Topical Bible: Offerings: Ordinance Relating to the Scapegoat

◄ Offerings: Ordinance Relating to the Scapegoat ►

Topical Encyclopedia

The ordinance of the scapegoat is a significant aspect of the Old Testament sacrificial system, specifically associated with the Day of Atonement, or Yom Kippur, as outlined in Leviticus 16. This ritual was a profound expression of atonement and forgiveness, symbolizing the removal of the sins of the people of Israel.

Biblical Context and Description

The Day of Atonement was the most solemn day in the Hebrew calendar, a day dedicated to atonement and repentance. The high priest played a central role in the ceremonies, which included the offering of sacrifices and the unique ritual involving two goats. Leviticus 16:7-10 describes the selection and purpose of these goats: "Then he shall take the two goats and present them before the LORD at the entrance to the Tent of Meeting. After Aaron casts lots for the two goats, one for the LORD and the other for the scapegoat, he shall present the goat chosen by lot for the LORD and sacrifice it as a sin offering. But the goat chosen by lot as the scapegoat shall be presented alive before the LORD to make atonement by sending it into the wilderness as a scapegoat."

The Role of the Scapegoat

The term "scapegoat" comes from the Hebrew word "Azazel," which has been interpreted in various ways, including as a reference to a wilderness demon or as a symbolic representation of the removal of sin. The scapegoat ritual involved the high priest laying his hands on the head of the goat, confessing over it all the iniquities and transgressions of the Israelites. Leviticus 16:21-22 states, "He is to lay both hands on the head of the live goat and confess over it all the iniquities and transgressions of the Israelites, regarding all their sins. He shall place them on the head of the goat and send it away into the wilderness by the hand of a man appointed for the task. The goat will carry on itself all their iniquities into a solitary place, and the man will release it into the wilderness."

Symbolism and Theological Significance

The scapegoat served as a powerful symbol of the removal of sin from the community. By transferring the sins of the people onto the goat and sending it into the wilderness, the Israelites were given a tangible representation of their sins being taken away. This act foreshadowed the ultimate atonement provided by Jesus Christ, who, according to Christian theology, bore the sins of humanity and provided a means for reconciliation with God.

The dual aspect of the Day of Atonement sacrifices—the sin offering and the scapegoat—illustrates the comprehensive nature of atonement. The sin offering addressed the need for purification and forgiveness, while the scapegoat symbolized the complete removal of sin. This duality highlights the depth of God's provision for His people, ensuring both the cleansing of sin and the restoration of fellowship with Him.

Historical and Cultural Context

The ordinance of the scapegoat was unique to the Israelite sacrificial system and reflected the broader ancient Near Eastern context, where rituals involving the transfer of impurity or sin onto animals were not uncommon. However, the biblical ordinance stands out for its theological depth and its role within the covenant relationship between God and Israel.

The practice of the scapegoat ceased with the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 AD, as the sacrificial system could no longer be carried out without the temple. In Christian theology, the need for such rituals is seen as fulfilled in the sacrifice of Christ, who is viewed as the ultimate sin-bearer and atonement for humanity.

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Leviticus 16:7-26
And he shall take the two goats, and present them before the LORD at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation.
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