The priests of Israel hold a significant role within the religious and cultural framework of the Old Testament. They are primarily from the tribe of Levi, specifically the descendants of Aaron, the brother of Moses. The priesthood was established by God as a means to mediate between Him and the people of Israel, performing sacrifices, maintaining the sanctuary, and teaching the Law.

Origin and Ordination

The priesthood was instituted at Mount Sinai following the Exodus from Egypt. God commanded Moses to consecrate Aaron and his sons as priests (Exodus 28:1). The ordination process involved a series of rituals, including washing, anointing with oil, and the offering of sacrifices (Leviticus 8). The Berean Standard Bible states, "Then Moses took the anointing oil and anointed the tabernacle and everything in it, and so consecrated them" (Leviticus 8:10).

Duties and Responsibilities

The primary duties of the priests included offering sacrifices, maintaining the Tabernacle (and later the Temple), and teaching the Israelites God's laws. They were responsible for the daily offerings, the annual feasts, and the Day of Atonement rituals (Leviticus 16). The priests also served as judges in certain legal matters and were tasked with determining the cleanliness of individuals and objects (Leviticus 13-14).

High Priest

The High Priest held the highest religious position in Israel. He was the only one permitted to enter the Most Holy Place (Holy of Holies) once a year on the Day of Atonement to make atonement for the sins of the people (Leviticus 16:32-34). Aaron was the first High Priest, and his successors were chosen from his descendants.

Priestly Garments

The priests wore specific garments as prescribed by God, symbolizing their holy service. The High Priest's attire included the ephod, breastplate, robe, tunic, turban, and sash, each with symbolic significance (Exodus 28:4-39). The Berean Standard Bible describes, "Make the robe of the ephod entirely of blue cloth, with an opening for the head in its center" (Exodus 28:31-32).

Levites

While all priests were Levites, not all Levites were priests. The Levites assisted the priests in their duties and were responsible for the care and transportation of the Tabernacle and its furnishings (Numbers 3:5-9). They were set apart for service to God in place of the firstborn of Israel (Numbers 3:12-13).

Holiness and Conduct

The priests were held to high standards of holiness and conduct. They were required to avoid defilement, maintain ritual purity, and adhere to specific marriage regulations (Leviticus 21). Their lives were to reflect the holiness of God, as they were His representatives to the people.

Priestly Blessing

One of the most well-known functions of the priests was to pronounce blessings upon the people. The Aaronic Blessing, found in Numbers 6:24-26, is a profound example: "The LORD bless you and keep you; the LORD make His face shine upon you and be gracious to you; the LORD lift up His countenance upon you and give you peace" .

Transition to the New Covenant

In the New Testament, the role of the priesthood is transformed through the person and work of Jesus Christ, who is described as the ultimate High Priest (Hebrews 4:14-16). The priesthood of all believers is emphasized, indicating that through Christ, all Christians have direct access to God (1 Peter 2:9).

The priests of Israel served as vital mediators between God and His people, foreshadowing the ultimate mediation accomplished by Jesus Christ. Their service, sacrifices, and dedication to holiness were central to the worship and spiritual life of ancient Israel.