1 Peter 2:6-7
This passage references Isaiah 28:16, affirming Christ as the cornerstone and the foundation of our faith.

Matthew 7:24-27
Jesus' parable of the wise and foolish builders echoes the theme of building on a solid foundation.

Proverbs 3:5-6
Encourages trust in the Lord rather than relying on our own understanding, aligning with the call to humility in Isaiah 28.Pride and Complacency
Isaiah 28:1-4 warns against the pride and complacency of Ephraim's leaders, symbolized by a fading flower. This serves as a reminder of the dangers of self-reliance and neglecting God's guidance.

God's Judgment
Verses 5-13 describe God's judgment as a necessary response to the people's disobedience. The imagery of a storm and flood illustrates the overwhelming nature of divine judgment.

The Cornerstone of Hope
In verses 16-17, God promises a cornerstone in Zion, a foundation of justice and righteousness. This cornerstone is a prophetic reference to Christ, the ultimate foundation of our faith.

The Futility of Human Schemes
Verses 18-22 highlight the futility of human plans that are not aligned with God's will. The covenant with death and the agreement with Sheol symbolize false security.

God's Sovereignty and Wisdom
The chapter concludes with a parable about farming (verses 23-29), illustrating God's wisdom and sovereignty in His dealings with humanity.Examine Your Foundations
Reflect on what you are building your life upon. Is it the solid foundation of Christ, or the shifting sands of worldly values?

Heed God's Warnings
Be attentive to the warnings God provides through Scripture and the Holy Spirit. They are meant to guide us back to Him.

Embrace Humility
Avoid the pitfalls of pride and self-reliance. Acknowledge your need for God's guidance and strength.

Trust in God's Plan
Even when His ways are not immediately clear, trust in God's wisdom and sovereignty over your life.1. Ephraim
This refers to the northern kingdom of Israel, often represented by the tribe of Ephraim. In Isaiah 28:1, Ephraim is described as being proud and drunk, symbolizing their spiritual and moral decay. The Hebrew root for Ephraim (אֶפְרָיִם) often signifies fruitfulness, which contrasts with their current state of judgment.

2. The Drunkards of Ephraim
Specifically mentioned in Isaiah 28:1, these are the leaders and people of Ephraim who are indulging in excess and are spiritually blind. Their drunkenness is both literal and metaphorical, indicating a lack of spiritual discernment.

3. The Lord (Yahweh)
Throughout Isaiah 28, the Lord is the one who pronounces judgment and offers instruction. He is depicted as both a judge and a teacher, emphasizing His sovereignty and righteousness.

4. The Priests and Prophets
In Isaiah 28:7, these religious leaders are criticized for their drunkenness and failure to lead the people correctly. Their inability to provide true guidance is a significant theme, highlighting the corruption within the spiritual leadership.

5. The Scoffers
Mentioned in Isaiah 28:14, these are the leaders in Jerusalem who mock and dismiss the warnings of the prophet. They are characterized by their arrogance and false sense of security.

6. The Cornerstone
In Isaiah 28:16, the cornerstone is a prophetic reference to the Messiah, Jesus Christ, from a Christian perspective. This cornerstone is described as a sure foundation, emphasizing stability and trustworthiness. The Hebrew term for cornerstone (פִּנָּה) signifies the essential stone in a building's foundation.

7. The People of Jerusalem
While not always directly mentioned, the inhabitants of Jerusalem are the audience of the prophecy, receiving both warnings and promises from God.1. Ephraim
Description
Ephraim is often used to refer to the northern kingdom of Israel, named after one of the tribes descended from Joseph. In Isaiah 28:1, it is described as a place of pride and indulgence, symbolized by a "crown of pride" and "drunkards of Ephraim." The Hebrew root for Ephraim (אֶפְרַיִם, Ephrayim) can mean "fruitful," reflecting the tribe's historical significance and prosperity.

2. Samaria
Description
Although not explicitly named in Isaiah 28, Samaria is implied as the capital of the northern kingdom of Israel, associated with Ephraim. The "glorious beauty" mentioned in Isaiah 28:1 is often interpreted as referring to Samaria, which was known for its strategic location and beauty. The Hebrew root for Samaria (שֹׁמְרוֹן, Shomron) means "watch mountain" or "watchtower," indicating its elevated position.

3. Jerusalem
Description
While not directly named in the early verses, Jerusalem is the implied location of the "covenant with death" mentioned in Isaiah 28:15. It is the capital of the southern kingdom of Judah and a central place of worship and political power. The Hebrew root for Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, Yerushalayim) means "foundation of peace," highlighting its intended role as a city of peace and divine presence.1. Woe to Ephraim's Drunkards
The chapter begins with a pronouncement of woe upon the proud crown of the drunkards of Ephraim. The prophet Isaiah condemns the leaders of Ephraim for their pride and indulgence in wine, which has led to their downfall. The Hebrew word "הוֹי" (hoy) is used to express this woe, indicating a lament or warning.

2. The Lord's Judgment
Isaiah describes the coming judgment from the Lord, likening it to a mighty and strong storm that will cast down the proud crown of Ephraim. This imagery emphasizes the power and inevitability of God's judgment.

3. A Remnant Will Be Saved
Despite the judgment, a remnant will be preserved. Isaiah speaks of a future time when the Lord of Hosts will be a crown of glory and a diadem of beauty to the remnant of His people. This reflects the Hebrew concept of a faithful remnant that remains true to God.

4. The Priests and Prophets Stumble
The priests and prophets, who should be leading the people, are described as staggering and reeling from wine. Their inability to lead is a result of their own spiritual and moral corruption, as they are "confused by wine" and "stagger from strong drink."

5. The Covenant with Death
The leaders of Jerusalem have made a covenant with death, believing they can escape judgment. Isaiah rebukes this false sense of security, warning that their agreement will not stand. The Hebrew term "כָּרַת" (karat) is used for "covenant," indicating a binding agreement that they mistakenly believe will protect them.

6. The Cornerstone in Zion
God promises to lay a precious cornerstone in Zion, a sure foundation for those who believe. This cornerstone is a symbol of stability and salvation, contrasting with the false security of the leaders' covenant with death. The Hebrew word "אֶבֶן" (even) is used for "stone," emphasizing its foundational role.

7. The Overwhelming Scourge
Isaiah warns that the overwhelming scourge will pass through and bring destruction, and the leaders' refuge of lies will be swept away. This serves as a warning that their false security will not protect them from God's judgment.

8. God's Strange Work
The Lord will perform His strange work and His alien task, which refers to the unexpected and unusual nature of His judgment. This highlights the seriousness of the situation and the need for repentance.

9. A Call to Listen and Understand
The chapter concludes with a call for the people to listen and understand the message of the Lord. Isaiah uses agricultural metaphors to illustrate God's wisdom and the importance of heeding His word. The Hebrew root "שָׁמַע" (shama) is used for "listen," emphasizing the need for attentive hearing and obedience.1. Woe to Ephraim
Isaiah 28:1-4 addresses the pride and downfall of Ephraim, symbolized by a fading flower. The Hebrew word for "woe" (הוֹי, hoy) is an expression of lamentation and impending judgment. The passage highlights the consequences of pride and indulgence.

2. The Lord's Strength and Beauty
In Isaiah 28:5-6, the Lord is described as a crown of glory and a diadem of beauty for the remnant of His people. The Hebrew word for "crown" (עֲטֶרֶת, ateret) signifies honor and authority, emphasizing God's role as the true source of strength and justice.

3. Judgment on the Drunkards
Isaiah 28:7-8 condemns the priests and prophets who are led astray by wine, leading to poor judgment. The Hebrew term for "stagger" (שָׁגָה, shagah) indicates a loss of direction, both physically and spiritually, due to intoxication.

4. The Need for Instruction
Verses 9-10 discuss the need for proper teaching, using the phrase "precept upon precept, line upon line." The repetition in Hebrew (צַו לָצָו, קַו לָקָו) suggests a methodical and foundational approach to learning God's word.

5. The Stammering Lips
Isaiah 28:11-13 speaks of God communicating through foreign tongues as a form of judgment. The Hebrew word for "stammering" (לַעֲגֵי, la'agei) implies mockery, indicating that the people will hear God's message in a way that seems foreign and confusing.

6. The Covenant with Death
In verses 14-15, the leaders of Jerusalem are accused of making a covenant with death, believing they can escape judgment. The Hebrew word for "covenant" (בְּרִית, berit) is significant, as it contrasts their false security with God's true covenant.

7. The Cornerstone in Zion
Isaiah 28:16 introduces the prophecy of the cornerstone, a foundation laid by God. The Hebrew term for "cornerstone" (פִּנָּה, pinnah) symbolizes stability and reliability, pointing to the Messiah as the ultimate foundation of faith.

8. God's Justice and Righteousness
Verses 17-19 describe God's justice as a measuring line and righteousness as a plumb line. The Hebrew words for "justice" (מִשְׁפָּט, mishpat) and "righteousness" (צְדָקָה, tzedakah) emphasize the divine standards by which all will be judged.

9. The Parable of the Farmer
Isaiah 28:23-29 uses agricultural imagery to illustrate God's wisdom and purpose in His actions. The Hebrew word for "instruction" (מוּסָר, musar) in verse 26 highlights the importance of divine guidance in understanding God's ways.1. Judgment on Ephraim
Isaiah 28 begins with a pronouncement of woe upon the "proud crown of the drunkards of Ephraim" (Isaiah 28:1). This theme highlights God's impending judgment on the northern kingdom of Israel (Ephraim) due to their pride and indulgence. The Hebrew word for "woe" (הוֹי, hoy) is often used to signal impending doom or lamentation.

2. The Fading Glory of Human Pride
The imagery of a "fading flower" (Isaiah 28:1) symbolizes the transient nature of human pride and glory. This theme underscores the futility of relying on earthly status and achievements, which are temporary and will be brought low by God's judgment.

3. God as a Source of Strength and Beauty
In contrast to the fading glory of Ephraim, God is described as a "crown of glory" and a "diadem of beauty" for the remnant of His people (Isaiah 28:5). This theme emphasizes that true honor and strength come from God, not from human accomplishments.

4. The Role of Leaders and Prophets
Isaiah criticizes the leaders and prophets of Israel, who are described as being "confused by wine" and "staggering from strong drink" (Isaiah 28:7). This theme highlights the failure of spiritual and political leaders to guide the people rightly, leading to moral and spiritual decay.

5. The Need for Spiritual Maturity
The passage speaks of teaching "precept upon precept, line upon line" (Isaiah 28:10), which can be seen as a call for spiritual maturity and understanding. The Hebrew words "tsav latsav, kav lakav" suggest a methodical and disciplined approach to learning God's ways.

6. The Cornerstone of Zion
A significant theme is the prophecy of the "precious cornerstone" laid in Zion (Isaiah 28:16). This cornerstone is a foundation of faith and trust, ultimately pointing to Christ in Christian theology. The Hebrew word for cornerstone (פִּנָּה, pinnah) signifies strength and stability.

7. The Covenant with Death
The leaders of Jerusalem are accused of making a "covenant with death" (Isaiah 28:15), symbolizing their reliance on false security and alliances rather than trusting in God. This theme warns against placing trust in anything other than God's promises.

8. God's Strange Work
The chapter refers to God's "strange work" and "alien task" (Isaiah 28:21), indicating that His judgment may seem unusual or unexpected. This theme reflects the idea that God's ways and purposes are beyond human understanding, yet they are ultimately just and righteous.

9. The Parable of the Farmer
The chapter concludes with a parable about a farmer who knows the right time to plow, sow, and harvest (Isaiah 28:23-29). This theme illustrates God's wisdom and timing in His dealings with humanity, suggesting that His judgments and actions are purposeful and measured.1. In Isaiah 28:1–4, how can we verify historically that the drunkenness and downfall of Ephraim occurred exactly as described?

2. In Isaiah 28:7–8, does the portrayal of priests and prophets being overcome by alcohol conflict with other passages that commend upright spiritual leaders?

3. In Isaiah 28:9–10, is the idea of teaching “line upon line, precept upon precept” contradicted by other biblical texts that emphasize understanding and wisdom over rote instruction?

4. How does Isaiah 28:16's "precious cornerstone" align with historical or scientific evidence of its existence or symbolic meaning?

5. In Isaiah 28:21–22, does the notion of God performing a “strange work” and bringing swift judgment raise questions about the consistency of divine justice elsewhere in the Bible?

1. What are the consequences of pride and arrogance as depicted in the fall of Ephraim? How can you apply this lesson to your life?

2. What does the fading flower symbolize in Isaiah 28:1-4?

3. How does God contrast the drunk leaders of Jerusalem with His divine wisdom?

4. In the context of your life, how would you interpret the promise of God becoming a "crown of glory" and "garland of joy" to the remnant of His people?

5. How can we identify spiritual drunkenness in today's society, and what are the ways to overcome it?

6. Why do you think the leaders of Jerusalem scoffed at the prophetic messages? How do you respond when God’s messages are challenging?

7. What does the Cornerstone represent, and how is this prophecy fulfilled in the New Testament?

8. How can the warning to Jerusalem's leaders in verses 14-22 be related to contemporary society's dealings with truth and justice?

9. In what ways do you see people today making "covenants with death," i.e., aligning with destructive behaviors or systems, believing they are immune to their consequences?

10. How does the parable of the farmer demonstrate God's wisdom?

11. In what ways can we apply the lessons from the farmer's parable in our daily decision-making processes?

12. How can we ensure that we are building our lives on the Cornerstone instead of relying on our deceptive securities?

13. In what ways can the impending divine judgment be a call to personal transformation?

14. How does the repeated theme of redemption amidst judgment in Isaiah's prophecy offer hope to us today?

15. What actions can you take to avoid the spiritual complacency warned against in this chapter?

16. How does the message of Isaiah 28 encourage you to develop a deeper relationship with God?

17. How can the imagery and prophecies in Isaiah 28 inspire your prayers and conversations with God?

18. How can the teachings in Isaiah 28 help us to better understand the character of God?

19. What steps can you take in your life to embrace the wisdom offered by God, as opposed to the wisdom of the world?

20. How can we be more discerning of God's prophecies and teachings in a world that often distorts these messages?