A song of ascents.
This phrase indicates that Psalm 125 is part of the Songs of Ascents, a collection of Psalms (120-134) traditionally sung by Hebrew pilgrims as they ascended to Jerusalem for the three major feasts: Passover, Pentecost, and Tabernacles. The term "ascents" reflects both the physical journey to the elevated city of Jerusalem and the spiritual journey towards God. The ascent symbolizes a movement towards holiness and divine presence, echoing the believer's journey towards spiritual maturity.

Those who trust in the LORD
Trust in the LORD is a central theme throughout the Bible, emphasizing reliance on God's faithfulness and sovereignty. This trust is not merely intellectual assent but involves a deep, personal confidence in God's character and promises. In the historical context, Israel's trust in God was often tested by surrounding nations and internal challenges. Trusting in the LORD implies a covenant relationship, where God is seen as the ultimate protector and provider, as seen in Proverbs 3:5-6 and Isaiah 26:3-4.

are like Mount Zion.
Mount Zion is a significant biblical symbol, representing the city of Jerusalem and, by extension, the presence of God among His people. Geographically, Mount Zion is a hill in Jerusalem, but it also holds spiritual significance as the site of the Temple, the dwelling place of God. In the prophetic and eschatological context, Mount Zion is seen as the ultimate place of God's reign and peace, as depicted in Isaiah 2:2-4 and Revelation 14:1. Believers are compared to Mount Zion, indicating stability, security, and the unshakeable nature of those who trust in God.

It cannot be moved;
This phrase underscores the permanence and stability of Mount Zion, symbolizing the steadfastness of those who trust in the LORD. In a world of uncertainty and change, the believer's faith is anchored in the unchanging nature of God. This imagery is echoed in Hebrews 12:28, where believers receive a kingdom that cannot be shaken. The assurance of God's protection and presence provides a foundation that withstands life's trials and adversities.

it abides forever.
The eternal nature of Mount Zion reflects the enduring relationship between God and His people. This permanence is a promise of God's unending faithfulness and the eternal security of those who trust in Him. The concept of abiding forever connects to the New Testament promise of eternal life through Jesus Christ, as seen in John 10:28-29. The believer's hope is not only for this life but extends into eternity, assured by the unchanging promises of God.

As the mountains surround Jerusalem
Jerusalem is geographically situated among hills, providing a natural fortification. This imagery of mountains surrounding the city symbolizes protection and stability. Historically, Jerusalem has been a central location for the Israelites, serving as the political and spiritual capital. The mountains, such as the Mount of Olives and Mount Zion, are significant in biblical narratives, often representing God's enduring presence and strength. This phrase evokes the idea of divine protection, much like the physical protection offered by the mountains.

so the LORD surrounds His people
This part of the verse emphasizes God's protective nature over His people, akin to the mountains' encircling presence. In the Old Testament, God's covenant with Israel is a recurring theme, where He promises to be their shield and defender. This protection is not just physical but also spiritual, safeguarding them from external threats and internal strife. The imagery here can be connected to other scriptures, such as Psalm 91, which speaks of God as a refuge and fortress. It also foreshadows the New Testament understanding of God's presence through the Holy Spirit, surrounding and indwelling believers.

both now and forevermore
This phrase underscores the eternal nature of God's protection. It assures believers of God's unchanging and perpetual care, transcending time. The concept of God's eternal nature is a cornerstone of biblical theology, affirming His omnipresence and omnipotence. This assurance is echoed in other scriptures, such as Hebrews 13:8, which states that Jesus Christ is the same yesterday, today, and forever. It also points to the eschatological hope found in Revelation, where God's people will dwell securely in His presence for eternity.

For the scepter of the wicked will not rest upon the land allotted to the righteous
The "scepter" symbolizes authority and rule, often associated with kingship or governance. In biblical times, a scepter was a staff or rod held by a ruler as a sign of power. The phrase suggests that the rule or influence of the wicked will not permanently dominate the land given to the righteous. This reflects God's promise to protect His people and maintain justice. Historically, the land allotted to the righteous refers to the Promised Land given to the Israelites, a central theme in the Old Testament. The assurance that the wicked will not maintain control over this land aligns with God's covenant promises to Israel, as seen in passages like Genesis 15:18-21 and Deuteronomy 7:1-2. This also echoes the broader biblical theme of God's ultimate justice and the temporary nature of evil's triumph, as seen in Psalm 37:9-11.

so that the righteous will not put forth their hands to injustice
This phrase underscores the protective nature of God's governance, ensuring that the righteous are not led into sin or compelled to act unjustly due to oppressive rule. The concern is that prolonged wicked rule could lead the righteous to compromise their values or participate in injustice. This reflects a biblical principle that God provides a way for His people to remain faithful, as seen in 1 Corinthians 10:13, which speaks of God providing a way out of temptation. The phrase also highlights the importance of righteous living and the dangers of succumbing to the influence of evil, a recurring theme in the wisdom literature, such as Proverbs 4:14-15. The protection from falling into injustice is a type of Christ's redemptive work, where He empowers believers to live righteously through His Spirit, as seen in Romans 8:1-4.

Do good, O LORD,
This phrase is a petition for divine favor and blessing. The psalmist appeals to God's nature as inherently good and just, reflecting the belief that God is the source of all goodness. This request aligns with the biblical theme of God's benevolence, as seen in passages like Psalm 34:8, "Taste and see that the LORD is good." The plea for God to "do good" underscores the covenant relationship between God and His people, where God promises to bless those who follow His ways.

to those who are good,
The term "good" here refers to those who live righteously according to God's commandments. In the Old Testament context, this would include adherence to the Law of Moses and living a life of integrity and justice. The concept of goodness is also tied to the wisdom literature, such as Proverbs, which emphasizes living wisely and righteously. This phrase suggests a reciprocal relationship where God's goodness is extended to those who reflect His character in their lives.

and to the upright in heart.
"Upright in heart" emphasizes internal righteousness, not just outward actions. This reflects the biblical principle that God looks at the heart (1 Samuel 16:7). The heart, in Hebrew thought, is the center of will and emotion, indicating that true righteousness involves sincere devotion and integrity. This phrase connects to the Beatitudes in Matthew 5, where Jesus blesses the pure in heart, highlighting the continuity of this principle in both the Old and New Testaments. The upright in heart are those who align their inner lives with God's will, embodying the transformation that comes from a relationship with Him.

But those who turn to crooked ways
This phrase addresses individuals who deviate from the path of righteousness. In biblical context, "crooked ways" often symbolize moral and spiritual corruption, contrasting with the straight and narrow path of God's commandments (Proverbs 2:15). The imagery of a crooked path is used throughout Scripture to describe those who choose sin over obedience (Isaiah 59:8). Historically, Israel faced many temptations to follow the practices of surrounding pagan nations, which often led them away from God's laws. This serves as a warning against apostasy and the consequences of turning away from God's truth.

the LORD will banish with the evildoers.
This part of the verse emphasizes divine justice. The LORD's action of banishing reflects His role as a righteous judge who separates the wicked from the righteous (Psalm 1:5-6). The term "evildoers" is frequently used in the Psalms to describe those who oppose God's will and oppress His people (Psalm 37:1). The concept of banishment can be linked to the ultimate judgment where the unrighteous are separated from God's presence (Matthew 25:41). This also echoes the fate of those who reject God's covenant, as seen in the history of Israel's exile due to disobedience.

Peace be upon Israel.
This concluding phrase is a blessing and a prayer for the well-being of God's chosen people. "Peace" (shalom in Hebrew) encompasses not only the absence of conflict but also the presence of wholeness, prosperity, and harmony with God. Throughout the Old Testament, Israel's peace is contingent upon their faithfulness to God's covenant (Leviticus 26:3-6). This blessing is prophetic, pointing to the ultimate peace brought by the Messiah, Jesus Christ, who is the Prince of Peace (Isaiah 9:6). It also connects to the New Testament promise of peace for those who are in Christ (John 14:27).