And Elihu went on to say:
Elihu is a younger friend of Job who appears in the latter part of the Book of Job. His speeches are found in chapters 32-37. Unlike Job's other friends, Elihu's speeches are not directly rebuked by God, suggesting a different perspective. Elihu's role is to provide a fresh viewpoint on Job's suffering, emphasizing God's justice and sovereignty. His speeches serve as a transition to God's own response to Job, highlighting the limitations of human understanding. Elihu's name means "He is my God," which may indicate his role as a divinely inspired speaker. His speeches are characterized by a youthful zeal and a desire to defend God's righteousness. Do you think this is just?
This question is posed by Elihu, one of Job's friends, who challenges Job's understanding of justice. In the context of the Book of Job, justice is a central theme, as Job grapples with the suffering he endures despite his righteousness. Elihu's question implies a critique of Job's perspective, suggesting that Job's view of justice may be flawed. Biblically, justice is often associated with God's character (Deuteronomy 32:4), and questioning divine justice can be seen as questioning God's nature. This phrase invites reflection on human limitations in understanding divine justice, a theme echoed in Isaiah 55:8-9, where God's thoughts and ways are described as higher than human understanding.

You say,
Elihu attributes a statement to Job, indicating that he is responding to Job's previous speeches. Throughout the dialogues in the Book of Job, Job has expressed his confusion and frustration over his suffering, which he perceives as unjust. This phrase sets the stage for Elihu's argument, as he seeks to address what he perceives as Job's erroneous claims. The dialogue format in Job is reminiscent of ancient Near Eastern wisdom literature, where debates and discussions are used to explore complex theological and philosophical issues.

‘I am more righteous than God.’
This phrase captures the essence of Elihu's accusation against Job. While Job never explicitly claims to be more righteous than God, Elihu interprets Job's complaints and assertions of innocence as implying such a claim. In the broader biblical context, the idea of being more righteous than God is seen as blasphemous, as God is the ultimate standard of righteousness (Psalm 145:17). This accusation highlights the tension between human perception of righteousness and divine righteousness. It also foreshadows the resolution of the book, where God Himself addresses Job, emphasizing His sovereignty and wisdom (Job 38-41). Theologically, this phrase challenges readers to consider the humility required in acknowledging God's righteousness and the limitations of human understanding.

For you ask,
This phrase introduces a rhetorical question posed by Elihu, one of Job's friends. Elihu is addressing Job's complaints and questions about the justice of God. In the context of the Book of Job, Job has been questioning the reasons for his suffering and the apparent lack of divine justice. Elihu's role is to offer a different perspective, suggesting that Job's questioning of God's justice is misguided. This reflects a common theme in wisdom literature, where questioning and seeking understanding are central, yet the ultimate wisdom is seen as trusting in God's sovereignty.

‘What does it profit me,
This part of the verse reflects a common human concern about the value of righteousness and obedience to God. In the ancient Near Eastern context, prosperity and well-being were often seen as signs of divine favor. Job's suffering challenges this notion, as he is a righteous man who experiences great loss. The question of profit or benefit from righteousness is echoed in other parts of Scripture, such as in Psalm 73, where the psalmist struggles with the prosperity of the wicked. The underlying issue is the tension between temporal and eternal perspectives on reward and justice.

and what benefit do I gain
Here, the focus is on the tangible benefits of living a righteous life. In the cultural context of the time, blessings were often understood in material terms—wealth, health, and family. Job's experience challenges this understanding, as he loses all these despite his righteousness. This phrase invites readers to consider the deeper, spiritual benefits of righteousness that may not be immediately visible. The New Testament further develops this idea, emphasizing spiritual rewards and eternal life as the ultimate benefits of faithfulness to God (e.g., Matthew 6:19-21).

apart from sin?’
This phrase highlights the contrast between living a life of righteousness and one of sin. Elihu suggests that Job's questioning implies that there is no benefit to righteousness if it does not lead to immediate, tangible rewards. Theologically, this touches on the concept of sin as separation from God and the ultimate source of human suffering. The question challenges readers to consider the intrinsic value of righteousness and the inherent consequences of sin. In the broader biblical narrative, this points to the redemptive work of Jesus Christ, who offers reconciliation with God and eternal life, transcending the temporal benefits or sufferings of this world.

I will reply to you
In this phrase, Elihu, one of Job's friends, is speaking. Elihu's role in the Book of Job is to offer a different perspective on Job's suffering. Unlike the other friends, Elihu claims to speak with divine inspiration, suggesting that his words carry a weight of authority. This phrase indicates Elihu's intention to address Job directly, emphasizing the personal nature of his response. In the broader context of the book, this moment is significant because it sets the stage for Elihu's arguments, which focus on God's justice and the purpose of suffering. Elihu's approach contrasts with the other friends, who primarily accuse Job of wrongdoing.

and to your friends as well
Elihu includes Job's friends in his address, indicating that his message is not only for Job but also for those who have been offering counsel. This inclusion suggests that Elihu sees flaws in the arguments presented by the other friends, who have insisted that Job's suffering must be a result of sin. By addressing them, Elihu positions himself as a mediator who seeks to correct misunderstandings about God's nature and justice. This reflects a broader biblical theme where God often uses individuals to bring correction and insight to others, as seen in the roles of prophets throughout the Old Testament. Elihu's speech serves as a prelude to God's own response, highlighting the importance of understanding divine wisdom and justice.

Look to the heavens and see;
This phrase invites the reader to consider the vastness and majesty of the heavens, which in biblical times were often seen as the domain of God. The heavens are a testament to God's creation and power, as seen in Psalm 19:1, "The heavens declare the glory of God; the skies proclaim the work of his hands." This call to look upwards is a reminder of human limitations and the greatness of God, encouraging humility and reverence. The heavens are also a symbol of God's transcendence, being beyond human reach and understanding.

gaze at the clouds high above you.
Clouds in the Bible often symbolize God's presence and majesty. In Exodus 13:21, God leads the Israelites by a pillar of cloud, signifying His guidance and protection. The clouds are high above, emphasizing the distance between God's ways and human ways, as echoed in Isaiah 55:9, "As the heavens are higher than the earth, so are my ways higher than your ways and my thoughts than your thoughts." This imagery serves to remind believers of God's sovereignty and the need to trust in His divine plan, even when it is not fully understood. The clouds also evoke the imagery of Jesus' return, as described in Matthew 24:30, where the Son of Man will come on the clouds of heaven with power and great glory.

If you sin, what do you accomplish against Him?
This phrase reflects the theological understanding that God is transcendent and sovereign, unaffected by human sin in terms of His essence or being. In the context of the Book of Job, Elihu is addressing Job, emphasizing that human actions do not alter God's nature or diminish His power. This aligns with Psalm 51:4, where David acknowledges that sin is ultimately against God, yet it does not harm God Himself. The cultural context of the Ancient Near East often involved deities that were thought to be influenced by human actions, but the God of Israel is distinct in His independence from creation. This phrase also underscores the futility of sin from a spiritual perspective, as it does not achieve any negative impact on God, but rather affects the sinner and their relationship with God.

If you multiply your transgressions, what do you do to Him?
Here, the emphasis is on the cumulative nature of sin and its perceived impact on God. The rhetorical question suggests that even an increase in sin does not affect God's sovereignty or His divine plan. This is consistent with the biblical theme that God is immutable, as seen in Malachi 3:6, where God declares, "I the LORD do not change." The historical context of Job, set in a patriarchal era, reflects a worldview where human actions were often seen as having cosmic consequences. However, Elihu's argument is that God's majesty and authority remain unchallenged by human rebellion. This phrase also points to the grace and patience of God, who remains steadfast despite human failings, a theme echoed in the New Testament with the redemptive work of Jesus Christ, who provides a way for reconciliation despite humanity's multiplied transgressions.

If you are righteous,
This phrase challenges the notion of human righteousness in relation to God. In the context of the Book of Job, Job is wrestling with the idea of his own righteousness and suffering. Theologically, this reflects the biblical theme that human righteousness is insufficient before God (Isaiah 64:6). The righteousness of humans is often seen as relative and not absolute, contrasting with God's perfect holiness.

what do you give Him,
This question emphasizes God's self-sufficiency and independence from human actions. It echoes Psalm 50:10-12, where God declares that He owns everything and does not need anything from humans. This reflects the cultural understanding of God as the Creator and Sustainer, who is not dependent on His creation. It challenges the idea that human actions can add to God's essence or being.

or what does He receive from your hand?
This phrase underscores the futility of thinking that human deeds can benefit God in a transactional sense. It aligns with Acts 17:24-25, where Paul speaks of God not being served by human hands as if He needed anything. Theologically, it points to the grace of God, where human works are not the basis of favor with God. This can be seen as a type of Christ, where Jesus' sacrifice is the ultimate gift to God, fulfilling what humans could not.

Your wickedness affects only a man like yourself
This phrase highlights the limited impact of human sin on God, emphasizing that wickedness primarily affects other humans. In the context of Job, Elihu is addressing Job's complaints about God's justice. Theologically, this reflects the idea that while sin is an offense against God, its immediate consequences are often felt among people. This aligns with the biblical principle found in Galatians 6:7-8, where sowing to the flesh reaps corruption. Historically, the ancient Near Eastern understanding of sin often involved communal consequences, as seen in the story of Achan in Joshua 7. The phrase also underscores human responsibility and the relational nature of sin, which is a recurring theme throughout Scripture.

and your righteousness only a son of man
This part of the verse suggests that human righteousness, like wickedness, primarily impacts other humans rather than God. It reflects the biblical teaching that while God is pleased with righteousness, it does not add to His glory or essence. This is seen in Psalm 16:2, where David acknowledges that his goodness extends not to God but to the saints on earth. The phrase "son of man" is a common biblical term for humanity, emphasizing the shared human condition. In the New Testament, Jesus often refers to Himself as the "Son of Man," highlighting His identification with humanity. This connection can be seen as a type of Christ, where human righteousness finds its ultimate expression in Jesus, who perfectly fulfilled the law and the prophets.

Men cry out under great oppression;
This phrase highlights the universal human experience of suffering and oppression. In the context of the Book of Job, Job himself is experiencing intense personal suffering and is crying out for understanding and relief. Historically, the Israelites often faced oppression, such as during their slavery in Egypt (Exodus 3:7-9) and under various foreign powers throughout their history. This cry for help is a common theme in the Psalms, where the psalmists frequently call out to God in times of distress (Psalm 22:1-2). Theologically, this reflects the human condition in a fallen world, where sin and injustice lead to suffering. It also points to the need for a Savior who can ultimately deliver humanity from all forms of oppression.

they plead for relief from the arm of the mighty.
The "arm of the mighty" symbolizes the power and authority of those who oppress others. In ancient times, rulers and those in power often used their strength to subjugate and exploit the weak. This is seen in the biblical narrative of Pharaoh's oppression of the Israelites (Exodus 1:8-14). The plea for relief is a cry for justice and deliverance, which is a recurring theme in the prophetic books, where prophets like Isaiah and Jeremiah call for justice and righteousness (Isaiah 1:17, Jeremiah 22:3). This phrase also foreshadows the ultimate deliverance through Jesus Christ, who is depicted as the one who brings true justice and liberation (Luke 4:18-19). In the New Testament, Jesus is seen as the one who offers rest and relief to those who are weary and burdened (Matthew 11:28-30), fulfilling the deep longing for deliverance expressed in this plea.

But no one asks,
This phrase highlights a common human tendency to overlook God in times of distress. It suggests a lack of seeking or questioning about God's presence and role in our lives. In the context of Job, it reflects the silence or absence of inquiry among those who suffer, pointing to a spiritual neglect or forgetfulness. This can be compared to other biblical instances where people fail to seek God, such as in Isaiah 9:13, where the people do not turn to Him who strikes them.

‘Where is God my Maker,
This phrase emphasizes God's role as the Creator, a theme prevalent throughout the Bible, starting from Genesis 1:1. It underscores the personal relationship between God and humanity, as He is not just a distant creator but "my Maker." This personal connection is echoed in Psalm 139:13-14, where the psalmist acknowledges God's intimate involvement in the creation of each individual. The question "Where is God?" also reflects a search for divine presence and guidance, a theme seen in the laments of the Psalms.

who gives us songs in the night,
This phrase suggests that God provides comfort and hope even in the darkest times. "Songs in the night" can be seen as a metaphor for joy or peace amidst suffering, akin to the peace that surpasses understanding mentioned in Philippians 4:7. Historically, night symbolizes times of trouble or uncertainty, yet God provides solace. This is reminiscent of Paul and Silas singing hymns in prison at midnight (Acts 16:25), demonstrating faith and divine comfort despite dire circumstances. The idea of God giving songs also points to the transformative power of worship and praise in overcoming despair.

who teaches us more than the beasts of the earth
This phrase highlights the unique capacity for learning and understanding that humans possess, distinguishing them from animals. In the biblical context, this reflects the belief that God imparts wisdom and knowledge to humans, as seen in Genesis 1:26-28, where humans are given dominion over animals. The phrase suggests a divine source of wisdom, aligning with Proverbs 2:6, which states that the Lord gives wisdom. The comparison to beasts emphasizes the special relationship between God and humanity, as humans are created in God's image (Genesis 1:27), implying a higher purpose and capacity for spiritual understanding.

and makes us wiser than the birds of the air?
This part of the verse continues the comparison, emphasizing human superiority in wisdom over birds. Birds, often seen as symbols of freedom and instinct, lack the reasoning and moral understanding that humans possess. This wisdom is not inherent but is a gift from God, as seen in James 1:5, which encourages believers to seek wisdom from God. The mention of birds may also evoke the teachings of Jesus, who used birds as examples in His parables (e.g., Matthew 6:26), illustrating God's provision and care. The phrase underscores the idea that true wisdom and understanding come from a relationship with God, who grants insight beyond natural instincts.

There they cry out
This phrase suggests a situation of distress or suffering where individuals are calling out for help. In the context of the Book of Job, this reflects the cries of those who are oppressed or in anguish. The act of crying out is a common biblical motif, seen in Exodus 3:7 where God hears the cries of the Israelites in Egypt. It underscores the human condition of seeking divine intervention in times of trouble.

but He does not answer
This highlights the theme of divine silence, a significant aspect of the Book of Job. It raises questions about God's responsiveness to human suffering. This silence can be seen as a test of faith, as in the case of Job, who experiences prolonged suffering without immediate divine explanation or relief. The silence of God is also echoed in Psalm 22:2, where David laments God's lack of response.

because of the pride of evil men
This phrase attributes the lack of divine response to human pride and wickedness. Pride is often condemned in Scripture, as seen in Proverbs 16:18, which warns that pride precedes destruction. The "evil men" could refer to those who oppress others, and their pride may prevent them from genuinely seeking God. This reflects a broader biblical principle that sin can hinder one's relationship with God, as seen in Isaiah 59:2, where iniquities create a separation between God and humanity.

Surely God does not listen to empty pleas
This phrase emphasizes the nature of God as discerning and just. In the context of the Book of Job, Elihu is speaking, offering his perspective on Job's suffering and the nature of God. The term "empty pleas" suggests prayers or cries that lack sincerity or righteousness. Biblically, this aligns with passages such as Isaiah 1:15, where God states He will not listen to prayers when hands are full of blood, indicating a need for genuine repentance and righteousness. The cultural context of ancient Israel placed a high value on sincerity in worship and prayer, as seen in the Psalms, where David often emphasizes a contrite heart (Psalm 51:17). This phrase also reflects the broader biblical theme that God desires truth in the inward being (Psalm 51:6).

and the Almighty does not take note of it
The use of "the Almighty" underscores God's omnipotence and sovereignty. This title for God, "Shaddai" in Hebrew, is often used in contexts that highlight His power and authority over creation and human affairs. The assertion that God "does not take note" of insincere pleas reinforces the idea that God is not swayed by mere words but looks at the heart's intent, as seen in 1 Samuel 16:7, where God tells Samuel that He looks at the heart rather than outward appearances. Historically, this reflects the understanding of God in the ancient Near East as a deity who is not manipulated by human actions or words but acts according to His will and justice. This phrase also connects to the New Testament teaching in Matthew 6:7-8, where Jesus instructs against vain repetitions in prayer, emphasizing that God knows what we need before we ask.

How much less, then,
This phrase suggests a comparison or contrast with a previous argument. In the context of the Book of Job, Elihu is addressing Job's complaints about God's justice. Elihu argues that if God is just and powerful, how much less should Job expect to understand His ways fully. This reflects the theme of human limitation in understanding divine purposes, a recurring theme in wisdom literature.

when you say that you do not see Him,
Job has expressed his frustration at not being able to perceive God's presence or understand His actions. This reflects a common human experience of feeling distant from God, especially in times of suffering. Biblically, this echoes the sentiments found in Psalms, where the psalmists often cry out for God's presence (e.g., Psalm 10:1). Theologically, it underscores the concept of faith, which is belief in what is not seen (Hebrews 11:1).

that your case is before Him
Elihu reminds Job that his situation is known to God, even if Job cannot perceive it. This phrase suggests the idea of divine omniscience and justice, where God is aware of all human affairs. It aligns with the biblical teaching that God is a righteous judge (Psalm 7:11) and that nothing is hidden from His sight (Hebrews 4:13).

and you must wait for Him,
Patience and waiting on God are central themes in the Bible. This phrase encourages trust in God's timing and sovereignty. It resonates with other scriptures that emphasize waiting on the Lord, such as Isaiah 40:31, which promises renewed strength to those who wait on God. This waiting is not passive but involves active faith and trust in God's ultimate justice and goodness.

and further, that in His anger
This phrase suggests a continuation of thought, indicating that the speaker, Elihu, is building upon previous arguments. In the context of the Book of Job, Elihu is addressing Job's complaints about God's justice. The concept of God's anger is a recurring theme in the Bible, often associated with divine judgment and righteousness (e.g., Psalm 7:11). God's anger is not like human anger; it is a response to sin and injustice, reflecting His holiness and justice.

He has not punished
Elihu is pointing out that God has not yet executed judgment or punishment on Job, despite Job's complaints and perceived self-righteousness. This reflects the biblical principle that God's patience and mercy often delay immediate judgment, allowing time for repentance (2 Peter 3:9). The idea of divine forbearance is seen throughout Scripture, where God withholds immediate punishment to give people the opportunity to turn back to Him.

or taken much notice of folly!
The term "folly" in biblical literature often refers to moral and spiritual foolishness, not merely intellectual error. Elihu suggests that God has not fully addressed or responded to what he perceives as Job's foolishness in questioning God's justice. This reflects the broader biblical theme that God's ways and thoughts are higher than human understanding (Isaiah 55:8-9). The patience of God in not immediately addressing folly can be seen as an aspect of His grace, allowing individuals the chance to gain wisdom and understanding.

So Job opens his mouth in vain
This phrase suggests that Job's speech is considered futile or lacking in purpose. In the context of the Book of Job, Job is responding to the immense suffering he has endured, questioning God's justice. The term "in vain" implies that Job's words are not achieving their intended effect, possibly because they are not aligned with divine wisdom. This reflects a broader biblical theme where human understanding is often limited compared to God's wisdom, as seen in Isaiah 55:8-9, where God's thoughts and ways are higher than human thoughts and ways.

and multiplies words without knowledge.
Here, the emphasis is on the abundance of Job's speech and the lack of true understanding behind it. This critique is part of Elihu's argument, who believes that Job's complaints are based on a limited perspective. The idea of "words without knowledge" echoes the biblical theme of the importance of wisdom and understanding, as found in Proverbs 1:7, where the fear of the Lord is the beginning of knowledge. This phrase also foreshadows God's response to Job in chapters 38-41, where God questions Job, highlighting the vast difference between divine and human knowledge. The critique of speaking without knowledge can be seen as a call to humility before God, recognizing the limitations of human insight.