Lamentations 1:1-4
Another expression of sorrow over the fall of Jerusalem, providing a broader context for the feelings in Psalm 137.

Jeremiah 29:10-14
God's promise to bring the Israelites back from exile, offering hope and a future.

Revelation 21:1-4
The ultimate hope of a new Jerusalem, where God will dwell with His people and wipe away every tear.Historical Context
Psalm 137 is set during the Babylonian exile, a period when the Israelites were taken captive and removed from Jerusalem. This psalm reflects their deep sorrow and longing for their homeland.

Expression of Grief
The psalm begins with a vivid image of the Israelites sitting by the rivers of Babylon, weeping as they remember Zion (Psalm 137:1). This shows the depth of their emotional and spiritual anguish.

Forced to Sing
The captors demanded songs of joy, asking the Israelites to sing one of the songs of Zion (Psalm 137:3). This request was a cruel reminder of their loss and a mockery of their faith.

Refusal to Forget
The psalmist vows never to forget Jerusalem, expressing a deep commitment to their identity and faith (Psalm 137:5-6). This highlights the importance of remembering God's promises even in difficult times.

Cry for Justice
The psalm ends with a plea for justice against their oppressors (Psalm 137:7-9). This reflects the human desire for God to right the wrongs and bring about His justice.Embrace Lament
Allow yourself to express grief and sorrow in times of loss. Lament is a biblical and healthy way to process pain.

Hold on to Hope
Even in exile, the Israelites clung to the hope of returning to Jerusalem. In our own trials, we can hold on to the hope of God's promises.

Remember Your Identity
Like the Israelites, we should remember who we are in Christ, even when circumstances try to strip us of our identity.

Seek God's Justice
Trust in God's ultimate justice and righteousness, even when it seems delayed.1. The Israelites
The psalm begins with the Israelites, who are the primary speakers and subjects of the lament. They are depicted as captives in Babylon, mourning the loss of their homeland, Zion. The Hebrew term "בני ישראל" (Bnei Yisrael) refers to the descendants of Israel (Jacob), God's chosen people.

2. The Babylonians
Referred to indirectly as "our captors" and "those who tormented us," the Babylonians are the oppressors who have taken the Israelites into exile. The Hebrew term "בבל" (Bavel) is used for Babylon, representing the empire responsible for the destruction of Jerusalem and the temple.

3. The Edomites
Mentioned in verse 7, the Edomites are remembered for their role in the destruction of Jerusalem. The psalmist calls upon the Lord to remember the actions of the Edomites, who are accused of encouraging the Babylonians to "tear it down to its foundations." The Hebrew term "אדום" (Edom) refers to the descendants of Esau, who were historically hostile to Israel.

4. The Daughter of Babylon
In verse 8, the "Daughter of Babylon" is addressed as the personification of the Babylonian empire. The psalmist speaks of future judgment upon Babylon, expressing a desire for retribution. The Hebrew term "בת בבל" (Bat Bavel) is used, symbolizing the city and its people.1. Babylon
"By the rivers of Babylon, there we sat down and wept when we remembered Zion." (Psalm 137:1)
Babylon is the place of exile for the Israelites. It represents a land of captivity and sorrow, far from their homeland. The Hebrew root for Babylon is "בָּבֶל" (Bavel), which is often associated with confusion or mixing.

2. Zion
"By the rivers of Babylon, there we sat down and wept when we remembered Zion." (Psalm 137:1)
Zion refers to Jerusalem, the spiritual and cultural heart of the Israelites. It symbolizes their homeland and the center of their worship. The Hebrew root for Zion is "צִיּוֹן" (Tziyon), which can mean a parched place or a signpost, often representing the city of God.

3. Edom
"Remember, O LORD, the sons of Edom on the day Jerusalem fell: 'Tear it down,' they cried, 'tear it down to its foundations!'" (Psalm 137:7)
Edom is a neighboring nation to Israel, often seen as an adversary. In this context, the Edomites are remembered for their hostility during the fall of Jerusalem. The Hebrew root for Edom is "אֱדוֹם" (Edom), meaning red, possibly referring to the red sandstone of its region or the descendants of Esau.

4. Daughter of Babylon
"O daughter of Babylon, doomed to destruction, blessed is he who repays you as you have done to us." (Psalm 137:8)
This phrase personifies Babylon as a female figure, symbolizing the city and its empire. It is a prophetic declaration of Babylon's eventual downfall. The term "daughter" in Hebrew is "בַּת" (bat), often used to denote a city or nation as a progeny or extension of its people.1. Weeping by the Rivers of Babylon
The psalm begins with the Israelites sitting by the rivers of Babylon, weeping as they remember Zion. The Hebrew word for "wept" (בָּכָה, bakah) conveys deep sorrow and lamentation.
"By the rivers of Babylon we sat and wept when we remembered Zion." (Psalm 137:1)

2. Hanging Harps on the Willows
The Israelites hang their harps on the willows, symbolizing their inability to sing joyful songs in a foreign land. The Hebrew term for "willows" (עֲרָבִים, aravim) indicates trees commonly found near water.
"There on the poplars we hung our harps," (Psalm 137:2)

3. Demand for Songs by Captors
Their captors demand songs of joy, asking them to sing one of the songs of Zion. This request is seen as a mockery of their faith and heritage.
"for there our captors requested a song; our tormentors demanded songs of joy: 'Sing us one of the songs of Zion.'" (Psalm 137:3)

4. Question of Singing the Lord's Song in a Foreign Land
The Israelites question how they can sing the Lord's song in a foreign land, highlighting their deep sense of displacement and loss.
"How can we sing a song of the LORD in a foreign land?" (Psalm 137:4)

5. Oath to Remember Jerusalem
The psalmist vows to remember Jerusalem above all else, even at the cost of personal loss. The Hebrew word for "forget" (שָׁכַח, shakach) emphasizes the importance of memory and identity.
"If I forget you, O Jerusalem, may my right hand forget its skill." (Psalm 137:5)

6. Curse upon Forgetting Jerusalem
The psalmist invokes a curse upon himself if he fails to remember Jerusalem, underscoring the city's centrality to their faith and identity.
"May my tongue cling to the roof of my mouth if I do not remember you, if I do not exalt Jerusalem as my greatest joy." (Psalm 137:6)

7. Call for Retribution against Edom
The psalmist calls for divine retribution against the Edomites, who encouraged the destruction of Jerusalem. The Hebrew term for "tear it down" (עָרוּ, aru) reflects the Edomites' hostility.
"Remember, O LORD, the sons of Edom on the day Jerusalem fell: 'Tear it down,' they cried, 'tear it down to its foundations!'" (Psalm 137:7)

8. Desire for Vengeance on Babylon
The psalm concludes with a desire for vengeance against Babylon, expressing a hope for justice and the eventual downfall of their oppressors.
"O Daughter of Babylon, doomed to destruction, blessed is he who repays you as you have done to us." (Psalm 137:8)

9. Blessing on the Avenger
The psalmist pronounces a blessing on those who would avenge the destruction of Jerusalem, reflecting the intense emotions of the exiled community.
"Blessed is he who seizes your infants and dashes them against the rocks." (Psalm 137:9)1. Lament by the Rivers of Babylon
The psalm opens with the Israelites sitting by the rivers of Babylon, weeping as they remember Zion. This setting underscores their deep sorrow and longing for their homeland.
^“By the rivers of Babylon we sat and wept when we remembered Zion.”^ (Psalm 137:1)

2. Hanging Up the Harps
The Israelites hang their harps on the willows, symbolizing their inability to sing the songs of Zion in a foreign land. This act represents their mourning and the loss of joy.
^“There on the poplars we hung our harps,”^ (Psalm 137:2)

3. Demand for Songs by Captors
Their captors demand songs of joy, mocking the Israelites by asking them to sing the songs of Zion. This highlights the cruelty and insensitivity of their captors.
^“For there our captors requested a song; our tormentors demanded songs of joy: ‘Sing us a song of Zion.’”^ (Psalm 137:3)

4. Question of Singing the Lord’s Song in a Foreign Land
The psalmist questions how they can sing the Lord’s song in a foreign land, expressing the tension between their faith and their current circumstances.
^“How can we sing a song of the LORD in a foreign land?”^ (Psalm 137:4)

5. Oath to Remember Jerusalem
The psalmist vows to remember Jerusalem above all else, even in exile, emphasizing the centrality of Jerusalem in their identity and faith.
^“If I forget you, O Jerusalem, may my right hand forget its skill.”^ (Psalm 137:5)

6. Curse Against Forgetting Jerusalem
A curse is pronounced upon the psalmist if they fail to remember Jerusalem, highlighting the deep emotional and spiritual connection to their homeland.
^“May my tongue cling to the roof of my mouth if I do not remember you, if I do not exalt Jerusalem as my greatest joy!”^ (Psalm 137:6)

7. Call for Justice Against Edom
The psalmist calls for God to remember the actions of the Edomites during Jerusalem’s fall, seeking divine justice for their betrayal.
^“Remember, O LORD, the sons of Edom on the day Jerusalem fell: ‘Tear it down,’ they cried, ‘tear it down to its foundations!’”^ (Psalm 137:7)

8. Imprecation Against Babylon
The psalm concludes with a harsh imprecation against Babylon, expressing a desire for retribution and justice for the suffering inflicted upon the Israelites.
^“O Daughter of Babylon, doomed to destruction, blessed is he who repays you as you have done to us.”^ (Psalm 137:8)1. Exile and Mourning
Psalm 137 begins with the Israelites in Babylonian captivity, expressing deep sorrow and longing for their homeland. "By the rivers of Babylon we sat and wept when we remembered Zion" (Psalm 137:1). The Hebrew word for "wept" (בָּכָה, bakah) conveys a profound sense of lamentation and grief.

2. Memory and Identity
The psalm emphasizes the importance of remembering Jerusalem as central to the Israelites' identity. "If I forget you, O Jerusalem, may my right hand forget its skill" (Psalm 137:5). The act of remembering (זָכַר, zakar) is crucial for maintaining cultural and spiritual identity.

3. Desire for Justice
There is a strong theme of seeking justice against the oppressors. "Remember, O LORD, the sons of Edom on the day Jerusalem fell" (Psalm 137:7). The call for divine remembrance (זָכַר, zakar) here is a plea for God to act justly against those who wronged Israel.

4. Imprecatory Prayer
The psalm includes a controversial imprecatory prayer, expressing a desire for retribution. "Blessed is he who repays you as you have done to us" (Psalm 137:8). This reflects the Hebrew concept of justice and retribution (שִׁלֵּם, shillem), where actions are met with equivalent consequences.

5. Hope for Restoration
Implicit in the lament and imprecation is a hope for future restoration and return to Zion. The longing for Jerusalem signifies a deeper hope for spiritual and national renewal. Though not explicitly stated, this theme is woven throughout the psalm as the exiles yearn for their homeland.1. How can Psalm 137:9 be reconciled with a just and loving God when it seems to celebrate cruelty against children?

2. Why would a sacred text like Psalm 137 call for retributive violence, contradicting other passages that promote forgiveness?

3. What historical or archeological evidence supports the specific events described in Psalm 137, if any?

4. How does Psalm 137 align with divine justice, given that it appears to advocate collective punishment?

5. How can believers explain the moral implications of Psalm 137’s violent language in light of the broader biblical message of love and mercy?

1. How does the Psalmist describe the emotional state of the Israelites in exile?

2. How can the Israelites' struggle to sing songs of joy in a foreign land be related to modern experiences of displacement and exile?

3. How does the Psalmist express the depth of his longing for Jerusalem?

4. What role does memory play in this Psalm, and how is it connected to the idea of identity?

5. How can the Psalmist's reaction to the Edomites be interpreted in the context of the larger biblical narrative?

6. In what ways does this Psalm reflect the difficulties of worshiping God amidst suffering?

7. How do you reconcile the Psalmist's blessing of vengeance with the New Testament teachings on forgiveness?

8. What modern situations might make it difficult for individuals to "sing the Lord's song"?

9. How does this Psalm contribute to our understanding of faith as a communal experience?

10. How might the Psalmist's insistence on not forgetting Jerusalem inform the way we remember our own spiritual experiences?

11. In what ways can we apply the concept of "remembering Zion" in our present-day lives?

12. How might you respond if asked to rejoice or express your faith in a situation of extreme adversity?

13. What can Psalm 137 teach us about the complex emotions involved in dealing with loss and displacement?

14. How does the notion of justice and retribution appear in this Psalm? How does it relate to current understandings of justice?

15. How does Psalm 137 challenge or reinforce your understanding of God's character?

16. If you were in a similar situation to the Psalmist, how would you react?

17. What can we learn from the Psalmist's devotion to his homeland and faith?

18. In what ways does the Psalmist's struggle mirror challenges faced by today's believers?

19. How can the concept of "captive in a foreign land" be metaphorically interpreted in a personal spiritual journey?

20. How can Psalm 137 help believers find a voice for their anger or suffering in their relationship with God?