The sun and moon hold significant symbolic meaning throughout the Bible, often representing God's creation, authority, and the passage of time. These celestial bodies are frequently used to convey spiritual truths and divine messages.

Sun

1. Creation and Sustenance: The sun is a testament to God's creative power and His provision for life on earth. In Genesis 1:16, the sun is described as the "greater light" to govern the day, highlighting its role in the order of creation: "God made two great lights—the greater light to rule the day and the lesser light to rule the night. He also made the stars."

2. God's Glory and Righteousness: The sun often symbolizes God's glory and righteousness. Psalm 19:4-6 speaks of the sun as a bridegroom and a champion, illustrating its strength and splendor: "In the heavens He has pitched a tent for the sun. Like a bridegroom emerging from his chamber, like a champion rejoicing to run his course, it rises at one end of the heavens and runs its circuit to the other; nothing is deprived of its warmth."

3. Judgment and Justice: The sun is also associated with God's judgment and justice. In Malachi 4:2, the "sun of righteousness" is mentioned as rising with healing in its wings, symbolizing the coming of divine justice and restoration: "But for you who fear My name, the sun of righteousness will rise with healing in its wings, and you will go out and leap like calves from the stall."

4. Eternal Light: In eschatological contexts, the sun represents the eternal light of God's presence. Revelation 21:23 describes the New Jerusalem, where the glory of God provides light, rendering the sun unnecessary: "The city has no need of sun or moon to shine on it, for the glory of God gives it light, and its lamp is the Lamb."

Moon

1. Reflective Light: The moon, as the "lesser light" in Genesis 1:16, reflects the light of the sun, symbolizing the church or believers who reflect the light of Christ. Just as the moon has no light of its own but shines by reflecting the sun, believers are called to reflect the glory of God in a dark world.

2. Change and Seasons: The moon's phases and cycles are emblematic of change and the passage of time. Psalm 104:19 acknowledges the moon's role in marking seasons: "He made the moon to mark the seasons; the sun knows when to set."

3. Signs and Wonders: The moon is often associated with signs and wonders, particularly in prophetic literature. Joel 2:31 and Acts 2:20 speak of the moon turning to blood before the great and glorious day of the Lord, indicating significant cosmic events: "The sun will be turned to darkness, and the moon to blood, before the coming of the great and glorious day of the Lord."

4. Stability and Order: The moon, along with the sun, represents the stability and order of God's creation. Jeremiah 31:35-36 uses the regularity of the sun and moon as a metaphor for God's unchanging promises: "This is what the LORD says, He who gives the sun for light by day, who sets in order the moon and stars for light by night, who stirs up the sea so that its waves roar—the LORD of Hosts is His name: 'Only if this fixed order departed from My presence, declares the LORD, would Israel’s descendants ever cease to be a nation before Me.'"

In summary, the sun and moon serve as powerful symbols in the Bible, representing God's creative authority, His glory and righteousness, the passage of time, and the stability of His promises. Through these celestial bodies, Scripture communicates profound spiritual truths and divine assurances.