Gad

The tribe of Gad is one of the twelve tribes of Israel, named after Gad, the seventh son of Jacob and Zilpah, Leah's maidservant (Genesis 30:9-11). The name "Gad" is associated with fortune or good luck. The tribe is known for its valor and military prowess, as described in the blessings of Jacob and Moses. Jacob prophesied, "Gad will be attacked by raiders, but he will attack their heels" (Genesis 49:19). Moses blessed Gad, saying, "Blessed is he who enlarges Gad’s domain! Gad dwells like a lion, tearing at arm or head" (Deuteronomy 33:20).

The tribe of Gad settled on the eastern side of the Jordan River, in the region known as Gilead. This territory was well-suited for their large herds and flocks. The Gadites were known for their bravery and were skilled warriors, as evidenced by their participation in battles alongside King David (1 Chronicles 12:8-15).

Reuben

Reuben was the firstborn son of Jacob and Leah, and the tribe named after him was expected to hold a position of prominence. However, Reuben forfeited his birthright due to an indiscretion with Bilhah, his father's concubine (Genesis 35:22). Jacob's blessing over Reuben reflects this loss: "Reuben, you are my firstborn, my might, and the beginning of my strength, excelling in honor, excelling in power. Uncontrolled as the waters, you will no longer excel, because you went up to your father’s bed, onto my couch and defiled it" (Genesis 49:3-4).

The tribe of Reuben also settled on the eastern side of the Jordan River, in a region conducive to pastoral life. Despite their initial loss of preeminence, the Reubenites played a significant role in the early history of Israel, participating in battles and contributing to the defense of the nation.

The Half-Tribe of Manasseh

Manasseh was the firstborn son of Joseph and Asenath, an Egyptian woman. The tribe of Manasseh was unique in that it was divided into two half-tribes, one settling on the eastern side of the Jordan River and the other on the western side. This division is often referred to as the "Half-Tribe of Manasseh."

The eastern half-tribe of Manasseh settled in the region of Bashan, known for its fertile lands and strategic location. Moses blessed the tribe, saying, "May the LORD bless his land with the precious dew from heaven above and with the deep waters that lie beneath" (Deuteronomy 33:13). The half-tribe was known for its military strength and played a crucial role in the conquest of Canaan.

Settlement and Role in Israel's History

The tribes of Gad, Reuben, and the Half-Tribe of Manasseh requested to settle on the eastern side of the Jordan River because of the land's suitability for their livestock. Moses initially expressed concern that their decision might discourage the other Israelites from entering the Promised Land. However, the tribes assured Moses that they would assist in the conquest of Canaan before returning to their allotted territories (Numbers 32:1-32).

These tribes fulfilled their promise, joining the other Israelites in the conquest of Canaan under Joshua's leadership. After the land was subdued, they returned to their territories east of the Jordan. Their settlement on the eastern side, however, led to challenges in maintaining unity with the other tribes, as seen in the incident of the altar built by the Jordan River, which almost led to civil war (Joshua 22:10-34).

Throughout Israel's history, the tribes of Gad, Reuben, and the Half-Tribe of Manasseh faced various challenges, including conflicts with neighboring nations and internal struggles. Despite these challenges, they remained integral parts of the nation of Israel, contributing to its military and spiritual heritage.