The ephod is a significant garment in the Old Testament, primarily associated with the high priest of Israel. It is mentioned numerous times throughout the Scriptures, serving both a liturgical and symbolic function within the religious practices of ancient Israel.

Description and Construction

The ephod is first described in detail in the Book of Exodus as part of the priestly garments to be worn by Aaron, the brother of Moses, and his descendants. According to Exodus 28:6-14 , the ephod was to be made of gold, blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and finely spun linen, all skillfully woven together. It was to have two shoulder pieces attached to its two edges, and a skillfully woven waistband of the same materials. The ephod was adorned with two onyx stones, each engraved with the names of the twelve tribes of Israel, set in gold filigree, and fastened on the shoulder pieces. These stones served as a memorial for the sons of Israel, as Aaron bore their names before the LORD on his shoulders.

Function and Significance

The ephod held a central role in the high priest's attire, symbolizing his mediatory role between God and the people of Israel. It was part of the sacred garments that set the high priest apart for service in the tabernacle and later in the temple. The ephod was also associated with the Urim and Thummim, mysterious objects used for divination or seeking God's will, which were placed in the breastpiece attached to the ephod (Exodus 28:30).

In addition to its liturgical use, the ephod is mentioned in other contexts within the Old Testament. For instance, Gideon made an ephod from the spoils of war, which became a snare to him and his family as it led Israel into idolatry (Judges 8:27). This incident highlights the potential for sacred objects to be misused when removed from their intended purpose.

Symbolism and Typology

The ephod's intricate design and materials reflect the beauty and holiness required of those who serve in God's presence. The use of gold and precious stones signifies the value and honor of the priestly office. The ephod's role in bearing the names of the tribes of Israel symbolizes the high priest's responsibility to represent the people before God, interceding on their behalf.

From a typological perspective, the ephod and the high priestly garments foreshadow the ultimate High Priest, Jesus Christ, who intercedes for believers before the Father. Hebrews 4:14-16 speaks of Jesus as the great High Priest who has passed through the heavens, empathizing with human weaknesses and offering grace and mercy.

Historical and Cultural Context

The ephod's use extended beyond the high priest to other priestly figures and even some leaders in Israel. However, its primary association remained with the high priestly office. The ephod's presence in various narratives underscores its importance in Israel's religious life and the potential for both proper and improper use of sacred objects.

In summary, the ephod is a multifaceted garment with deep liturgical, symbolic, and typological significance within the biblical narrative. Its role in the priestly ministry of ancient Israel points to the broader themes of mediation, holiness, and the foreshadowing of Christ's priestly work.