesus Christ, who is described as the ultimate revelation of God's word (John 1:1-14). Son of man
This title is frequently used for Ezekiel, emphasizing his humanity and role as a representative of the people. It underscores the contrast between the divine message and the human messenger. The term is also used in the New Testament, notably by Jesus, highlighting His role as the representative of humanity and the fulfillment of prophecy.

Prophesy and declare
Ezekiel is commanded to deliver a message from God, indicating the authoritative nature of the prophecy. This reflects the role of prophets as God's mouthpieces, tasked with conveying His will and warnings to the people. The act of prophesying involves both foretelling future events and forth-telling God's truth.

That this is what the Lord GOD says
The phrase establishes the divine origin of the message, affirming its authority and reliability. The use of "Lord GOD" (YHWH Elohim) emphasizes God's sovereignty and covenant relationship with Israel. This introduction is common in prophetic literature, underscoring that the message is not from the prophet's own imagination but from God Himself.

Wail
The call to wail signifies impending doom and judgment, a common theme in prophetic literature. Wailing is a cultural expression of deep sorrow and lamentation, often associated with mourning for the dead. It reflects the seriousness of the coming judgment and the appropriate human response to divine warnings.

‘Alas for that day!’
This exclamation points to a specific time of calamity and judgment, often referred to as "the day of the LORD" in prophetic texts. It is a day characterized by God's intervention in history, bringing both judgment and salvation. This phrase connects to other prophetic writings, such as Joel 2:1 and Zephaniah 1:14, which also speak of a day of reckoning. The lamentation anticipates the severity of the events to come, urging the audience to recognize the gravity of the situation.

For the day is near
This phrase emphasizes the imminence of God's judgment. In the context of Ezekiel, it refers to the impending judgment on Egypt and its allies. The concept of "the day" often signifies a specific time when God intervenes in human history to execute judgment or deliverance. This urgency is a call to repentance and awareness of God's sovereign timeline.

the Day of the LORD is near
The "Day of the LORD" is a recurring theme in the prophetic books, symbolizing a time when God will decisively act to judge the wicked and vindicate the righteous. It is both a day of terror for those opposed to God and a day of hope for those who are faithful. This concept is seen throughout the Old Testament, such as in Joel 2:1 and Amos 5:18, and is echoed in the New Testament in passages like 1 Thessalonians 5:2. It points to both historical judgments and the ultimate eschatological fulfillment in the return of Christ.

It will be a day of clouds
Clouds often symbolize divine presence and judgment in the Bible. In Exodus 19:9, God appears in a cloud on Mount Sinai, and in Revelation 1:7, Christ returns with the clouds. Here, clouds signify the obscurity and foreboding nature of the coming judgment. They also suggest the overwhelming power and majesty of God as He executes His will.

a time of doom for the nations
This phrase indicates that the judgment is not limited to Egypt but extends to all nations that oppose God's purposes. It reflects the universal scope of God's sovereignty and justice. Historically, this prophecy was fulfilled as Egypt and its allies faced defeat and destruction. Theologically, it foreshadows the final judgment when all nations will be held accountable before God, as seen in Revelation 20:11-15. This serves as a warning and a call to align with God's righteousness.

A sword will come against Egypt
This phrase signifies impending judgment and warfare against Egypt, a nation often seen as a symbol of worldly power and opposition to God's people. The "sword" is a common biblical metaphor for war and divine judgment (Jeremiah 47:6-7). Historically, Egypt was a powerful empire, but it faced numerous invasions, including those by the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar, which aligns with Ezekiel's prophecies. This judgment serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty over nations.

and there will be anguish in Cush
Cush, often identified with the region south of Egypt, including parts of modern-day Sudan, had close political and economic ties with Egypt. The anguish in Cush reflects the ripple effect of Egypt's downfall on its allies and neighbors. This phrase highlights the interconnectedness of ancient Near Eastern politics and the widespread impact of divine judgment. Cush's distress underscores the theme of God's judgment extending beyond a single nation.

when the slain fall in Egypt
The imagery of the slain falling in Egypt emphasizes the severity of the coming destruction. It points to a time of great loss and defeat, fulfilling the prophetic warnings given by Ezekiel. This phrase can be connected to the broader biblical theme of the consequences of sin and rebellion against God, as seen in other prophetic books like Isaiah and Jeremiah.

its wealth is taken away
Egypt was known for its immense wealth, accumulated through trade, agriculture, and conquest. The taking away of its wealth signifies not only economic ruin but also the stripping away of its power and influence. This aligns with the biblical principle that material wealth is fleeting and can be easily lost (Proverbs 23:4-5). The loss of wealth serves as a humbling act of divine judgment.

and its foundations are torn down
The tearing down of foundations symbolizes the complete overthrow and destabilization of Egypt. Foundations represent stability and strength, and their destruction indicates a total collapse. This imagery is consistent with other biblical prophecies where God dismantles the pride and security of nations (Isaiah 19:1-15). It serves as a warning of the futility of relying on human strength and the ultimate triumph of God's purposes.

Cush, Put, and Lud
Cush refers to the region south of Egypt, often associated with modern-day Sudan. In biblical times, Cush was known for its warriors and was a significant power. Put is generally identified with the region west of Egypt, possibly modern-day Libya. Lud is often associated with the Lydians, an ancient people from Asia Minor. These nations were known for their military prowess and alliances with Egypt. Their mention here signifies the widespread impact of God's judgment, extending beyond Egypt to its allies and neighbors.

and all the various peoples
This phrase indicates the inclusion of diverse ethnic groups and tribes that were part of or allied with Egypt. It emphasizes the comprehensive nature of the impending judgment, affecting not just the major nations but also smaller groups that were interconnected with Egypt's political and military structure.

as well as Libya
Libya, located to the west of Egypt, was another significant ally. Known for its skilled archers, Libya's inclusion in this prophecy highlights the extent of the calamity that would befall Egypt and its surrounding regions. This reflects the interconnectedness of ancient Near Eastern politics and the far-reaching consequences of divine judgment.

and the men of the covenant land
This phrase likely refers to those who had treaties or agreements with Egypt, possibly including mercenaries or other allied forces. The "covenant land" could also imply regions that had formal agreements with Egypt, suggesting that even those who had legal or formal ties would not escape the coming destruction.

will fall with Egypt by the sword
The phrase "by the sword" indicates a violent and decisive judgment, often associated with warfare and conquest. This prophecy foretells the downfall of Egypt and its allies through military defeat. The imagery of the sword is common in prophetic literature, symbolizing God's instrument of judgment. This aligns with other biblical prophecies where nations are judged for their actions and alliances, underscoring the sovereignty of God over all nations.

For this is what the LORD says:
This phrase emphasizes the divine authority behind the message. It is a common prophetic introduction, underscoring that the words are not of human origin but are a direct revelation from God. This establishes the seriousness and certainty of the prophecy.

The allies of Egypt will fall:
Egypt was known for its alliances with various nations, often relying on them for military and economic support. Historically, Egypt had alliances with nations such as Cush (modern-day Sudan), Libya, and others. This prophecy indicates that these alliances will be ineffective and that Egypt's partners will also face defeat. This reflects the broader biblical theme that reliance on human alliances rather than on God leads to downfall (Isaiah 31:1).

and her proud strength will collapse:
Egypt was renowned for its power and influence in the ancient world, often characterized by pride in its military and cultural achievements. The phrase "proud strength" suggests a reliance on human power and arrogance. The collapse of this strength is a fulfillment of God's judgment against pride, a recurring theme in scripture (Proverbs 16:18).

From Migdol to Syene they will fall by the sword within her:
Migdol and Syene represent the northern and southern extremities of Egypt, respectively. Migdol was a fortress town near the northeastern border, while Syene (modern Aswan) was located near the southern border. This phrase indicates that the entire land of Egypt, from north to south, will experience devastation. The "sword" symbolizes warfare and divine judgment, a common motif in prophetic literature (Jeremiah 25:29).

declares the Lord GOD:
This closing affirmation reiterates the authority and certainty of the prophecy. The use of "Lord GOD" (Yahweh Elohim) emphasizes both the covenantal relationship God has with His people and His supreme power over all nations. It assures the reader that the prophecy is not merely a prediction but a divine decree that will surely come to pass.

They will be desolate among desolate lands
This phrase speaks to the complete devastation that will befall Egypt and its allies. The term "desolate" indicates a state of utter ruin and abandonment, often used in the Old Testament to describe divine judgment. In the context of Ezekiel, this prophecy is directed against Egypt, a nation that had been a significant power in the ancient Near East. The desolation is not just physical but also symbolic of the loss of power and influence. Historically, Egypt had been a land of wealth and prosperity, but this prophecy foretells a reversal of fortune. The phrase "among desolate lands" suggests that Egypt's fate will be similar to other nations judged by God, such as Assyria and Babylon, which also faced destruction due to their pride and idolatry.

and their cities will lie among ruined cities
The mention of "cities" highlights the urban centers of Egypt, which were the heart of its civilization and culture. Cities like Memphis and Thebes were known for their grandeur and were central to Egyptian identity. The prophecy that these cities will "lie among ruined cities" underscores the totality of the destruction. This aligns with the broader biblical theme of God's judgment against nations that oppose His will. The imagery of ruined cities serves as a stark reminder of the consequences of turning away from God. In a broader biblical context, this can be seen as a type of the final judgment, where all earthly powers are brought low before the sovereignty of God. The desolation of these cities also prefigures the ultimate triumph of God's kingdom, where earthly powers are replaced by the eternal city of God, as seen in Revelation.

Then they will know that I am the LORD
This phrase emphasizes the recurring theme in Ezekiel that God's actions are meant to reveal His identity and sovereignty. Throughout the book, God declares His intention to make Himself known to both Israel and the nations. This revelation often comes through acts of judgment or deliverance, underscoring His power and authority. The phrase echoes similar declarations in Ezekiel 6:7 and 7:4, where God's judgments serve as a means for people to recognize His divine nature.

when I set fire to Egypt
The imagery of fire is frequently used in the Bible to symbolize judgment and purification. In the context of Egypt, a nation historically known for its power and influence, the setting of fire signifies a divine judgment against its idolatry and opposition to God's people. Egypt had been a place of refuge and temptation for Israel, and God's judgment serves as a warning against reliance on foreign powers. This prophecy aligns with historical events where Egypt faced invasions and internal strife, fulfilling God's pronouncement.

and all her helpers are shattered
Egypt's "helpers" likely refer to the nations and allies that supported or were allied with Egypt. Historically, Egypt had alliances with various neighboring nations, which were often political and military in nature. The shattering of these helpers indicates a comprehensive judgment that extends beyond Egypt itself, affecting its entire sphere of influence. This reflects the broader biblical theme of the futility of trusting in human alliances rather than in God, as seen in Isaiah 31:1, where reliance on Egypt is condemned.

On that day
This phrase refers to a specific time of judgment prophesied by Ezekiel. In the context of biblical prophecy, "that day" often signifies a divinely appointed time when God enacts His will, particularly in judgment or salvation. It is a reminder of God's sovereignty over time and history.

messengers will go out from Me
The messengers are sent by God, indicating divine initiative and authority. In the ancient Near East, messengers were often used to convey important news or commands from a king. Here, it underscores God's direct involvement in the unfolding events. This can be seen as a type of divine intervention similar to other biblical instances where God sends messengers, such as the angels sent to Sodom and Gomorrah.

in ships
The use of ships suggests a maritime route, highlighting the geographical context of the ancient world where waterways were crucial for communication and trade. This detail emphasizes the reach and speed of the message, as ships were the fastest means of long-distance travel at the time. It also reflects the historical reality of Egypt's influence over the Nile and the Mediterranean.

to frighten Cush out of complacency
Cush, often identified with the region south of Egypt, including parts of modern-day Sudan and Ethiopia, was historically allied with Egypt. The prophecy indicates that Cush will be shaken from its false sense of security. This reflects the broader biblical theme of God's judgment reaching beyond Israel to the nations, as seen in other prophetic books like Isaiah and Jeremiah.

Anguish will come upon them
The term "anguish" conveys intense distress and fear, a common reaction to divine judgment. This phrase highlights the emotional and psychological impact of God's actions on the nations. It serves as a warning of the seriousness of God's judgment, reminiscent of the plagues in Egypt during the Exodus.

on the day of Egypt’s doom
Egypt's doom refers to the prophesied downfall of Egypt, a major power in the ancient world. This aligns with historical events where Egypt faced invasions and decline, such as the conquest by Babylon. The phrase underscores the inevitability of God's judgment against nations that oppose His will, a recurring theme in the prophetic literature.

For it is indeed coming
This statement affirms the certainty of the prophecy. The assurance of fulfillment is a hallmark of biblical prophecy, emphasizing God's faithfulness to His word. It serves as a reminder of the reliability of God's promises and warnings, encouraging believers to trust in His ultimate plan.

This is what the Lord GOD says:
This phrase emphasizes the authority and divine origin of the message. In the prophetic books, this introduction is a common formula indicating that the following words are not merely the prophet's own but are a direct revelation from God. It underscores the seriousness and certainty of the prophecy.

I will put an end to the hordes of Egypt:
Egypt, a powerful and influential nation in the ancient Near East, often symbolized human pride and reliance on worldly power. The "hordes" refer to the vast armies and people of Egypt. Historically, Egypt was a formidable force, and this prophecy foretells its downfall, highlighting God's sovereignty over nations. This aligns with other biblical prophecies against Egypt, such as in Isaiah 19 and Jeremiah 46, where Egypt's downfall is also predicted.

by the hand of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon:
Nebuchadnezzar was the king of Babylon, known for his military conquests and the expansion of the Babylonian Empire. His role as an instrument of God's judgment is significant, as seen in other scriptures like Jeremiah 25:9, where he is called God's servant. This prophecy was fulfilled historically when Nebuchadnezzar invaded Egypt around 568-567 BC. The use of a pagan king to execute divine judgment illustrates God's control over all rulers and nations, regardless of their acknowledgment of Him. This also foreshadows the ultimate judgment and deliverance brought by Jesus Christ, who, unlike Nebuchadnezzar, brings a kingdom of peace and righteousness.

He and his people with him
This phrase refers to Nebuchadnezzar, the king of Babylon, and his army. Historically, Nebuchadnezzar was known for his military prowess and the expansion of the Babylonian Empire. His campaigns were often brutal, and he was a key figure in the fulfillment of God's judgment against various nations, including Egypt. The mention of "his people" indicates the collective force of the Babylonian army, which was composed of various groups and mercenaries from conquered territories.

the most ruthless of the nations
Babylon is described as "the most ruthless of the nations," highlighting their reputation for cruelty and efficiency in warfare. This description aligns with other biblical references to Babylon's might and ferocity, such as in Habakkuk 1:6-7, where the Chaldeans are depicted as a bitter and hasty nation. The Babylonians were feared across the ancient Near East for their military tactics and the harsh treatment of their enemies.

will be brought in to destroy the land
This phrase indicates divine orchestration, as God uses Babylon as an instrument of judgment against Egypt. The destruction of the land signifies a comprehensive devastation, affecting not only the military but also the economic and social structures of Egypt. This aligns with the broader biblical theme of God using foreign nations to execute His judgment, as seen in Isaiah 10:5-6 with Assyria.

They will draw their swords against Egypt
The imagery of drawing swords signifies preparation for battle and the imminent threat of warfare. Egypt, a powerful and influential nation, is now the target of Babylon's military campaign. This reflects the historical context of the late 7th and early 6th centuries BC, when Egypt was a significant power but faced challenges from rising empires like Babylon.

and fill the land with the slain
This phrase underscores the severity of the impending judgment, with widespread death and destruction. The filling of the land with the slain indicates not only military defeat but also a profound loss of life, affecting the entire nation. This echoes other prophetic warnings of judgment, such as in Jeremiah 46:10, where the day of the Lord's vengeance is described as a day of slaughter. The imagery serves as a stark reminder of the consequences of opposing God's will.

I will make the streams dry up
This phrase signifies a divine judgment on Egypt, a nation heavily reliant on the Nile River for its agriculture and sustenance. The drying up of streams symbolizes a catastrophic disruption of life and prosperity. In biblical context, water is often a symbol of life and blessing (Isaiah 44:3), and its removal indicates severe judgment. Historically, the Nile was central to Egypt's economy and culture, and any threat to its flow would have been devastating. This prophecy echoes the plagues of Egypt in Exodus, where God demonstrated His power over natural elements.

and sell the land to the wicked.
This indicates a transfer of control over Egypt to those who are unrighteous or hostile. The term "sell" suggests a transaction where God allows foreign powers to dominate Egypt as a form of judgment. In biblical history, God often used foreign nations as instruments of His judgment (Habakkuk 1:6). The "wicked" could refer to the Babylonians or other invading forces known for their cruelty and idolatry, emphasizing the severity of Egypt's punishment.

By the hands of foreigners I will bring desolation upon the land and everything in it.
This phrase highlights the method of judgment—through foreign invaders. Historically, Egypt faced invasions from various empires, including the Babylonians and Persians. The use of "foreigners" underscores the humiliation and helplessness of Egypt, as they are unable to defend themselves against external forces. This aligns with other prophecies where God uses foreign nations to execute His will (Jeremiah 25:9). The desolation signifies complete devastation, affecting not just the land but all its inhabitants and resources.

I, the LORD, have spoken.
This declaration affirms the certainty and authority of the prophecy. It emphasizes that the judgment is not a random occurrence but a deliberate act of God. The phrase "I, the LORD" is a reminder of God's sovereignty and faithfulness to His word. In biblical theology, when God speaks, His words are powerful and unchangeable (Isaiah 55:11). This assurance serves as a warning to Egypt and a reminder to all nations of God's ultimate control over history and nations.

This is what the Lord GOD says:
This phrase emphasizes the authority and divine origin of the message. It is a common prophetic introduction, underscoring that the words are not from the prophet himself but from God. This establishes the seriousness and certainty of the prophecy, as seen throughout the Old Testament in books like Isaiah and Jeremiah.

I will destroy the idols
Idolatry was a significant issue in ancient Egypt, with numerous gods worshiped. The destruction of idols signifies God's judgment against false worship and the impotence of these gods. This echoes the first commandment in Exodus 20:3, where God commands exclusive worship. The destruction of idols is a recurring theme in the prophets, symbolizing the triumph of the one true God over false deities.

and put an end to the images in Memphis.
Memphis was a major city in ancient Egypt, known for its religious significance and as a center of worship for the god Ptah. The mention of Memphis highlights the extent of God's judgment, reaching the heart of Egyptian religious life. Archaeological findings confirm Memphis's prominence and its vast array of temples and statues, which would have been targets of this divine judgment.

There will no longer be a prince in Egypt,
This prophecy foretells political upheaval and the end of Egyptian sovereignty. Historically, Egypt experienced periods of foreign domination, such as the Persian and later Greek conquests, which align with this prediction. The absence of a native ruler signifies a loss of power and autonomy, reflecting God's control over nations as seen in Daniel 2:21.

and I will instill fear in that land.
The instillation of fear indicates the profound impact of God's judgment on the people of Egypt. This fear is not just of military defeat but of the realization of God's supremacy. Similar expressions of fear are found in other prophetic books, such as Isaiah 19:16, where fear is a response to divine intervention. This fear serves as a reminder of God's power and the consequences of turning away from Him.

I will lay waste Pathros
Pathros refers to Upper Egypt, the southern region of ancient Egypt. This area was known for its cultural and religious significance, often associated with the worship of Egyptian deities. The prophecy of laying waste to Pathros signifies God's judgment against the idolatry and false worship prevalent in the region. Historically, this aligns with the invasions and decline of Egyptian power during the period, particularly under the Babylonian conquest. The judgment on Pathros serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty over nations and His intolerance of idolatry, echoing themes found in other prophetic books such as Isaiah and Jeremiah.

set fire to Zoan
Zoan, also known as Tanis, was a significant city in the Nile Delta and served as a capital during various periods of Egyptian history. It was a center of political and military power. The imagery of setting fire to Zoan symbolizes the complete destruction and overthrow of Egypt's might and influence. This act of divine judgment highlights the futility of relying on earthly power and alliances, a theme also seen in the warnings given to Israel and Judah when they sought Egypt's help against Babylon (Isaiah 30:1-3). The destruction of Zoan underscores the message that true security comes from trusting in God alone.

and execute judgment on Thebes
Thebes, known today as Luxor, was one of the most prominent cities in ancient Egypt, renowned for its wealth, temples, and as a religious center dedicated to the god Amun. The execution of judgment on Thebes represents the downfall of Egypt's spiritual and cultural heart. This prophecy aligns with historical events where Thebes faced invasions and plundering, notably by the Assyrians and later by the Babylonians. The judgment on Thebes serves as a typology of God's ultimate judgment against all false religions and systems that oppose His truth, pointing forward to the eschatological judgment described in Revelation. Thebes' fall is a testament to the transient nature of human glory and the enduring sovereignty of God.

I will pour out My wrath on Pelusium
Pelusium, known as "Sin" in Hebrew, was a significant city in ancient Egypt, located near the eastern mouth of the Nile River. It served as a strategic military and trade location, often referred to as the "key of Egypt" due to its role in defending the nation from eastern invaders. The phrase indicates God's judgment against Egypt, highlighting Pelusium's importance as a target. This judgment reflects God's sovereignty over nations and His ability to execute justice. The pouring out of wrath signifies a complete and overwhelming judgment, similar to the imagery used in other prophetic books like Jeremiah and Isaiah, where God's wrath is depicted as a consuming force.

the stronghold of Egypt
Egypt was known for its fortified cities and military strength, with Pelusium being one of its most fortified locations. The term "stronghold" emphasizes the city's defensive capabilities and its role in protecting Egypt from external threats. This phrase underscores the futility of relying on human strength and fortifications when faced with divine judgment. The Bible often contrasts human power with God's omnipotence, as seen in Psalms and Proverbs, where trust in God is portrayed as the only true refuge.

and cut off the crowds of Thebes
Thebes, another major city in Egypt, was renowned for its wealth, culture, and religious significance, being home to the temple of Amun. The "crowds" likely refer to its population and possibly its gatherings for worship and commerce. The cutting off of Thebes' crowds signifies a disruption of its societal and religious life, pointing to the comprehensive nature of God's judgment. Historically, Thebes faced destruction and decline, aligning with the prophetic declarations. This phrase also serves as a reminder of the consequences of idolatry and pride, themes prevalent throughout the prophetic literature, where cities and nations are judged for their rebellion against God.

I will set fire to Egypt
This phrase indicates divine judgment upon Egypt, a common theme in prophetic literature. Fire often symbolizes destruction and purification in the Bible, suggesting a complete and consuming judgment. Historically, Egypt was a powerful nation, often seen as a symbol of worldly strength and idolatry. This judgment reflects God's sovereignty over all nations, not just Israel. The imagery of fire is reminiscent of other biblical judgments, such as the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 19:24) and the purifying fire mentioned in Malachi 3:2-3.

Pelusium will writhe in anguish
Pelusium, known as "the key of Egypt," was a strategic city located on the eastern frontier of the Nile Delta. Its mention highlights the vulnerability of Egypt's defenses. The term "writhe in anguish" suggests intense suffering and turmoil, possibly due to invasion or internal strife. This aligns with the historical context of Egypt facing invasions from Babylon and later Persia. The anguish of Pelusium can be seen as a metaphor for the broader distress that would befall the nation.

Thebes will be split open
Thebes, also known as No-Amon, was a major city in Upper Egypt and a center of worship for the god Amun. Its splitting open signifies a dramatic and violent upheaval, possibly indicating both physical destruction and the collapse of its religious and political structures. This prophecy echoes Nahum 3:8-10, where Thebes is described as a city that fell despite its strength and alliances. The destruction of Thebes serves as a warning against reliance on false gods and human power.

Memphis will face daily distress
Memphis, another significant city in ancient Egypt, was a political and cultural hub. The phrase "daily distress" suggests ongoing suffering and instability, possibly due to economic decline, social unrest, or continuous military threats. This reflects the broader theme of divine judgment leading to prolonged hardship. The distress of Memphis can be seen as a fulfillment of God's warnings against idolatry and pride, as seen in other prophetic books like Isaiah and Jeremiah.

The young men of On and Pi-beseth
On, also known as Heliopolis, was a major city in ancient Egypt, renowned for its temple dedicated to the sun god Ra. It was a center of religious and cultural significance. Pi-beseth, identified with the city of Bubastis, was another important Egyptian city, known for its worship of the goddess Bastet. The mention of young men highlights the strength and vitality of these cities, which would be decimated. This prophecy underscores the judgment against Egypt, a nation often in opposition to Israel, and reflects the broader theme of divine retribution against idolatry and false worship.

will fall by the sword
The phrase "fall by the sword" indicates a violent and decisive defeat, often used in prophetic literature to describe the outcome of divine judgment. This imagery is consistent with the historical context of military conquests and invasions that were common in the ancient Near East. The sword symbolizes warfare and destruction, a tool of God's judgment against nations that opposed His will. This prophecy aligns with other biblical passages where God uses foreign nations as instruments of His judgment, such as in Isaiah 10:5-6 and Jeremiah 25:9.

and those cities will go into captivity
The concept of captivity reflects the historical reality of conquered peoples being taken as prisoners or exiles. This was a common practice in ancient warfare, serving both as a punishment and a means of control. The prophecy of captivity for On and Pi-beseth signifies the complete subjugation and humiliation of these cities. It echoes the fate of Israel and Judah when they were taken into exile, as seen in 2 Kings 17:6 and 2 Kings 25:21. This serves as a reminder of the consequences of turning away from God and the fulfillment of His prophetic word.

The day will be darkened in Tahpanhes
Tahpanhes, also known as Daphnae, was a significant city in ancient Egypt, located in the eastern Nile Delta. It served as a fortress and a place of refuge for many, including the prophet Jeremiah (Jeremiah 43:7-9). The darkening of the day symbolizes impending judgment and calamity, often associated with divine intervention (Amos 5:18-20). This imagery of darkness is used throughout the Bible to signify God's judgment (Joel 2:2, Zephaniah 1:15).

when I break the yoke of Egypt
The "yoke" represents oppression and bondage, often used to describe the subjugation of one nation by another (Leviticus 26:13, Jeremiah 28:2). Egypt's yoke refers to its dominance and influence over other nations, which God promises to break. This breaking of the yoke signifies liberation and the end of Egypt's power, aligning with God's historical pattern of delivering His people from oppression (Exodus 6:6).

and her proud strength comes to an end
Egypt was renowned for its military might and cultural achievements, often characterized by pride and self-reliance (Isaiah 30:7). The end of Egypt's proud strength indicates a humbling by God, a common theme where God opposes the proud but gives grace to the humble (Proverbs 16:18, James 4:6). This serves as a reminder of the futility of human pride against divine sovereignty.

A cloud will cover her
The cloud is a metaphor for impending doom and divine judgment. In biblical literature, clouds often accompany God's presence and judgment (Exodus 19:9, Nahum 1:3). This imagery suggests an overwhelming and inescapable judgment that envelops Egypt, indicating God's active role in the unfolding events.

and her daughters will go into captivity
"Daughters" here likely refers to the smaller towns and settlements under Egypt's control, personified as female dependents. Captivity is a common consequence of divine judgment, as seen in the Babylonian exile of Judah (2 Kings 24:14). This phrase underscores the totality of Egypt's defeat and the dispersion of its people, reflecting the broader biblical theme of exile as a result of sin and rebellion against God.

So I will execute judgment on Egypt
This phrase indicates God's direct intervention in the affairs of nations, specifically Egypt. Historically, Egypt was a powerful and influential nation, often seen as a symbol of worldly power and idolatry. The judgment on Egypt is part of a series of prophecies against nations that opposed Israel, demonstrating God's sovereignty over all nations. This judgment is consistent with God's actions throughout the Old Testament, where He uses nations to accomplish His purposes and then holds them accountable for their actions. The execution of judgment is a reminder of God's justice and His ability to humble even the mightiest of empires.

and they will know that I am the LORD.
This phrase emphasizes the purpose behind God's judgment: to reveal His identity and authority. The recognition of God as the LORD is a recurring theme in the book of Ezekiel, where God's actions are intended to lead people to acknowledge His sovereignty. In the context of Egypt, a nation with its own pantheon of gods, this acknowledgment would be a significant shift, highlighting the supremacy of the God of Israel over all other deities. This revelation is not only for Egypt but serves as a testimony to all nations of God's power and the truth of His word. The phrase also points to a future hope where all nations will recognize and submit to God's rule, a theme that resonates with eschatological prophecies found throughout Scripture.

In the eleventh year
This phrase refers to the eleventh year of King Jehoiachin's captivity, which is around 587 BC. This period is significant as it is close to the fall of Jerusalem to the Babylonians, marking a time of great turmoil and judgment for the nation of Israel. The eleventh year is a reminder of the precision and historical accuracy of biblical prophecy.

on the seventh day of the first month
The first month in the Hebrew calendar is Nisan, which corresponds to March-April in the Gregorian calendar. The seventh day of Nisan would have been a time of preparation for the Passover, a festival commemorating Israel's deliverance from Egypt. This timing underscores the theme of deliverance and judgment that runs throughout Ezekiel's prophecies.

the word of the LORD came to me, saying
This phrase emphasizes the divine origin of Ezekiel's message. The "word of the LORD" is a common expression in prophetic literature, indicating that the message is not of human origin but is a direct revelation from God. This underscores the authority and reliability of the prophecy. The phrase also highlights the role of Ezekiel as a prophet, a mediator between God and His people, tasked with delivering messages of warning, judgment, and hope.

Son of man
This phrase is a common title used by God to address Ezekiel, emphasizing his humanity and role as a prophet. It is used over 90 times in the book of Ezekiel. The term "Son of Man" is also significant in the New Testament, where it is frequently used by Jesus to refer to Himself, highlighting His incarnation and fulfillment of prophecy.

I have broken the arm of Pharaoh king of Egypt
This metaphorical language indicates a decisive act of divine judgment against Pharaoh, symbolizing the weakening of Egypt's power and military might. Historically, this could refer to the defeat of Egypt by Babylonian forces, as Egypt was a significant power in the region. The "arm" represents strength and ability to wage war, and its breaking signifies the loss of power and influence.

See, it has not been bound up for healing
The lack of binding or healing suggests that Egypt's defeat is not temporary but rather a lasting judgment. In ancient times, binding a broken arm would be a necessary step for recovery, indicating that God has not allowed Egypt the opportunity to regain its former strength. This reflects the completeness of God's judgment and the futility of relying on human power against divine will.

or splinted for strength to hold the sword
The inability to hold the sword signifies Egypt's incapacity to defend itself or engage in warfare effectively. This imagery underscores the totality of Egypt's defeat and the cessation of its military prowess. In a broader biblical context, this serves as a warning against pride and reliance on earthly power, echoing themes found in other prophetic books where nations are judged for their arrogance and opposition to God's plans.

Therefore this is what the Lord GOD says:
This phrase introduces a divine pronouncement, emphasizing the authority and sovereignty of God. It is a common prophetic formula used to assert that the message is directly from God, not the prophet's own words. This underscores the seriousness and certainty of the forthcoming judgment.

Behold, I am against Pharaoh king of Egypt:
God declares His opposition to Pharaoh, symbolizing His judgment against Egypt. Pharaoh represents not just a political leader but a nation that has historically opposed Israel. This echoes earlier biblical narratives, such as the Exodus, where God demonstrated His power over Egypt. The phrase highlights God's control over nations and leaders, reinforcing His role as the ultimate judge.

I will break his arms, both the strong one and the one already broken:
The imagery of breaking arms signifies the destruction of Pharaoh's power and military might. In ancient Near Eastern culture, arms symbolize strength and the ability to wield power. The mention of "both the strong one and the one already broken" suggests a complete and total defeat, leaving Pharaoh utterly powerless. This could also imply a continuation of previous judgments, as Egypt had suffered defeats before this prophecy.

and will make the sword fall from his hand:
The sword represents military power and the ability to defend and conquer. By causing the sword to fall, God is stripping Pharaoh of his ability to wage war and defend his nation. This act signifies the end of Egypt's dominance and protection, leaving it vulnerable to its enemies. The imagery connects to other biblical passages where God disarms the wicked, demonstrating His control over the rise and fall of empires.

I will disperse the Egyptians among the nations
This phrase indicates a divine judgment pronounced by God through the prophet Ezekiel. The dispersion of the Egyptians is a fulfillment of God's sovereign will, demonstrating His control over nations. Historically, Egypt was a powerful empire, often seen as a symbol of human pride and reliance on worldly power. The dispersion signifies the breaking of Egypt's strength and influence. This act of scattering is reminiscent of God's judgment on Israel and Judah, where dispersion was used as a form of punishment and purification (e.g., Deuteronomy 28:64, Jeremiah 9:16). Theologically, it underscores the theme of God's justice and the consequences of idolatry and rebellion against Him.

and scatter them throughout the lands.
The scattering throughout the lands emphasizes the totality and completeness of the judgment. It suggests not just a physical displacement but also a loss of identity and cohesion as a people. This scattering can be seen as a reversal of the gathering and unifying work of God, such as in the Exodus when He brought His people together. The imagery of scattering is also used in other prophetic books, such as Isaiah and Jeremiah, to describe the fate of nations that oppose God's will. In a broader biblical context, this scattering can be contrasted with the gathering of God's people in the end times, as seen in prophecies concerning the restoration of Israel (e.g., Ezekiel 37:21). The scattering of Egypt serves as a warning and a call to repentance, highlighting the futility of opposing God's purposes.

I will strengthen the arms of Babylon’s king
This phrase indicates divine empowerment and support for the king of Babylon, likely Nebuchadnezzar. In the biblical context, God often uses foreign nations as instruments of His judgment (Jeremiah 25:9). The "arms" symbolize military power and might, suggesting that Babylon's military campaigns will be successful. Historically, Babylon was a dominant power in the ancient Near East, and its rise was part of God's plan to discipline nations, including Judah and Egypt.

and place My sword in his hand
The "sword" represents God's judgment and authority. By placing His sword in the hand of Babylon's king, God is delegating His authority to execute judgment. This imagery is consistent with other biblical passages where God uses nations as His instruments of wrath (Isaiah 10:5-6). The sword also signifies the inevitability of Babylon's conquest over Egypt, fulfilling God's prophetic word.

but I will break the arms of Pharaoh
In contrast to strengthening Babylon, God declares He will weaken Pharaoh, symbolizing Egypt's impending defeat. The "arms" here again represent military strength, and breaking them indicates a loss of power and capability. Historically, Egypt was a significant power, but its influence waned during this period. This act of breaking Pharaoh's arms is a demonstration of God's sovereignty over nations, as seen in other scriptures like Isaiah 19:1-4.

who will groan before him like a mortally wounded man
This vivid imagery portrays Pharaoh's helplessness and suffering in the face of Babylon's assault. The groaning of a mortally wounded man suggests agony and defeat, emphasizing the totality of Egypt's downfall. This aligns with the broader biblical theme of God's judgment on prideful nations (Ezekiel 29:3-5). The phrase underscores the futility of opposing God's will, as seen in the fate of other nations throughout scripture.

I will strengthen the arms of Babylon’s king
This phrase indicates divine intervention in the affairs of nations, where God empowers Babylon's king, likely Nebuchadnezzar. Historically, Babylon was a dominant power in the ancient Near East, and this strengthening suggests God's sovereign control over empires. The "arms" symbolize military power and might, reflecting God's role in enabling Babylon's conquests. This aligns with other scriptures where God uses foreign nations to accomplish His purposes, such as Isaiah 45:1, where Cyrus is called God's anointed.

but Pharaoh’s arms will fall limp
Here, the imagery of "arms" represents strength and capability. The phrase suggests a divine weakening of Egypt's power, specifically Pharaoh's military might. Historically, Egypt was a significant power, but during this period, it faced decline. This prophecy reflects the historical context of Egypt's struggles against Babylon. The imagery of limp arms contrasts with the strengthening of Babylon, emphasizing God's judgment on Egypt, similar to the plagues in Exodus.

Then they will know that I am the LORD
This phrase underscores the purpose of God's actions: to reveal His sovereignty and identity. Throughout Ezekiel, this refrain emphasizes God's desire for recognition and acknowledgment from both Israel and the nations. It reflects a recurring theme in the Old Testament, where God's acts of judgment and deliverance serve to demonstrate His power and authority, as seen in Exodus 7:5 and 1 Kings 18:39.

when I place My sword in the hand of Babylon’s king
The "sword" symbolizes judgment and warfare, indicating that Babylon is an instrument of God's justice. This reflects the biblical theme of God using nations to execute His judgments, as seen in Isaiah 10:5-6, where Assyria is described as the rod of God's anger. The imagery of placing the sword in the king's hand suggests divine commissioning and authority granted to Babylon to act against Egypt.

and he wields it against the land of Egypt
This phrase describes the execution of God's judgment through Babylon's military campaign against Egypt. Historically, this aligns with Babylon's invasions and conflicts with Egypt during Nebuchadnezzar's reign. The action of wielding the sword signifies active engagement in warfare, fulfilling the prophetic word. This event serves as a demonstration of God's control over historical events and His ability to fulfill prophecy, reinforcing His sovereignty over nations.

I will disperse the Egyptians among the nations
This phrase indicates a divine judgment against Egypt, a powerful nation in the ancient Near East. Historically, Egypt was a dominant force, often seen as a symbol of worldly power and idolatry. The dispersion of the Egyptians signifies a dismantling of their power and influence. This act of scattering is reminiscent of God's judgment on other nations, such as the Israelites during the Babylonian exile (2 Kings 17:6). The dispersion serves as a humbling act, breaking the pride of Egypt and demonstrating God's sovereignty over all nations. It also reflects the broader biblical theme of God using dispersion as a form of judgment and correction (Genesis 11:8-9).

and scatter them throughout the lands.
The scattering throughout the lands emphasizes the totality and completeness of the judgment. It suggests that the Egyptians will be uprooted from their homeland and spread across various territories, losing their cultural and national identity. This scattering can be seen as a reversal of the gathering and unification that God often promises to His people (Ezekiel 11:17). The scattering of Egypt is a fulfillment of prophetic warnings given by other prophets, such as Isaiah and Jeremiah, who also spoke of Egypt's downfall (Isaiah 19:1-15, Jeremiah 46:25-26). This dispersion serves as a warning to other nations about the consequences of pride and idolatry.

Then they will know that I am the LORD.”
This concluding phrase underscores the ultimate purpose of God's judgment: the recognition of His sovereignty and authority. Throughout the book of Ezekiel, the repeated refrain "Then they will know that I am the LORD" highlights God's desire for all people to acknowledge Him as the one true God. This acknowledgment is not just intellectual but involves a recognition of God's power, justice, and mercy. The judgment on Egypt serves as a demonstration of God's control over history and nations, reinforcing the message that He alone is worthy of worship. This theme is consistent with other biblical passages where God's actions lead to a deeper understanding and reverence for Him (Exodus 7:5, Ezekiel 6:7). The phrase also points to the eschatological hope that one day all nations will recognize and worship the Lord (Philippians 2:10-11).