Now these are the portions that the Israelites inherited in the land of Canaan
This phrase introduces the division of the Promised Land among the tribes of Israel. The term "portions" refers to the specific allotments of land given to each tribe. The concept of inheritance is significant, as it fulfills God's promise to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob regarding the land of Canaan (Genesis 12:7, 15:18-21). The land of Canaan, a region with a rich history and diverse geography, was strategically located at the crossroads of ancient civilizations, making it a land of both promise and challenge.

as distributed by Eleazar the priest
Eleazar, the son of Aaron, served as the high priest after Aaron's death (Numbers 20:28). His role in distributing the land underscores the importance of spiritual leadership in the governance of Israel. The involvement of the priesthood in this process highlights the sacred nature of the land distribution, as the land was not merely a political or economic asset but a divine inheritance. Eleazar's participation also ensured that the distribution was conducted according to God's will, as the priesthood was responsible for maintaining the covenant relationship between God and Israel.

Joshua son of Nun
Joshua, the successor of Moses, was chosen by God to lead the Israelites into the Promised Land (Deuteronomy 31:23). His leadership is characterized by faithfulness and obedience to God's commands. Joshua's role in the distribution of the land is a continuation of his mission to establish Israel in Canaan, fulfilling the promises made to the patriarchs. As a type of Christ, Joshua's name, meaning "The Lord is salvation," prefigures Jesus, who leads believers into the spiritual Promised Land.

and the heads of the families of the tribes of Israel
The involvement of tribal leaders in the distribution process ensured that the allocation of land was conducted fairly and with the consent of the people. These leaders represented the various clans and families within each tribe, providing a structured and organized approach to the division of the land. This collective leadership model reflects the communal nature of Israelite society and the importance of maintaining unity and order among the tribes. The presence of these leaders also served as a witness to the fairness and legitimacy of the distribution process.

Their inheritance was assigned by lot
The practice of assigning land by lot was a common method in ancient Israel, reflecting a belief in divine sovereignty over human affairs. Casting lots was seen as a way to discern God's will, as evidenced in Proverbs 16:33, which states, "The lot is cast into the lap, but its every decision is from the LORD." This method ensured that the distribution of land was perceived as fair and divinely ordained, minimizing human bias or conflict. The use of lots is also seen in other biblical contexts, such as the selection of Saul as king (1 Samuel 10:20-24) and the replacement of Judas Iscariot by Matthias (Acts 1:26).

for the nine and a half tribes
The nine and a half tribes refer to the tribes of Israel that settled west of the Jordan River. This division occurred because the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh had already received their inheritance east of the Jordan, as described in Numbers 32. The nine and a half tribes included Judah, Ephraim, Benjamin, Simeon, Zebulun, Issachar, Asher, Naphtali, Dan, and the remaining half of Manasseh. This division highlights the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham regarding the land of Canaan (Genesis 15:18-21).

as the LORD had commanded through Moses
This phrase underscores the continuity of God's covenantal promises and commands from Moses to Joshua. Moses, as the servant of the LORD, had received detailed instructions regarding the division of the land (Numbers 34:13-29). Joshua's leadership in carrying out these commands demonstrates his role as Moses' successor and the importance of obedience to God's directives. This continuity is crucial for maintaining the unity and identity of the Israelite nation as they settle in the Promised Land. The command also reflects the fulfillment of God's promises to the patriarchs, reinforcing the theme of divine faithfulness throughout the biblical narrative.

For Moses had given the inheritance east of the Jordan to the other two and a half tribes.
This phrase refers to the allocation of land by Moses to the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh. This event is detailed in Numbers 32, where these tribes requested to settle in the fertile lands of Gilead and Bashan, east of the Jordan River, because they were suitable for their large herds. Moses initially hesitated, fearing a repeat of the rebellion at Kadesh Barnea, but he agreed after they promised to help the other tribes conquer the land west of the Jordan. This allocation fulfilled part of God's promise to Abraham regarding the land his descendants would inherit (Genesis 15:18-21).

But he granted no inheritance among them to the Levites.
The Levites were set apart for religious duties and service to the Tabernacle, as outlined in Numbers 18:20-24. They were not given a specific territory like the other tribes but were instead provided with cities scattered throughout Israel (Numbers 35:1-8). This arrangement emphasized their role as spiritual leaders and mediators between God and the people. Their inheritance was the Lord Himself, symbolizing a deeper spiritual truth that points to the New Testament concept of believers being a royal priesthood (1 Peter 2:9). The Levites' unique position foreshadows the priestly ministry of Jesus Christ, who serves as the ultimate High Priest (Hebrews 4:14-16).

The descendants of Joseph became two tribes, Manasseh and Ephraim.
This phrase highlights the unique status of Joseph's descendants in the tribal structure of Israel. Joseph, one of Jacob's twelve sons, received a double portion of inheritance through his two sons, Manasseh and Ephraim, as recorded in Genesis 48:5. This effectively made Joseph's lineage into two separate tribes, fulfilling Jacob's blessing and prophecy over Joseph's sons. This division is significant in the allocation of the Promised Land, as it maintains the number of tribes at twelve, despite the absence of a land inheritance for the Levites. The tribes of Manasseh and Ephraim played crucial roles in Israel's history, with Ephraim often being a leading tribe in the northern kingdom. This division also reflects the fulfillment of God's promises to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob regarding their descendants.

And no portion of the land was given to the Levites,
The Levites, descendants of Levi, were set apart for religious duties and service to the Tabernacle, as outlined in Numbers 18:20-24. Their unique role as priests and caretakers of the sanctuary meant they did not receive a territorial inheritance like the other tribes. Instead, their inheritance was the Lord Himself, and they were supported by the tithes and offerings of the other tribes. This arrangement underscores the Levites' spiritual responsibility and their dependence on God and the community for sustenance, emphasizing the principle of living by faith and service.

except for cities in which to live,
The Levites were given specific cities scattered throughout the tribes of Israel, as detailed in Numbers 35:1-8. These cities provided them with places to live and serve the people, ensuring that the spiritual and religious needs of the nation were met across the land. The distribution of these cities also facilitated the teaching of the Law and the administration of justice, as the Levites were often involved in these activities. This arrangement highlights the integration of spiritual leadership within the daily life of the Israelites.

along with pasturelands for their flocks and herds.
In addition to cities, the Levites were allotted pasturelands surrounding these cities to support their livestock, as described in Numbers 35:2-3. This provision ensured that the Levites could sustain themselves and their families, maintaining their focus on their spiritual duties without the need for extensive agricultural work. The inclusion of pasturelands reflects God's provision for all aspects of the Levites' needs, allowing them to fulfill their role as spiritual leaders and mediators between God and the people. This arrangement also symbolizes the balance between spiritual service and practical living, demonstrating God's care for His servants.

So the Israelites did as the LORD had commanded Moses
This phrase highlights the obedience of the Israelites to God's instructions given through Moses. It reflects the fulfillment of God's promises to the patriarchs, particularly Abraham, regarding the land of Canaan (Genesis 12:7). The Israelites' compliance is significant as it demonstrates their faith and trust in God's plan. This obedience is a recurring theme in the Pentateuch, where blessings are often contingent upon adherence to God's commands (Deuteronomy 28:1-14). The phrase also underscores the leadership transition from Moses to Joshua, as Joshua continues to implement the divine directives given to Moses.

and they divided the land
The division of the land among the tribes of Israel is a pivotal moment in the history of the Israelites, marking the transition from a nomadic lifestyle to settlement in the Promised Land. This division was not arbitrary but followed specific instructions given by God, ensuring each tribe received its inheritance (Numbers 26:52-56). The allocation of land is detailed in the subsequent chapters of Joshua, emphasizing the importance of each tribe's role in the nation of Israel. This act of dividing the land also fulfills the covenantal promise made to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, signifying God's faithfulness. Theologically, the land serves as a type of the eternal inheritance promised to believers, with the division symbolizing the rest and provision found in Christ (Hebrews 4:8-10).

Then the sons of Judah approached Joshua at Gilgal
The tribe of Judah, one of the twelve tribes of Israel, is significant in biblical history as it is the tribe from which King David and ultimately Jesus Christ descended. Gilgal is an important location in Israel's history, serving as the first campsite of the Israelites after crossing the Jordan River into the Promised Land. It was here that the Israelites renewed their covenant with God through circumcision and celebrated the Passover (Joshua 5:2-12). This setting underscores the continuity of God's promises and the fulfillment of His covenant with Israel.

and Caleb son of Jephunneh the Kenizzite said to him
Caleb is a prominent figure known for his faithfulness and courage. He was one of the twelve spies sent by Moses to scout the Promised Land and, along with Joshua, gave a positive report, trusting in God's promise (Numbers 13:30, 14:6-9). The mention of Caleb as a Kenizzite indicates his non-Israelite origin, as the Kenizzites were a clan associated with Edom. This highlights the inclusivity of God's covenant, as Caleb is fully integrated into the tribe of Judah and the people of Israel due to his faith and loyalty.

“You know what the LORD said to Moses the man of God at Kadesh-barnea about you and me.
Kadesh-barnea is a significant location where the Israelites camped in the wilderness and from where the spies were sent into Canaan (Numbers 13:26). It is here that God made a promise to Caleb and Joshua, assuring them that they would enter the Promised Land because of their faithfulness (Numbers 14:24, 30). The reference to Moses as "the man of God" emphasizes his role as a prophet and leader through whom God communicated His will. This phrase underscores the reliability of God's promises and the importance of faith and obedience in receiving God's blessings.

I was forty years old
At the age of forty, Caleb was in the prime of his life, a time when he would have been considered mature and experienced. This age signifies readiness and capability for the task he was given. In biblical terms, forty often represents a period of testing or preparation, as seen in the forty years of Israel's wandering in the wilderness.

when Moses the servant of the LORD
Moses is referred to as the servant of the LORD, highlighting his role as a faithful leader chosen by God to guide the Israelites. This title underscores Moses' humility and dedication to God's commands, setting a standard for leadership in Israel. It also connects to other biblical figures who are called servants of the LORD, such as David and the prophets.

sent me from Kadesh-barnea
Kadesh-barnea was a significant location in the wilderness journey of the Israelites. It served as a base for the exploration of Canaan and was a place of decision and rebellion, as seen in Numbers 13-14. The geographical location is in the Negev desert, near the border of the Promised Land, symbolizing a threshold between the wilderness and the fulfillment of God's promises.

to spy out the land
The mission to spy out the land was a strategic move to assess the land of Canaan, which God had promised to the descendants of Abraham. This task required courage and faith, as the spies were to evaluate the land's inhabitants, cities, and resources. The act of spying out the land is a precursor to the eventual conquest and settlement of Canaan.

and I brought back to him an honest report
Caleb's report was characterized by honesty and faithfulness. Unlike the majority of the spies, Caleb and Joshua brought back a report that was aligned with God's promises, emphasizing the land's potential and the Israelites' ability to conquer it with God's help. This honesty reflects Caleb's trust in God's word and contrasts with the fear and doubt expressed by the other spies. Caleb's faithfulness is later rewarded, as seen in his inheritance of Hebron.

Although my brothers who went with me
This phrase refers to the other spies sent by Moses to scout the Promised Land (Numbers 13:1-14:10). Caleb, along with Joshua, was one of the twelve spies. The term "brothers" indicates their shared mission and heritage as Israelites. This highlights the unity and shared responsibility among the tribes of Israel, yet also foreshadows the division in their report and faith.

made the hearts of the people melt with fear
The report of the ten spies instilled fear among the Israelites, causing them to doubt God's promise and power (Numbers 13:31-33). This fear led to rebellion against God’s command to take the land. The phrase "melt with fear" is a vivid expression of the Israelites' loss of courage, similar to the reaction of the Canaanites upon hearing of Israel's approach (Joshua 2:9-11). It underscores the power of words and the impact of leadership on communal faith.

I remained loyal to the LORD my God
Caleb's loyalty is a testament to his faith and trust in God's promises, contrasting with the fear and disbelief of the other spies. His faithfulness is rewarded with the promise of inheritance in the land (Numbers 14:24). This loyalty is a type of Christ, who remained faithful to God’s mission despite opposition. Caleb's unwavering faith serves as a model for believers, emphasizing the importance of steadfastness in the face of doubt and adversity.

On that day Moses swore to me, saying,
This phrase refers to a specific promise made by Moses to Caleb. The context is found in Numbers 14:24, where Caleb is distinguished for his faithfulness among the spies sent to Canaan. Moses, as the leader of Israel, had the authority to make such declarations, and his words carried the weight of divine promise. This moment is significant as it underscores the importance of faith and obedience in receiving God's promises.

‘Surely the land on which you have set foot
The land mentioned here is Hebron, a significant location in biblical history. Caleb had explored this area as one of the twelve spies (Numbers 13:22). Hebron is one of the oldest cities in the world, with archaeological evidence supporting its ancient habitation. It later becomes a city of refuge and a Levitical city, highlighting its continued importance in Israel's history.

will be an inheritance to you and your children forever,
The concept of inheritance is central to the covenantal promises given to the Israelites. This promise to Caleb is both personal and generational, emphasizing the enduring nature of God's promises. The term "forever" indicates a perpetual possession, which is a common theme in God's covenants with His people, as seen in Genesis 17:8 with Abraham.

because you have wholly followed the LORD my God.’
Caleb's complete devotion to God is highlighted here. His faithfulness is contrasted with the unbelief of the other spies and the Israelites who doubted God's promise. This phrase underscores the biblical principle that wholehearted devotion to God results in blessing and reward. Caleb's life serves as a type of Christ, who perfectly followed the will of the Father, and as an example for believers to emulate in their walk of faith.

Now behold, as the LORD promised
This phrase emphasizes the faithfulness of God in fulfilling His promises. The promise referred to here is found in Numbers 14:24, where God assured Caleb that he would enter the Promised Land because of his faithfulness. This highlights the biblical theme of God's covenant faithfulness, a recurring motif throughout Scripture, seen in His promises to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.

He has kept me alive these forty-five years
Caleb acknowledges God's providence in sustaining his life. This period of 45 years includes the 40 years of Israel's wandering in the wilderness and the subsequent 5 years of conquest in Canaan. The preservation of Caleb's life is a testament to God's protection and provision, similar to how God sustained the Israelites with manna and quail.

since He spoke this word to Moses
The "word" refers to God's promise that Caleb would inherit the land he had explored (Numbers 14:24). Moses, as the leader and prophet, was the intermediary through whom God communicated His will. This underscores the importance of prophetic leadership in Israel's history and the authority of God's word delivered through His chosen servants.

while Israel wandered in the wilderness
This phrase recalls the period of Israel's disobedience and lack of faith, resulting in their 40-year journey in the wilderness (Numbers 14:33-34). It serves as a reminder of the consequences of unbelief and disobedience, contrasting with Caleb's faithfulness. The wilderness experience is often seen as a time of testing and preparation for entering the Promised Land.

So here I am today, eighty-five years old
Caleb's age signifies not only the passage of time but also his enduring strength and faith. At 85, he is still ready to claim his inheritance, demonstrating that God's promises are not limited by human age or ability. This reflects the biblical principle that God empowers those who trust in Him, as seen in Isaiah 40:31, where those who hope in the Lord renew their strength. Caleb's life is a type of Christ in his unwavering faith and obedience, pointing to the ultimate fulfillment of God's promises in Jesus.

still as strong today as I was the day Moses sent me out.
Caleb, at 85 years old, declares his strength is undiminished since the time Moses sent him as a spy into Canaan (Numbers 13:1-3). This reflects God's sustaining power and faithfulness. Caleb's vigor symbolizes the spiritual vitality available to those who wholly follow the Lord (Numbers 14:24). His strength is a testament to a life lived in obedience and faith, contrasting with the fate of the other spies who doubted (Numbers 14:37). Caleb's unwavering faith and physical strength serve as a type of Christ, who perfectly obeyed and trusted the Father.

As my strength was then, so it is now for war,
Caleb's readiness for battle at his advanced age highlights the importance of spiritual preparedness and reliance on God's promises. His confidence in God's provision for victory is reminiscent of David's faith against Goliath (1 Samuel 17:45-47). Caleb's statement underscores the biblical theme that true strength comes from God (Philippians 4:13). His willingness to engage in warfare for the promised land prefigures the spiritual warfare Christians face, relying on God's strength to overcome (Ephesians 6:10-18).

for going out, and for coming in.
This phrase signifies the totality of Caleb's life activities, encompassing both daily routines and extraordinary endeavors. It reflects the biblical concept of living under God's guidance and protection (Deuteronomy 28:6). Caleb's life, marked by faithfulness and divine favor, serves as an example of a life fully committed to God's purposes. This mirrors the life of Jesus, who perfectly fulfilled His mission, going out to minister and coming in to commune with the Father (John 17:4). Caleb's declaration encourages believers to trust in God's provision for every aspect of life.

Now therefore give me this hill country
This request is made by Caleb, one of the two faithful spies who, along with Joshua, believed that Israel could conquer the Promised Land (Numbers 13-14). The "hill country" refers to the region of Hebron, a significant area in biblical history. Hebron is located in the southern part of the land of Canaan and is known for its rugged terrain. It is also the burial place of the patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, making it a spiritually significant location.

that the LORD promised me on that day
Caleb refers to the promise made by God through Moses that he would inherit the land he had explored because of his faithfulness (Numbers 14:24). This promise underscores the theme of divine faithfulness and reward for obedience. Caleb's request is based on a specific divine promise, highlighting the importance of God's word and the fulfillment of His promises.

for you yourself heard then that the Anakim were there
The Anakim were a race of giants mentioned in the Bible, known for their formidable size and strength (Deuteronomy 9:2). Their presence in the land was a source of fear for the other spies, but Caleb's faith in God's promise allowed him to see beyond the physical challenges. This reference emphasizes the contrast between fear and faith, and the importance of trusting in God's power over human obstacles.

with great and fortified cities
The mention of "great and fortified cities" indicates the significant military challenge that the inhabitants of Canaan posed. These cities were well-defended and strategically important, representing the strength and resilience of the Canaanite people. Caleb's willingness to confront these challenges demonstrates his courage and reliance on God's strength rather than human might.

Perhaps with the LORD’s help I will drive them out
Caleb acknowledges his dependence on God for victory, recognizing that success is not guaranteed by human effort alone but requires divine intervention. This statement reflects a humble reliance on God's power and a recognition of human limitations. It also illustrates the biblical principle that faith requires action, but ultimate success is granted by God.

as the LORD has spoken
Caleb's confidence is rooted in the word of God, as he recalls the divine promise of victory over the inhabitants of the land (Deuteronomy 1:36). This phrase underscores the authority and reliability of God's word, serving as a reminder that God's promises are sure and trustworthy. Caleb's faith is an example of living in accordance with God's promises, trusting in His timing and provision.

Then Joshua blessed Caleb son of Jephunneh
Joshua, as the leader of Israel, had the authority to bless Caleb. This blessing signifies approval and divine favor. Caleb, son of Jephunneh, is one of the two faithful spies (Numbers 13-14) who trusted in God's promise to give Israel the land. His faithfulness is rewarded here. The act of blessing is significant in biblical tradition, often conveying God's favor and promises (Genesis 12:2-3).

and gave him Hebron as his inheritance
Hebron is a significant city, both historically and spiritually. It is one of the oldest cities in the world and was previously known as Kiriath Arba. Hebron is where Abraham settled and purchased the cave of Machpelah as a burial site (Genesis 23:2-20). This inheritance fulfills God's promise to Caleb for his faithfulness (Numbers 14:24). Hebron later becomes a Levitical city and a city of refuge (Joshua 21:11-13). The giving of Hebron to Caleb also prefigures the Christian concept of inheritance through faith, as believers are promised an eternal inheritance in Christ (Ephesians 1:11).

Therefore Hebron belongs to Caleb son of Jephunneh the Kenizzite as an inheritance to this day
Hebron, a significant city in biblical history, was originally called Kiriath Arba. It is located in the hill country of Judah and is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. Hebron's significance is highlighted by its association with the patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, who were buried in the Cave of Machpelah there. Caleb, a member of the tribe of Judah, was granted Hebron as a reward for his faithfulness. The phrase "to this day" indicates the enduring nature of this inheritance, emphasizing the fulfillment of God's promises. Caleb's designation as a Kenizzite suggests a possible non-Israelite origin, yet he is fully integrated into the tribe of Judah, illustrating the inclusivity of God's covenant community.

because he wholly followed the LORD, the God of Israel
Caleb's wholehearted devotion to God is a central theme in his story. Unlike the other spies sent to Canaan, Caleb and Joshua trusted in God's promise to give Israel the land, despite the formidable obstacles. This phrase underscores the importance of faith and obedience in receiving God's blessings. Caleb's faithfulness is a model for believers, demonstrating that trust in God leads to the fulfillment of His promises. The reference to "the LORD, the God of Israel" highlights the covenant relationship between God and His people, emphasizing that Caleb's actions were rooted in his commitment to this divine relationship. Caleb's life foreshadows the complete obedience of Jesus Christ, who perfectly followed the will of the Father.

Hebron used to be called Kiriath-arba
Hebron, one of the oldest cities in the world, holds significant historical and biblical importance. Originally named Kiriath-arba, it was named after Arba, a prominent figure among the Anakim, a race of giants mentioned in the Bible. This city was a central location in the narratives of the patriarchs, as Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob all had connections to Hebron. It was here that Abraham purchased the cave of Machpelah as a burial site for his wife Sarah, establishing a lasting legacy for his descendants. The renaming of Kiriath-arba to Hebron signifies a transition from its association with the Anakim to its role as a key city in Israel's history.

after Arba, the greatest man among the Anakim
Arba is described as the greatest among the Anakim, a group of formidable giants who inhabited the land of Canaan. The Anakim were known for their size and strength, and their presence in the land was a source of fear for the Israelites. The mention of Arba highlights the formidable nature of the inhabitants that Joshua and the Israelites had to confront during their conquest of Canaan. This reference underscores the victory of faith and divine intervention over seemingly insurmountable obstacles, as the Israelites, under Joshua's leadership, were able to conquer the land despite the presence of such formidable foes.

Then the land had rest from war
This phrase marks a significant turning point in the narrative of the conquest of Canaan. After a series of battles and military campaigns led by Joshua, the land finally experienced a period of peace. This rest from war signifies the fulfillment of God's promise to give the Israelites the land of Canaan as their inheritance. It also foreshadows the ultimate rest and peace that believers find in Jesus Christ, who is often seen as a type of Joshua, leading His people into the promised rest. The cessation of warfare allowed the tribes of Israel to settle and establish themselves in the land, laying the foundation for the future kingdom of Israel.