The oak tree, a symbol of strength and endurance, is mentioned several times in the Bible, often in contexts that highlight its significance in the ancient Near Eastern landscape and its cultural and religious symbolism. The Hebrew word for oak, "allon," is used interchangeably with "elah" and "elon," which can also refer to terebinth trees, depending on the context. These trees were prominent in the land of Canaan and were often associated with significant biblical events and locations.

Biblical References:

1. Abraham's Encounter at the Oak of Mamre:
The oak tree is notably mentioned in Genesis 18:1, where Abraham receives three visitors at the "oaks of Mamre." This site, near Hebron, becomes a place of divine encounter and promise. The Berean Standard Bible states: "Then the LORD appeared to Abraham by the oaks of Mamre, while he was sitting at the entrance of his tent in the heat of the day."

2. Jacob's Burial of Idols:
In Genesis 35:4, Jacob instructs his household to rid themselves of foreign gods, which he then buries under the oak near Shechem. This act signifies a renunciation of idolatry and a commitment to the worship of the one true God. The BSB records: "So they gave Jacob all the foreign gods in their possession, and the earrings in their ears, and Jacob buried them under the oak near Shechem."

3. Joshua's Covenant Renewal:
Joshua 24:26 describes Joshua setting up a large stone under an oak tree as a witness to the covenant between God and Israel. This oak at Shechem becomes a symbol of the people's renewed commitment to serve the LORD. The BSB notes: "And Joshua recorded these things in the Book of the Law of God. Then he took a large stone and set it up there under the oak that was near the sanctuary of the LORD."

4. Deborah's Judgment:
The oak tree is also associated with Deborah, the nurse of Rebekah, who was buried under an oak below Bethel, as mentioned in Genesis 35:8. This location, known as Allon Bacuth, meaning "oak of weeping," marks a place of mourning and remembrance.

5. Idolatrous Practices:
In some instances, oak trees are associated with idolatrous practices. Isaiah 1:29 warns against the worship of idols under oaks, which were often sites of pagan rituals. The BSB states: "For you will be ashamed of the oaks in which you delighted, and you will be embarrassed by the gardens that you have chosen."

Cultural and Symbolic Significance:

In the biblical context, oak trees were not only significant for their physical presence but also for their symbolic meanings. They were often seen as places of strength, refuge, and divine encounter. The oak's enduring nature made it a fitting symbol for covenants and commitments, as seen in the narratives of Abraham and Joshua.

Moreover, the oak's association with idolatry in certain passages serves as a reminder of the tension between the worship of the true God and the allure of pagan practices. The biblical authors use the imagery of the oak to contrast the steadfastness of faith in God with the fleeting and shameful nature of idol worship.

Overall, the oak tree in the Bible serves as a multifaceted symbol, representing both the strength and stability of faith and the challenges of remaining true to God's covenant amidst a world of competing allegiances.