Everyone must submit himself to the governing authorities
This phrase emphasizes the universal principle of submission to authority, which is a recurring theme in Scripture. The call to submit is not limited to a specific group but applies to all believers. In the context of the Roman Empire, where Paul was writing, the governing authorities were often oppressive and pagan. Yet, Paul instructs Christians to submit, reflecting a broader biblical principle of respecting and obeying authority (1 Peter 2:13-17). This submission is not absolute, as seen in Acts 5:29, where Peter and the apostles assert that obedience to God takes precedence over human authority when the two are in conflict.

for there is no authority except that which is from God
This phrase underscores the sovereignty of God over all earthly powers. It reflects the biblical worldview that God is the ultimate source of all authority, as seen in Daniel 2:21, where God is described as the one who "changes times and seasons; he deposes kings and raises up others." This understanding provides comfort and assurance to believers, knowing that even imperfect human governments are under God's control. It also serves as a reminder of God's providence and the divine order established in creation.

The authorities that exist have been appointed by God
This statement reinforces the idea that all existing authorities are established by divine appointment. It echoes the Old Testament teaching found in Proverbs 8:15-16, where wisdom personified declares, "By me kings reign and rulers issue decrees that are just; by me princes govern, and nobles—all who rule on earth." This perspective encourages believers to view political and social structures as part of God's plan, even when they do not align with personal or cultural preferences. It also calls for a recognition of God's ultimate purpose and plan, which can work through any government, as seen in the lives of biblical figures like Joseph and Daniel, who served under foreign rulers yet remained faithful to God.

Consequently, whoever resists authority
This phrase emphasizes the principle of submission to governing authorities. In the biblical context, Paul writes to the Roman Christians who lived under the Roman Empire, a regime not always favorable to Christians. The term "authority" here refers to governmental powers, which were seen as instituted by God for maintaining order. This aligns with the broader biblical teaching that God is sovereign over all nations and rulers (Daniel 2:21). The resistance mentioned is not just civil disobedience but a deeper rebellion against God's ordained structure.

is opposing what God has set in place
This highlights the divine origin of governmental authority. The Bible consistently teaches that God establishes rulers and kingdoms (Proverbs 8:15-16). This does not mean all actions by authorities are just, but the institution itself is part of God's order. The phrase suggests a theological understanding that God uses even imperfect governments to accomplish His purposes, as seen in the stories of Joseph in Egypt (Genesis 50:20) and Daniel in Babylon (Daniel 4:17).

and those who do so will bring judgment on themselves
This serves as a warning of the consequences of resisting authority. The "judgment" can be understood in two ways: divine judgment and legal consequences. Biblically, God holds individuals accountable for their actions, and rebellion against authority is seen as rebellion against God (1 Peter 2:13-14). Historically, the Roman legal system was strict, and defiance often led to severe penalties. This phrase underscores the importance of living peaceably and lawfully, reflecting Jesus' teaching to "render to Caesar what is Caesar's" (Matthew 22:21).

For rulers are not a terror to good conduct, but to bad.
This phrase highlights the role of government as ordained by God to maintain order and justice. Biblically, rulers are seen as God's servants (Romans 13:4) to promote good and restrain evil. Historically, the Roman government, under which Paul wrote, was known for its legal system and enforcement of laws. The idea is that a just government should not instill fear in those who do good but should be a deterrent to those who do evil. This aligns with Proverbs 20:8, which speaks of a king who sits on the throne of judgment, scattering evil with his eyes.

Do you want to be unafraid of the one in authority?
This rhetorical question encourages self-reflection on one's relationship with authority. In the cultural context of the Roman Empire, where authority was absolute and often harsh, this question would prompt believers to consider their actions and attitudes towards those in power. The Bible consistently teaches respect for authority (1 Peter 2:13-14), emphasizing that fear is unnecessary when one lives righteously. This principle is timeless, encouraging believers to live in a way that aligns with both divine and human laws.

Then do what is right, and you will have his approval.
This phrase underscores the biblical principle of sowing and reaping (Galatians 6:7). By doing what is right, believers align themselves with God's will and the laws of the land, which generally leads to approval and peace. The historical context of early Christians, who were often persecuted, adds depth to this instruction, as it reassures them that righteous living is ultimately recognized and rewarded by God, if not always by human authorities. This echoes the teachings of Jesus in Matthew 5:16, where good deeds are meant to glorify God and gain favor with others.

For he is God’s servant for your good.
This phrase emphasizes the role of governing authorities as divinely appointed servants. The term "servant" (Greek: diakonos) suggests a role of service and duty, aligning with the biblical principle that all authority is established by God (Romans 13:1). This reflects the Old Testament understanding of leaders like King David, who were seen as shepherds of God's people (2 Samuel 5:2). The purpose of this service is for the "good" of the people, indicating that the primary role of government is to promote justice and societal well-being, echoing the wisdom literature's call for righteous leadership (Proverbs 29:2).

But if you do wrong, be afraid,
This phrase introduces the concept of accountability and the fear of consequences for wrongdoing. The fear mentioned here is not merely emotional but a recognition of the authority's power to enforce laws. This aligns with the biblical principle of reaping what one sows (Galatians 6:7) and the understanding that God uses human institutions to maintain order and justice. The fear of punishment serves as a deterrent to evil actions, similar to the warnings found in the Mosaic Law (Deuteronomy 13:11).

for he does not carry the sword in vain.
The "sword" symbolizes the authority's power to enforce laws, including the use of force if necessary. In the Roman context, the sword was a symbol of the magistrate's power to execute justice, including capital punishment. This reflects the broader biblical theme of divine justice, where God uses human agents to execute His judgment (Genesis 9:6). The phrase underscores the seriousness of governmental authority and its role in maintaining order, resonating with the prophetic calls for justice and righteousness (Isaiah 1:17).

He is God’s servant, an agent of retribution to the wrongdoer.
Reiterating the role of the authority as God's servant, this phrase highlights the aspect of retribution. The concept of retribution is deeply rooted in biblical justice, where wrongdoing is met with appropriate consequences (Exodus 21:23-25). The authority acts as an "agent" (Greek: ekdikos), meaning one who carries out justice on behalf of another, in this case, God. This reflects the divine mandate given to rulers to uphold justice and punish evil, as seen in the roles of judges and kings throughout Israel's history (1 Kings 3:28). The phrase underscores the moral responsibility of authorities to act justly, aligning with the prophetic vision of a world where justice prevails (Amos 5:24).

Therefore it is necessary to submit to authority
This phrase emphasizes the importance of submission to governing authorities. In the context of the Roman Empire, where Paul was writing, the government was often seen as oppressive, yet Paul instructs believers to submit. This aligns with Jesus' teaching in Matthew 22:21, "Render to Caesar the things that are Caesar's." The necessity of submission is rooted in the belief that all authority is established by God (Romans 13:1). This submission is not blind obedience but a recognition of God's sovereignty over human institutions.

not only to avoid punishment
The immediate practical reason for submission is to avoid the consequences of disobedience. In the Roman context, punishment could be severe, including fines, imprisonment, or even death. This reflects a broader biblical principle found in Proverbs 24:21-22, which warns against rebellion against authority. The fear of punishment serves as a deterrent to wrongdoing, maintaining order and justice in society.

but also as a matter of conscience
Beyond fear of punishment, submission is a moral obligation. Conscience, in biblical terms, refers to the inner sense of right and wrong given by God. This aligns with 1 Peter 2:13-15, which encourages submission for the Lord's sake, highlighting that obedience to authority is part of a believer's witness to the world. The conscience is informed by the Holy Spirit, guiding believers to act in ways that honor God, even when human laws are not directly aligned with divine laws.

This is also why you pay taxes.
The instruction to pay taxes is rooted in the broader context of Romans 13, which discusses the Christian's relationship to governing authorities. In the Roman Empire, taxes were a significant part of life, funding public works and the military. The command to pay taxes aligns with Jesus' teaching in Matthew 22:21, "Render to Caesar the things that are Caesar's," emphasizing the believer's responsibility to support governmental structures. This reflects a recognition of God's sovereignty over earthly authorities and the believer's duty to live peaceably within society.

For the authorities are God’s servants,
The term "servants" here is translated from the Greek word "leitourgos," often used to describe public servants or ministers. This suggests that governing authorities, regardless of their personal beliefs or actions, are instituted by God to maintain order and justice. This concept is echoed in 1 Peter 2:13-14, where believers are urged to submit to every human authority for the Lord's sake. The idea that authorities are God's servants underscores the belief that God uses even secular governments to accomplish His purposes.

who devote themselves to their work.
The phrase indicates a sense of duty and commitment expected from those in authority. In the Roman context, officials were responsible for maintaining peace and order, collecting taxes, and administering justice. The dedication to their roles is seen as part of God's providential plan, ensuring societal stability. This devotion is a reminder to believers that while human leaders are fallible, their roles are part of a divine order. The call for authorities to be devoted to their work also implies a standard of integrity and diligence, reflecting the biblical principle that all work should be done as unto the Lord (Colossians 3:23).

Pay everyone what you owe him:
This phrase emphasizes the Christian duty to fulfill obligations and debts. In the context of the Roman Empire, where Paul was writing, the concept of paying debts was crucial for maintaining social order. The Bible consistently teaches the importance of integrity and honesty in financial matters (Proverbs 3:27-28). This principle reflects the broader biblical theme of justice and righteousness, as seen in the teachings of Jesus (Matthew 5:23-24).

Taxes to whom taxes are due:
During Paul's time, the Roman government imposed various taxes on its citizens, including poll taxes and land taxes. The instruction to pay taxes aligns with Jesus' teaching in Matthew 22:21, "Render to Caesar the things that are Caesar's." This reflects the understanding that governmental authorities are established by God (Romans 13:1), and paying taxes is part of submitting to their authority.

Revenue to whom revenue is due:
Revenue here can be understood as customs or duties, which were common in the Roman Empire, especially in trade and commerce. This phrase underscores the importance of fulfilling financial obligations in business dealings. The Bible encourages fair and honest trade practices (Proverbs 11:1), and this principle is a call to uphold integrity in all financial transactions.

Respect to whom respect is due:
Respect is a fundamental biblical principle, rooted in the understanding that all people are made in the image of God (Genesis 1:27). In the cultural context of the Roman Empire, social hierarchies were prevalent, and showing respect to those in authority was expected. This aligns with the broader biblical teaching of honoring others (1 Peter 2:17) and living peaceably with all (Romans 12:18).

Honor to whom honor is due:
Honor goes beyond respect, involving a deeper recognition of someone's position or contribution. In biblical terms, honor is often associated with parents (Exodus 20:12) and leaders (1 Timothy 5:17). This phrase calls believers to acknowledge and esteem those who hold positions of authority or have made significant contributions to society, reflecting the biblical value of giving honor where it is due (Proverbs 3:9).

Be indebted to no one
This phrase emphasizes the importance of living a life free from financial and moral obligations that could hinder one's ability to serve God and others. In the cultural context of the Roman Empire, debt was a common issue, often leading to slavery or imprisonment. The Bible frequently warns against the dangers of debt (Proverbs 22:7). This instruction aligns with the broader biblical principle of stewardship and living within one's means.

except to one another in love
The only debt that should remain outstanding is the perpetual obligation to love others. This reflects the teaching of Jesus in John 13:34-35, where He commands His disciples to love one another as He has loved them. Love is seen as a continuous, never-ending duty, transcending all other obligations. This love is agape, a selfless, sacrificial love that seeks the best for others, reflecting the love of Christ.

For he who loves his neighbor
This phrase echoes the second greatest commandment as stated by Jesus in Matthew 22:39, "Love your neighbor as yourself." The term "neighbor" extends beyond geographical or ethnic boundaries, encompassing all humanity. The parable of the Good Samaritan (Luke 10:25-37) illustrates this expansive definition, challenging cultural and social prejudices.

has fulfilled the law
Loving one's neighbor fulfills the moral requirements of the law, as love inherently seeks the good of others and thus naturally adheres to the commandments. This concept is rooted in the teachings of Jesus, who summarized the law and the prophets with the commandments to love God and love others (Matthew 22:37-40). The Apostle Paul reiterates this in Galatians 5:14, emphasizing that love is the essence of the law. This fulfillment is not about legalistic adherence but about embodying the spirit of the law through love, which is the ultimate expression of God's will.

The commandments “Do not commit adultery,”
This phrase references the seventh commandment found in Exodus 20:14 and Deuteronomy 5:18. Adultery was considered a grave sin in ancient Israel, undermining the sanctity of marriage and family, which were foundational to societal stability. In the New Testament, Jesus expands on this commandment in Matthew 5:27-28, emphasizing that even lustful thoughts are equivalent to adultery, highlighting the importance of purity in both action and thought.

“Do not murder,”
This commandment, the sixth in the Decalogue (Exodus 20:13; Deuteronomy 5:17), underscores the sanctity of human life, created in the image of God (Genesis 1:27). The prohibition against murder is foundational to maintaining justice and order in society. Jesus further deepens this commandment in Matthew 5:21-22, teaching that anger and hatred towards others are akin to murder, thus calling for reconciliation and love.

“Do not steal,”
The eighth commandment (Exodus 20:15; Deuteronomy 5:19) addresses the respect for others' property and the importance of honesty and integrity. In biblical times, theft could destabilize communities and erode trust. Ephesians 4:28 encourages believers to work honestly and share with those in need, transforming the commandment into a call for generosity and community support.

“Do not covet,”
This commandment, the tenth in the list (Exodus 20:17; Deuteronomy 5:21), targets the inner desires and attitudes that can lead to sin. Coveting disrupts contentment and can lead to actions that harm others. In Luke 12:15, Jesus warns against all kinds of greed, emphasizing that life does not consist in the abundance of possessions, thus promoting a heart of gratitude and trust in God's provision.

and any other commandments,
This phrase suggests the comprehensive nature of the moral law, encompassing not only the Ten Commandments but also other ethical teachings found throughout Scripture. It reflects the holistic approach to righteousness that goes beyond mere rule-following to embodying the spirit of the law in all aspects of life.

are summed up in this one decree:
The idea of summing up the law is rooted in the Jewish tradition of seeking the essence of the commandments. This concept is echoed in Jesus' teaching in Matthew 22:37-40, where He states that all the Law and the Prophets hang on the commandments to love God and love one's neighbor.

“Love your neighbor as yourself.”
This commandment, originally found in Leviticus 19:18, is central to both the Old and New Testaments. It calls for empathy, compassion, and selflessness, reflecting God's love for humanity. Jesus elevates this commandment in the parable of the Good Samaritan (Luke 10:25-37), illustrating that neighborly love transcends ethnic and social boundaries. This love is a reflection of Christ's sacrificial love, as seen in His life and teachings, and is the fulfillment of the law (Galatians 5:14).

Love does no wrong to its neighbor.
This phrase emphasizes the ethical and moral obligations of Christians towards others. In the biblical context, "neighbor" refers to anyone with whom one comes into contact, echoing the parable of the Good Samaritan (Luke 10:25-37). The concept of love here is agape, a selfless, sacrificial love that seeks the best for others. This aligns with Jesus' teaching in Matthew 22:39, where He commands to "love your neighbor as yourself." Historically, this principle was countercultural in the Roman Empire, where social hierarchies and divisions were prevalent. The early Christian community was known for its radical love and care for others, which distinguished them from the surrounding society. This phrase also connects to the Old Testament, where the law given to Moses included commandments about treating others justly and with kindness (Leviticus 19:18).

Therefore love is the fulfillment of the law.
This statement encapsulates the idea that love is the essence and goal of the law. In the Jewish tradition, the law (Torah) was central to religious life, comprising commandments that governed moral, ceremonial, and civil aspects. Jesus summarized the law with the two greatest commandments: love God and love your neighbor (Matthew 22:37-40). By stating that love fulfills the law, Paul underscores that genuine love naturally leads to the observance of God's commandments. This reflects the prophetic writings, such as Jeremiah 31:33, where God promises to write His law on the hearts of His people, indicating an internal transformation rather than mere external compliance. Theologically, this points to the work of the Holy Spirit in believers, enabling them to live out the law through love. This fulfillment is also typified in Jesus Christ, who perfectly embodied love and fulfilled the law through His life, death, and resurrection.

And do this, understanding the occasion.
This phrase emphasizes the importance of recognizing the urgency and significance of the present time. In the context of Paul's letter to the Romans, he is urging believers to live righteously and be aware of the spiritual and moral implications of their actions. The "occasion" refers to the eschatological expectation of Christ's return, a common theme in early Christian teachings. Understanding the times involves discerning the moral and spiritual climate and responding appropriately, as seen in 1 Chronicles 12:32, where the men of Issachar are praised for their understanding of the times.

The hour has come for you to wake up from your slumber,
Paul uses the metaphor of waking from sleep to illustrate the need for spiritual vigilance and readiness. This imagery is consistent with other New Testament passages, such as Ephesians 5:14, which calls believers to rise from the dead and let Christ shine on them. The urgency of the message reflects the early Christian belief in the imminent return of Christ, encouraging believers to live in a state of preparedness and moral alertness. The call to wake up also suggests a transition from spiritual lethargy to active engagement in faith.

for our salvation is nearer now than when we first believed.
This phrase highlights the progressive nature of salvation in Christian theology. While believers are justified at the moment of faith, the full realization of salvation, including glorification, is yet to come. The nearness of salvation refers to the anticipated return of Christ and the consummation of God's kingdom. This eschatological hope is a recurring theme in the New Testament, as seen in passages like Hebrews 10:25, which encourages believers to gather together as they see the Day approaching. The phrase serves as a reminder of the temporal nature of earthly life and the eternal perspective that should guide Christian conduct.

The night is nearly over;
This phrase suggests a transition from a period of spiritual darkness to one of enlightenment and righteousness. In biblical context, "night" often symbolizes ignorance, sin, and separation from God. The Apostle Paul uses this metaphor to indicate that the time of living in sin is coming to an end. Historically, this reflects the anticipation of Christ's return, a common theme in early Christian teachings. The urgency in Paul's message is a call to readiness and transformation, as believers are encouraged to leave behind their former ways.

the day has drawn near.
"The day" refers to the coming of Christ and the establishment of His kingdom. This is a common eschatological theme in the New Testament, where the "day" signifies the time of salvation and judgment. The nearness of the day implies that believers should live in a state of preparedness and holiness. This connects to other scriptures such as 1 Thessalonians 5:2-8, where the day of the Lord is described as coming like a thief in the night, urging vigilance and moral integrity.

So let us lay aside the deeds of darkness
"Deeds of darkness" refers to sinful behaviors and lifestyles that are contrary to God's will. In the cultural context of the Roman Empire, where immorality and pagan practices were prevalent, this call to abandon such deeds was radical. Paul emphasizes the need for a clear break from past sins, aligning with the transformative power of the Gospel. This is reminiscent of Ephesians 5:11, which advises believers to have nothing to do with the fruitless deeds of darkness.

and put on the armor of light.
The "armor of light" symbolizes the virtues and righteous living that protect believers from spiritual harm. This metaphor of armor is also found in Ephesians 6:10-18, where Paul describes the full armor of God. The imagery suggests a readiness for spiritual battle, highlighting the need for truth, righteousness, and faith. Light, in biblical terms, often represents purity, truth, and the presence of God, contrasting sharply with darkness. This call to action is a directive to embody the characteristics of Christ, who is the Light of the World (John 8:12).

Let us behave decently, as in the daytime
This phrase emphasizes the call for Christians to live in a manner that is honorable and respectable. The imagery of "daytime" suggests living transparently and openly, as opposed to the secrecy often associated with sinful behaviors. In biblical times, the day was associated with light and righteousness, while the night was linked to darkness and sin. This aligns with Jesus' teaching in John 3:19-21, where light symbolizes truth and goodness. The call to decency reflects the transformation expected in believers, as they are to be the "light of the world" (Matthew 5:14).

not in carousing and drunkenness
Carousing and drunkenness were common in the Greco-Roman world, often associated with pagan festivals and idol worship. Such behaviors were seen as losing control and indulging in excess, contrary to the self-control that is a fruit of the Spirit (Galatians 5:22-23). The Bible consistently warns against drunkenness (Ephesians 5:18), as it leads to a lack of discernment and moral compromise. The call here is for Christians to abstain from such practices, reflecting a life of sobriety and discipline.

not in sexual immorality and debauchery
Sexual immorality and debauchery were rampant in Roman society, where sexual freedom was often celebrated. The early church, however, upheld a high standard of sexual purity, reflecting God's design for sexuality within the bounds of marriage (1 Corinthians 6:18-20). Debauchery, or excessive indulgence in sensual pleasures, is seen as a rejection of God's order and a pursuit of fleshly desires. This call to purity is a reminder of the believer's identity as a temple of the Holy Spirit, set apart for holiness.

not in dissension and jealousy
Dissension and jealousy disrupt the unity and peace that should characterize the body of Christ. In the early church, divisions often arose from ethnic, social, and doctrinal differences (1 Corinthians 1:10-13). Jealousy, a work of the flesh (Galatians 5:20), can lead to strife and conflict, undermining the love and harmony that Jesus prayed for among His followers (John 17:20-23). The exhortation here is to pursue peace and unity, reflecting the oneness of the Spirit in the bond of peace (Ephesians 4:3).

Instead, clothe yourselves with the Lord Jesus Christ
This phrase calls believers to adopt the character and virtues of Jesus Christ, akin to putting on a garment. In biblical times, clothing often symbolized identity and status. By "clothing" oneself with Christ, a believer is called to embody His teachings, love, and righteousness. This concept is echoed in Galatians 3:27, where Paul states that those baptized into Christ have "clothed" themselves with Him. The imagery suggests a transformation and a new identity in Christ, emphasizing the importance of living a life that reflects His values and teachings.

and make no provision for the desires of the flesh
This part of the verse warns against planning or providing opportunities to fulfill sinful desires. The "flesh" in biblical terms often refers to the sinful nature of humanity, which is in opposition to the Spirit. In the cultural context of the Roman Empire, where indulgence in various desires was common, this instruction would have been countercultural. It aligns with Galatians 5:16-17, where Paul advises walking by the Spirit to avoid gratifying the desires of the flesh. The call is to live a disciplined life, avoiding situations that might lead to sin, and instead focusing on spiritual growth and holiness.