A Psalm of Asaph.
Asaph was a prominent Levite musician appointed by King David to lead worship in the tabernacle. He is credited with several psalms, indicating his role as a spiritual leader and prophet. The psalms attributed to him often focus on themes of justice and divine authority, reflecting his deep concern for righteousness and God's sovereignty.

God presides in the divine assembly;
This phrase suggests a heavenly council where God is the supreme authority. The concept of a divine assembly is found in other parts of the Old Testament, such as Job 1:6 and 1 Kings 22:19, where God is depicted as presiding over spiritual beings. This imagery emphasizes God's ultimate authority over all creation, including spiritual realms. It also reflects ancient Near Eastern beliefs where gods would convene in councils, but here, the one true God is shown as the presiding judge.

He renders judgment among the gods:
The term "gods" here can be understood as referring to human judges or rulers, as seen in Exodus 22:28, where the Hebrew word "elohim" is used for judges. This interpretation aligns with the context of Psalm 82, which critiques unjust leaders. Alternatively, it could refer to spiritual beings, highlighting God's authority over all powers. This phrase underscores God's role as the ultimate judge who holds all accountable, a theme echoed in passages like Isaiah 3:13-15 and John 10:34-36, where Jesus references this psalm to affirm His divine authority.

How long will you judge unjustly
This phrase addresses the issue of unjust judgment, a recurring theme in the Bible. In the context of ancient Israel, judges were expected to uphold God's law and ensure justice for all, particularly the vulnerable (Deuteronomy 16:18-20). The question "How long" implies a period of ongoing injustice, suggesting a call for repentance and change. This echoes the prophetic calls for justice found in Isaiah 1:17 and Amos 5:24. The concept of divine justice is central, as God is portrayed as the ultimate judge who will hold earthly judges accountable (Psalm 9:7-8).

and show partiality to the wicked?
Partiality, or favoritism, is condemned throughout Scripture (Leviticus 19:15, James 2:1-9). In the ancient Near Eastern context, judges were often swayed by bribes or social status, leading to corruption. This phrase highlights the moral failure of leaders who favor the wicked, contrary to God's command to defend the rights of the poor and needy (Proverbs 31:8-9). The wicked, in biblical terms, are those who oppose God's ways, and showing them partiality undermines the moral order God established. This connects to the broader biblical narrative of God's justice prevailing over human corruption (Psalm 37:28).

Selah
The term "Selah" is often found in the Psalms and is thought to be a musical or liturgical pause, inviting reflection on the preceding words. It serves as a moment to contemplate the gravity of unjust judgment and the call for righteousness. In the context of worship, it allows the reader or listener to meditate on God's justice and the need for integrity among leaders. This pause emphasizes the importance of the message and encourages a response of introspection and commitment to justice.

Defend the cause of the weak and fatherless;
This phrase emphasizes the biblical mandate to protect and advocate for those who are vulnerable and marginalized in society. In ancient Israel, the "weak and fatherless" often referred to those without a male protector or provider, such as orphans and widows, who were particularly susceptible to exploitation and injustice. The call to defend them reflects God's character as a defender of the helpless, as seen in passages like Deuteronomy 10:18, which states that God "defends the cause of the fatherless and the widow." This aligns with the broader biblical theme of justice and righteousness, where God's people are called to mirror His concern for the vulnerable. The prophetic literature, such as Isaiah 1:17, echoes this call to "seek justice, encourage the oppressed," highlighting the continuity of this divine expectation throughout Scripture.

uphold the rights of the afflicted and oppressed.
The instruction to uphold the rights of the afflicted and oppressed underscores the importance of justice and equity in the community. In the historical context of ancient Israel, the legal system was designed to protect the rights of all individuals, particularly those who were disadvantaged. The afflicted and oppressed often included the poor, foreigners, and those suffering under unjust systems or rulers. This phrase calls for active intervention to ensure that justice is served, reflecting God's own commitment to justice as seen in Psalm 146:7, where He "executes justice for the oppressed." The New Testament continues this theme, with Jesus embodying the ultimate advocate for the oppressed, as seen in His ministry to the marginalized and His teachings on the Kingdom of God, which prioritize justice and mercy (Matthew 5:6, Luke 4:18-19). This call to action is a reminder of the believer's responsibility to reflect God's justice in their own lives and communities.

Rescue the weak and needy;
This phrase emphasizes the biblical mandate to protect and care for those who are vulnerable in society. Throughout Scripture, God consistently shows His concern for the marginalized, including widows, orphans, and the poor (Deuteronomy 10:18, James 1:27). The call to "rescue" implies an active intervention, suggesting that believers are to take tangible steps to support and defend those who cannot defend themselves. This aligns with the broader biblical theme of justice and righteousness, as seen in the prophetic writings (Isaiah 1:17, Micah 6:8). The weak and needy are often symbolic of those who are spiritually impoverished, pointing to the need for spiritual salvation through Christ.

save them from the hand of the wicked.
The "hand of the wicked" represents the power and influence of those who oppress and exploit the vulnerable. In biblical times, this could refer to corrupt leaders, unjust judges, or any individuals who misuse their power for personal gain. The imagery of the "hand" suggests control and domination, which believers are called to oppose. This phrase echoes the deliverance themes found in the Exodus narrative, where God saves His people from the oppressive hand of Pharaoh (Exodus 3:7-8). It also foreshadows the ultimate deliverance through Jesus Christ, who saves humanity from the bondage of sin and evil (Colossians 1:13-14). The call to "save" is not only a physical rescue but also a spiritual salvation, highlighting the comprehensive nature of God's redemptive work.

They do not know or understand;
This phrase highlights the spiritual ignorance and lack of discernment among the leaders or judges being addressed. In biblical context, this ignorance is often attributed to a rejection of God's wisdom and law. Proverbs 1:7 states, "The fear of the LORD is the beginning of knowledge," indicating that true understanding comes from reverence for God. The leaders' failure to know or understand suggests a departure from divine guidance, which is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, where Israel's leaders often led the people astray due to their own lack of understanding (Hosea 4:6).

they wander in the darkness;
Darkness in Scripture frequently symbolizes sin, ignorance, and separation from God. In John 8:12, Jesus declares, "I am the light of the world. Whoever follows me will never walk in darkness, but will have the light of life." This contrast between light and darkness underscores the leaders' spiritual blindness and moral failure. The imagery of wandering suggests aimlessness and confusion, reminiscent of Israel's wilderness wanderings due to disobedience (Numbers 14:33-34). This phrase serves as a warning of the consequences of turning away from God's truth.

all the foundations of the earth are shaken.
The foundations of the earth represent the established order and justice that God intended for creation. When leaders fail in their duties, it disrupts societal stability and justice, leading to chaos and disorder. This shaking of foundations can be seen as a metaphor for the moral and social upheaval that results from corrupt leadership. In prophetic literature, such as Isaiah 24:18-20, the shaking of the earth often signifies divine judgment and the coming of God's kingdom. This phrase foreshadows the ultimate restoration and justice that will be established through Christ, who is described as the cornerstone in Ephesians 2:20, ensuring the stability and righteousness of God's eternal kingdom.

I have said,
This phrase indicates a declaration or pronouncement from God. It suggests divine authority and a formal statement. In the context of Psalm 82, God is addressing the judges or leaders of Israel, who are expected to uphold justice and righteousness. This introduction sets the tone for a divine evaluation of their roles and responsibilities.

‘You are gods;
The term "gods" here is translated from the Hebrew word "Elohim," which can refer to divine beings, judges, or rulers. In this context, it is understood to mean human judges or leaders who have been given authority by God to execute justice on earth. This phrase highlights the responsibility and accountability of those in positions of power, as they are representatives of God's justice. The use of "gods" underscores the gravity of their role and the expectation that they act with divine wisdom and fairness.

you are all sons of the Most High.’
This phrase emphasizes the special status and relationship these leaders have with God. Being called "sons of the Most High" implies a position of honor and privilege, as well as a call to reflect God's character in their leadership. The term "Most High" is a title for God that denotes His supreme authority and sovereignty. This phrase also connects to the broader biblical theme of sonship, where believers are called to be children of God, reflecting His nature and purposes. In the New Testament, this concept is expanded through the teachings of Jesus, who is the ultimate Son of God, and through whom believers are adopted into God's family.

But like mortals you will die
This phrase addresses the mortality of those who are in positions of authority, reminding them that despite their power, they are not exempt from death. In the biblical context, this serves as a humbling reminder that all humans, regardless of status, share the same fate. The reference to mortality echoes Genesis 3:19, where God tells Adam that he will return to the dust, highlighting the universal consequence of sin. This phrase also serves as a warning to those who misuse their power, suggesting that divine justice will ultimately prevail. The mortality of rulers is a theme seen throughout Scripture, emphasizing that earthly power is temporary and subject to God's ultimate authority.

and like rulers you will fall.
This part of the verse underscores the idea that those in positions of power are not immune to downfall. Historically, many rulers in the ancient Near East were seen as semi-divine or possessing divine favor, yet the Bible consistently portrays God as the ultimate judge who can bring down even the mightiest. This is evident in the stories of Pharaoh in Exodus, Nebuchadnezzar in Daniel, and Herod in Acts 12. The fall of rulers is often depicted as a result of pride and injustice, aligning with the biblical principle that God opposes the proud but gives grace to the humble (James 4:6). This phrase serves as a prophetic warning to leaders, reminding them that their authority is granted by God and can be revoked if they fail to uphold justice and righteousness.

Arise, O God
This phrase is a call for divine intervention and action. It reflects a plea for God to stand up and take authority over the current situation. In the context of Psalm 82, which addresses the failure of earthly judges and rulers, this call is for God to assert His justice. The imagery of God arising is often used in the Psalms to depict God coming to the aid of His people (e.g., Psalm 3:7, Psalm 7:6). It emphasizes God's sovereignty and readiness to act on behalf of righteousness.

judge the earth
Here, the psalmist is asking God to execute judgment over the entire earth. This reflects the belief in God's ultimate authority over all creation, not just Israel. The concept of God as judge is prevalent throughout the Bible, highlighting His role in upholding justice and righteousness (e.g., Psalm 9:8, Psalm 96:13). This judgment is not limited to punishment but includes the establishment of divine order and justice.

for all the nations are Your inheritance
This phrase underscores the universal scope of God's dominion. The idea of nations as God's inheritance is rooted in the covenantal promises made to Israel, where God is seen as the ruler over all nations (e.g., Deuteronomy 32:8-9). It also points to the eschatological hope that all nations will ultimately recognize God's sovereignty (e.g., Psalm 2:8, Revelation 11:15). This can be seen as a foreshadowing of the messianic kingdom where Christ, as the ultimate judge and king, will inherit and rule over all nations, fulfilling the promises made to David and the patriarchs.