Now in those days
This phrase sets the historical context, referring to the period during the reign of King Saul, around the 11th century BC. It was a tumultuous time for Israel, marked by frequent conflicts with neighboring nations, particularly the Philistines. This period is characterized by Saul's declining leadership and David's rise as a key figure in Israel's history.

the Philistines gathered their forces for warfare against Israel.
The Philistines were a significant military threat to Israel, often engaging in battles to expand their territory and influence. They were known for their advanced weaponry and military organization. This gathering of forces indicates a major offensive, highlighting the ongoing struggle between the Israelites and the Philistines. The Philistines' presence in the coastal regions of Canaan is well-documented archaeologically, with evidence of their distinct culture and military prowess.

So Achish said to David,
Achish was the king of Gath, one of the five major Philistine cities. David, who had been anointed as the future king of Israel, was at this time living among the Philistines to escape Saul's pursuit. His relationship with Achish is complex, as David was both a fugitive and a respected warrior. This interaction underscores the political and personal tensions David navigated during his time in Philistine territory.

“You must understand that you and your men are to go out to battle with me.”
Achish's statement to David reflects the trust and reliance he placed on David and his men, despite David's Israelite identity. This situation presents a moral and strategic dilemma for David, as he is caught between his loyalty to Israel and his current allegiance to Achish. The narrative foreshadows David's cunning and God's providence in delivering him from compromising situations. This moment also highlights the theme of divine sovereignty and protection over David's life, as seen throughout his journey to kingship.

David replied, “Then you will come to know what your servant can do.”
David's response to Achish, the Philistine king of Gath, reflects his cunning and strategic thinking. At this point, David is living among the Philistines to escape King Saul's pursuit. His statement is intentionally ambiguous, allowing him to maintain his loyalty to Israel while appearing to serve Achish. This duality in David's actions is a recurring theme in his life, showcasing his wisdom and ability to navigate complex political situations. The phrase "your servant" is significant, as it reflects David's humility and willingness to serve, a characteristic that aligns with his later role as a servant-leader in Israel. This moment foreshadows David's future as a king who is both a warrior and a diplomat.

“Very well,” said Achish.
Achish's response indicates his trust in David, which is remarkable given the historical enmity between the Israelites and the Philistines. This trust may have been built over time, as David had been living in Philistine territory and conducting raids that he claimed were against Israelite enemies. Achish's acceptance of David suggests a level of desperation or political calculation, as having a warrior like David on his side would be advantageous. This interaction highlights the complex relationships between neighboring nations in the ancient Near East, where alliances were often formed out of necessity rather than genuine friendship.

“I will make you my bodyguard for life.”
Achish's offer to make David his bodyguard is significant, as it implies a position of great trust and honor. In ancient times, a bodyguard was not only responsible for the physical protection of a leader but also served as a close advisor and confidant. This role would have given David access to Philistine military strategies and political plans, which could be advantageous for Israel. The phrase "for life" suggests a permanent arrangement, indicating Achish's confidence in David's loyalty. This situation is ironic, as David, the future king of Israel, is being positioned as a protector of a Philistine king. This role can be seen as a type of Christ, who, though rejected by His own, serves as the protector and savior of all who trust in Him.

Now by this time Samuel had died
Samuel, a significant prophet and judge in Israel, had passed away. His death marked the end of an era of direct prophetic leadership in Israel. Samuel was instrumental in anointing the first two kings of Israel, Saul and David, and his death left a spiritual void. His role as a prophet was crucial, as he was a mediator between God and the people, and his absence would have been deeply felt. This sets the stage for the events that follow, highlighting the spiritual decline under Saul's leadership.

and all Israel had mourned for him
The mourning of all Israel indicates Samuel's widespread influence and respect among the people. Mourning customs in ancient Israel included weeping, fasting, and wearing sackcloth, reflecting the deep sorrow felt by the nation. Samuel's leadership was pivotal in uniting the tribes and guiding them spiritually, and his death would have been a national loss, emphasizing the gravity of the situation in Israel.

and buried him in Ramah, his own city
Ramah, located in the territory of Benjamin, was Samuel's birthplace and home. It served as a center for his prophetic ministry. The burial in his own city signifies the honor and respect given to him, as it was customary to bury individuals in their family tombs or places of significance. This also underscores the personal connection Samuel had with his community and his role as a local leader.

And Saul had removed the mediums and spiritists from the land
Saul's removal of mediums and spiritists was in obedience to the Mosaic Law, which prohibited such practices (Leviticus 19:31, Deuteronomy 18:10-12). This action reflects an earlier commitment to uphold God's commandments, as these practices were associated with paganism and idolatry. However, the context of Saul's later actions reveals a contradiction, as he eventually seeks out a medium, indicating his spiritual decline and desperation. This phrase sets up the tension between Saul's initial obedience and his subsequent disobedience, highlighting the theme of incomplete faithfulness to God.

The Philistines gathered together and camped at Shunem
The Philistines were a significant adversary of Israel throughout the Old Testament. They were a confederation of city-states located along the coastal region of Canaan. Their gathering at Shunem, a town in the territory of Issachar, indicates a strategic move to control the Jezreel Valley, a crucial trade and military route. This location allowed them to threaten the heartland of Israel. The Philistines' military organization and use of iron weaponry often gave them an advantage over Israel, which relied on bronze. This gathering foreshadows the impending conflict and highlights the ongoing struggle between Israel and the Philistines, a theme prevalent in the books of Samuel.

while Saul gathered all Israel and camped at Gilboa
King Saul, the first king of Israel, was facing a dire situation. His gathering of "all Israel" suggests a national crisis, requiring the mobilization of the entire nation to confront the Philistine threat. Gilboa, a mountain range in northern Israel, provided a defensive position but also symbolized Saul's declining reign. The choice of Gilboa as a campsite is significant; it is near the site where Saul would eventually meet his demise, marking the end of his kingship and the rise of David. This moment in the narrative underscores Saul's desperation and the spiritual decline that had begun with his disobedience to God. The gathering at Gilboa sets the stage for the tragic events that follow, illustrating the consequences of Saul's failure to fully trust and obey God.

When Saul saw the Philistine army
Saul's fear upon seeing the Philistine army highlights the ongoing conflict between Israel and the Philistines, a dominant theme in 1 Samuel. The Philistines were a formidable enemy, often technologically superior, particularly in their use of iron weapons. This encounter takes place in the region of Shunem, a strategic location in the Jezreel Valley, which was crucial for controlling trade routes. Saul's fear contrasts with earlier victories over the Philistines, such as Jonathan's triumph in 1 Samuel 14, indicating a shift in Saul's confidence and God's favor.

he was afraid
Saul's fear is significant as it reflects his spiritual state. Earlier in his reign, Saul was empowered by the Spirit of God (1 Samuel 11:6), but by this point, he has been rejected by God due to his disobedience (1 Samuel 15:26). His fear is not just of the physical threat but also of his separation from divine guidance. This fear contrasts with David's faith when facing Goliath, another Philistine threat, in 1 Samuel 17, where David's trust in God overcame fear.

and trembled violently
The phrase indicates a deep, paralyzing fear, suggesting Saul's complete loss of confidence and reliance on God. This trembling can be seen as a physical manifestation of his spiritual turmoil and the absence of God's presence in his life. In biblical terms, trembling often accompanies encounters with the divine or moments of great fear (e.g., Exodus 19:16, Daniel 10:7). Saul's reaction foreshadows his desperate actions in seeking the medium at Endor, further illustrating his spiritual decline and the consequences of his disobedience.

He inquired of the LORD
In the context of 1 Samuel 28, Saul is facing a dire situation with the Philistines, and he seeks guidance from God. This reflects a common practice in ancient Israel where leaders and individuals sought divine direction. However, Saul's inquiry is marked by desperation rather than genuine faith, as his previous disobedience and rejection of God's commands have led to his current predicament. This highlights the importance of a consistent relationship with God rather than seeking Him only in times of crisis.

but the LORD did not answer him
God's silence is significant here. Throughout the Old Testament, God's communication with His people is contingent upon their obedience and faithfulness. Saul's earlier disobedience, such as his failure to completely destroy the Amalekites (1 Samuel 15), has led to his rejection as king. This silence serves as a divine judgment and a fulfillment of Samuel's prophecy that the kingdom would be torn from Saul (1 Samuel 15:28).

by dreams
Dreams were one of the ways God communicated with His people, as seen with figures like Joseph (Genesis 37) and Daniel (Daniel 2). The absence of dreams indicates a severed line of communication between Saul and God, emphasizing Saul's spiritual decline and the gravity of his situation.

or Urim
The Urim and Thummim were priestly tools used for divination, often associated with the high priest's breastplate (Exodus 28:30). They were a means for the Israelites to discern God's will. Saul's inability to receive guidance through the Urim suggests a breakdown in the religious order, possibly due to his own actions, such as the massacre of the priests at Nob (1 Samuel 22).

or prophets
Prophets were God's messengers, and Samuel had been a key prophetic figure in Saul's life. With Samuel's death (1 Samuel 25:1), Saul loses his primary prophetic connection. This absence underscores the void left by Samuel and the lack of any other prophetic voice willing or able to guide Saul, further isolating him spiritually and politically.

Then Saul said to his servants
At this point in the narrative, King Saul is in a state of desperation. The Philistines are preparing to attack, and God has stopped communicating with him through prophets or dreams. Saul's request to his servants indicates his reliance on human counsel rather than divine guidance, highlighting his spiritual decline. This moment contrasts with earlier in his reign when he sought God's will through Samuel.

“Find me a woman who is a medium
Saul's request for a medium, or necromancer, is significant because it directly contradicts God's law. Deuteronomy 18:10-12 explicitly forbids consulting mediums, as it is considered an abomination. Saul himself had previously expelled mediums and spiritists from the land (1 Samuel 28:3), making his request even more hypocritical and desperate. This act underscores Saul's departure from God's commands and his increasing reliance on forbidden practices.

so I can go and consult her.”
Saul's desire to consult a medium reflects his fear and uncertainty. He seeks guidance from the dead, specifically the prophet Samuel, whom he believes can provide the counsel he desperately needs. This action demonstrates Saul's lack of faith in God's sovereignty and his willingness to resort to pagan practices. It also foreshadows the tragic consequences of turning away from God.

“There is a medium at Endor,” his servants replied.
Endor was a town located in the territory of Issachar, near the Jezreel Valley. The mention of Endor is significant because it was outside the immediate control of Saul's kingdom, indicating the lengths to which he was willing to go to find a medium. The fact that his servants knew of a medium's location suggests that despite Saul's earlier ban, such practices continued in secret. This response highlights the spiritual decay within Israel and the failure to fully eradicate pagan influences.

So Saul disguised himself by putting on different clothes
Saul's act of disguising himself highlights his desperation and fear. As king, Saul was recognizable, and his need to hide his identity underscores the gravity of his situation. This act of disguise is significant because it contrasts with his earlier anointing as king, where he was publicly chosen by God. The use of disguise also reflects Saul's spiritual decline, as he resorts to deception to seek guidance, contrary to God's law (Deuteronomy 18:10-12). This moment foreshadows the ultimate loss of his kingship and favor with God.

and he set out with two of his men
Saul's decision to take only two men with him suggests secrecy and urgency. In biblical narratives, the number two often signifies witness or testimony (Deuteronomy 19:15), but here it may indicate the minimal support Saul has in his quest, reflecting his isolation. The presence of these men also highlights Saul's reliance on human counsel rather than divine guidance, a recurring theme in his reign.

They came to the woman at night
The cover of night symbolizes secrecy and the hidden nature of Saul's actions. Nighttime in biblical literature often represents evil or wrongdoing (John 3:19-20). Saul's visit to the woman, known as the medium of Endor, is a direct violation of God's commands against consulting mediums (Leviticus 19:31). The choice of night for this encounter underscores the illicit nature of his actions and his departure from God's light.

and Saul said, “Consult a spirit for me.
Saul's request to consult a spirit marks a significant departure from his earlier efforts to rid Israel of mediums and spiritists (1 Samuel 28:3). This act of seeking forbidden spiritual guidance highlights his desperation and lack of faith in God's provision. It also reflects the spiritual void in Saul's life, as he turns to the occult for answers rather than seeking repentance and reconciliation with God.

Bring up for me the one I name.”
Saul's demand to bring up a specific spirit indicates his desire for control and specific guidance, likely seeking Samuel, the prophet who had guided him in the past. This request reveals Saul's misunderstanding of God's sovereignty and the nature of true prophecy. It also foreshadows the tragic outcome of his reign, as seeking guidance from the dead is ultimately futile and leads to his downfall. This moment contrasts with the New Testament's emphasis on seeking wisdom from God through prayer and the Holy Spirit (James 1:5).

But the woman replied
The woman in this passage is the medium of Endor, often referred to as the "witch of Endor." Her role as a medium was to communicate with the dead, a practice forbidden by the Law of Moses (Deuteronomy 18:10-12). Her response indicates awareness and caution, suggesting she was wary of strangers due to the recent actions of King Saul.

Surely you know what Saul has done
This phrase highlights the notoriety of Saul's actions against mediums and spiritists. Saul, in an attempt to rid Israel of practices contrary to the worship of Yahweh, had expelled or executed those who practiced divination and necromancy. This was in accordance with the Torah, which prohibited such practices (Leviticus 19:31).

how he has killed the mediums and spiritists in the land
The historical context here is significant. Saul's actions were part of a broader effort to purify Israel from pagan practices. This reflects the ongoing struggle in Israel to maintain covenant faithfulness amidst surrounding pagan influences. The killing of mediums and spiritists was a fulfillment of the command in Exodus 22:18, "You shall not permit a sorceress to live."

Why have you set a trap to get me killed?
The woman's question reveals her fear of entrapment and execution. It underscores the danger she faced in practicing her trade under Saul's edict. This also reflects the tension and fear prevalent in Israel during Saul's reign, as he was known for his unpredictable behavior. The question implies a suspicion of deceit, which is ironic given that Saul himself is in disguise, seeking her services in desperation.

Then Saul swore to her by the LORD:
Saul, the first king of Israel, is in a desperate situation as he seeks guidance from a medium at Endor. This act is significant because it directly contradicts God's law, which forbids consulting mediums (Leviticus 19:31, Deuteronomy 18:10-12). Saul's oath by the LORD is ironic, as he invokes the name of God while engaging in an act that God expressly condemns. This reflects Saul's spiritual decline and his failure to adhere to God's commands. The use of an oath indicates the seriousness of his promise, highlighting the gravity of his actions.

“As surely as the LORD lives,
This phrase is a common oath formula in the Old Testament, emphasizing the certainty and solemnity of the statement. It is often used to affirm truthfulness or commitment (e.g., 1 Samuel 14:39, 2 Samuel 4:9). Saul's use of this phrase is particularly poignant because it underscores the contradiction between his words and actions. While he acknowledges the living God, his actions demonstrate a lack of faith and obedience. This highlights the tension between Saul's outward religious expressions and his inner spiritual reality.

no punishment shall come upon you for this.”
Saul assures the medium that she will not face consequences for her actions, despite the fact that consulting with the dead was punishable by death under Mosaic Law (Leviticus 20:27). This promise reveals Saul's desperation and willingness to compromise God's law for his own purposes. It also reflects the chaotic state of Israel's leadership, as the king himself is willing to overlook divine commandments. This situation foreshadows the eventual downfall of Saul's reign and serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of disobedience and the consequences of turning away from God.

“Whom shall I bring up for you?”
In this passage, the woman is the medium at Endor, whom Saul consults in desperation. The practice of necromancy, or communicating with the dead, was strictly forbidden in Israelite law (Deuteronomy 18:10-12). This highlights Saul's disobedience and spiritual decline, as he seeks guidance outside of God's will. The question posed by the medium indicates her role in the ritual, which was common in ancient Near Eastern cultures, where mediums were believed to have the power to summon spirits.

the woman asked.
The woman is often referred to as the "Witch of Endor," though the term "witch" may not fully capture her role. She is a medium, someone who claims to communicate with the dead. Her presence in Endor, a town within the territory of Issachar, suggests that such practices persisted despite the king's earlier efforts to expel mediums and spiritists from the land (1 Samuel 28:3). This reflects the tension between the Israelites' covenantal laws and the surrounding pagan practices.

“Bring up Samuel,” he replied.
Saul's request to bring up Samuel underscores his desperation and fear, as he faces the Philistine threat without divine guidance. Samuel, the last judge and a prophet, had been Saul's spiritual advisor. Saul's desire to consult Samuel, even after his death, indicates his recognition of Samuel's authority and the absence of God's voice in his life. This act of seeking Samuel through a medium contrasts sharply with the biblical teaching that God alone should be sought for guidance (Isaiah 8:19). Samuel's role as a prophet also foreshadows the ultimate prophet, Jesus Christ, who provides the final revelation of God's will (Hebrews 1:1-2).

But when the woman saw Samuel
The woman here is the medium of Endor, often referred to as the witch of Endor. This event occurs during a time when King Saul is desperate for guidance as the Philistines are preparing to attack Israel. Saul had previously expelled mediums and spiritists from the land in accordance with the Law (Leviticus 19:31). The appearance of Samuel, who had died, is significant as it suggests a supernatural event permitted by God. This moment underscores the seriousness of Saul's disobedience and desperation. Theologically, it raises questions about the afterlife and God's sovereignty over life and death.

she cried out in a loud voice
The woman's reaction indicates surprise and fear, suggesting that she did not expect to actually see Samuel. This reaction implies that her usual practices may have been fraudulent or that she was not accustomed to such a genuine spiritual encounter. Her loud cry could also reflect the fear of divine judgment, as she realizes the gravity of the situation.

and said to Saul, “Why have you deceived me?
The woman's accusation of deception points to Saul's disguise when he visited her. Saul had hidden his identity because he had banned such practices in Israel. This deception highlights Saul's moral decline and his willingness to break his own laws in pursuit of guidance. It also reflects the broader theme of deception and the consequences of turning away from God.

You are Saul!”
The revelation of Saul's identity is pivotal. It marks a turning point where the woman recognizes the king, possibly through divine revelation or the appearance of Samuel. This moment emphasizes Saul's fall from grace and his isolation, as he can no longer rely on God or his people for support. It also foreshadows Saul's impending doom, as he has sought guidance from a source outside of God's will. This encounter serves as a warning against seeking forbidden spiritual practices and highlights the importance of obedience to God's commands.

“Do not be afraid,” the king replied.
In this passage, the king is Saul, who has sought the counsel of a medium at Endor. Saul's reassurance to the woman reflects his desperation and fear, as he has been rejected by God and is seeking guidance through forbidden means. The phrase "Do not be afraid" is often used in Scripture to calm those who are encountering the divine or supernatural (e.g., Luke 1:30, Matthew 28:5). Here, it is ironic because Saul is encouraging the woman not to fear, while he himself is in a state of fear and disobedience.

“What do you see?”
Saul's question indicates his reliance on the medium to communicate with the spiritual realm, as he cannot see the apparition himself. This reflects the biblical prohibition against necromancy and divination (Deuteronomy 18:10-12), highlighting Saul's disobedience to God's commands. The question also underscores Saul's spiritual blindness and desperation, contrasting with the clarity of vision that comes from faithfulness to God.

“I see a god coming up out of the earth,” the woman answered.
The term "god" here is translated from the Hebrew word "elohim," which can mean "god," "gods," or "spiritual being." The woman's description suggests a supernatural appearance, which she interprets as a divine or ghostly figure. This reflects the ancient Near Eastern belief in spirits and the afterlife, where the dead were often thought to reside in the underworld. The phrase "coming up out of the earth" indicates the belief that spirits could ascend from Sheol, the realm of the dead. This event is unique in Scripture, as it involves the appearance of the prophet Samuel after his death, highlighting the gravity of Saul's situation and the consequences of his disobedience.

“What does he look like?” asked Saul.
Saul's inquiry reflects his desperation and fear, as he seeks guidance from the deceased prophet Samuel. This moment occurs during a time when Saul is facing the Philistine army and feels abandoned by God. Saul's question indicates his uncertainty and need for confirmation, highlighting his spiritual decline and reliance on forbidden practices, such as consulting a medium, which was against God's law (Leviticus 19:31).

“An old man is coming up,” she replied.
The medium's description of an "old man" suggests a figure of wisdom and authority, consistent with Samuel's role as a prophet and judge in Israel. The act of "coming up" implies the ancient belief in Sheol, the abode of the dead, which was thought to be below the earth. This reflects the cultural understanding of the afterlife in ancient Israel.

“And he is wearing a robe.”
The robe is significant as it was a distinctive garment associated with prophets and priests. Samuel's robe is mentioned earlier in 1 Samuel 15:27, where Saul tears it, symbolizing the kingdom being torn from him. The robe here serves as a visual confirmation of Samuel's identity and authority, reinforcing the gravity of Saul's encounter.

So Saul knew that it was Samuel,
Saul's recognition of Samuel indicates his belief in the medium's ability to summon the prophet, despite his previous expulsion of mediums from the land (1 Samuel 28:3). This acknowledgment underscores Saul's spiritual crisis and the irony of seeking guidance from the very prophet who had pronounced God's judgment on him.

and he bowed facedown in reverence.
Saul's act of bowing facedown demonstrates a posture of submission and respect, common in ancient Near Eastern cultures when encountering a figure of authority. This gesture contrasts with Saul's earlier disobedience to God's commands, highlighting his desperation and the tragic irony of seeking counsel from Samuel after his death. Saul's reverence here is misplaced, as he should have sought repentance and guidance from God rather than through forbidden means.

Then Samuel said to Saul, “Why have you disturbed me by bringing me up?”
This phrase occurs during a unique and controversial event where Saul seeks guidance from a medium at Endor. Samuel, a prophet who had died, is brought up, which raises questions about the afterlife and the prohibition against necromancy in Deuteronomy 18:10-12. The disturbance of Samuel suggests a violation of divine order, as God had ceased communication with Saul due to his disobedience. This moment underscores the seriousness of seeking forbidden spiritual practices.

“I am deeply distressed,” replied Saul.
Saul's distress highlights his desperation and fear. The Philistines, a constant threat to Israel, were advancing, and Saul felt abandoned. This emotional turmoil reflects Saul's spiritual decline and the consequences of his earlier disobedience, such as failing to completely destroy the Amalekites (1 Samuel 15). His distress is compounded by the absence of divine guidance, illustrating the spiritual void in his leadership.

“The Philistines are fighting against me,
The Philistines were a formidable enemy of Israel, often mentioned throughout the books of Samuel. Their military prowess and strategic locations posed significant threats. This conflict is part of a larger narrative of Israel's struggle to establish itself in the Promised Land. Saul's inability to effectively deal with the Philistines contrasts with David's later successes, highlighting the shift in divine favor.

and God has turned away from me.
Saul's acknowledgment of God's departure is a pivotal moment. It reflects the fulfillment of Samuel's earlier prophecy that the kingdom would be torn from Saul due to his disobedience (1 Samuel 15:28). This turning away signifies a loss of divine favor and guidance, a theme echoed in other scriptures where God withdraws from those who persist in sin (e.g., Isaiah 59:2).

He no longer answers me, either by prophets or by dreams.
In ancient Israel, God communicated through prophets, dreams, and the Urim and Thummim. Saul's lack of communication from God indicates a severed relationship, as these were primary means of divine guidance. This silence contrasts with the active communication God had with David, emphasizing the consequences of Saul's disobedience and the importance of maintaining a faithful relationship with God.

So I have called on you to tell me what to do.”
Saul's decision to consult Samuel, even through forbidden means, underscores his desperation. It reflects a misguided attempt to seek guidance outside of God's will, highlighting the dangers of turning to occult practices. This act is a culmination of Saul's spiritual decline and foreshadows his impending downfall. It serves as a cautionary tale about the importance of obedience and reliance on God alone for guidance.

“Why do you consult me,” asked Samuel,
In this passage, Samuel, though deceased, is speaking to Saul through a medium at Endor. This event occurs during a time when Saul is desperate for guidance as the Philistine army threatens Israel. Consulting the dead was strictly forbidden in Israelite law (Deuteronomy 18:10-12), highlighting Saul's disobedience and desperation. Samuel's question underscores the futility of seeking guidance from the dead when one has already rejected the living God. This reflects the broader biblical theme that true wisdom and guidance come from God alone (James 1:5).

“since the LORD has turned away from you
The LORD turning away from Saul signifies a divine judgment due to Saul's repeated disobedience and failure to follow God's commands, such as his incomplete destruction of the Amalekites (1 Samuel 15). This turning away is a fulfillment of Samuel's earlier prophecy that the kingdom would be torn from Saul and given to another (1 Samuel 15:28). It serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of persistent disobedience to God.

and become your enemy?”
The phrase indicates a complete reversal of Saul's relationship with God. Once anointed as king by God's command, Saul's actions have led to God opposing him. This enmity is not arbitrary but a result of Saul's choices, illustrating the biblical principle that God opposes the proud but gives grace to the humble (James 4:6). It also foreshadows the ultimate enmity between God and those who reject His Son, Jesus Christ, who is the fulfillment of the Davidic line and the true King of Israel (Luke 1:32-33).

He has done exactly what He spoke through me:
This phrase refers to the fulfillment of God's prophecy delivered through the prophet Samuel. In 1 Samuel 15:28, Samuel had previously told Saul that the kingdom would be torn from him due to his disobedience. This highlights the theme of divine sovereignty and the certainty of God's word. The role of prophets in Israel was to communicate God's will, and their words were seen as authoritative and binding.

The LORD has torn the kingdom out of your hand:
The imagery of tearing signifies a violent and irreversible action, emphasizing the seriousness of Saul's disobedience. This echoes the earlier incident in 1 Samuel 15:27-28, where Saul's robe was torn, symbolizing the kingdom being taken from him. The kingdom of Israel was a theocracy, and Saul's failure to obey God led to his rejection as king. This act of tearing also reflects the covenantal relationship between God and Israel, where obedience was required for blessing.

and given it to your neighbor David:
David, referred to as Saul's "neighbor," was chosen by God to be the next king of Israel. This choice was made in 1 Samuel 16 when David was anointed by Samuel. The term "neighbor" signifies proximity and relationship, indicating that David was already within Saul's sphere, serving in his court. David is a type of Christ, as he is a shepherd-king who foreshadows Jesus, the Good Shepherd and King of Kings. The transfer of kingship to David also fulfills God's promise to establish a lasting dynasty through him, as seen in 2 Samuel 7:12-16.

Because you did not obey the LORD
This phrase highlights the importance of obedience to God, a central theme throughout the Bible. In 1 Samuel 15, Saul was commanded to completely destroy the Amalekites, but he disobeyed by sparing King Agag and the best of the livestock. This disobedience is a direct violation of God's command, illustrating the consequences of failing to follow divine instructions. Obedience to God is emphasized in Deuteronomy 28, where blessings and curses are outlined based on Israel's adherence to God's laws.

or carry out His burning anger against Amalek
The Amalekites were long-standing enemies of Israel, first attacking them in Exodus 17. God's command to destroy them was a fulfillment of His promise to blot out their memory due to their opposition to Israel. Saul's failure to execute God's judgment on Amalek demonstrates a lack of reverence for God's justice and sovereignty. This act of disobedience is a significant factor in Saul's rejection as king, as seen in 1 Samuel 15:26.

the LORD has done this to you today
The phrase indicates divine retribution and the fulfillment of God's judgment. Saul's loss of the kingdom and his eventual downfall are direct results of his disobedience. This serves as a warning that God's decrees are not to be taken lightly. The immediate context of 1 Samuel 28 shows Saul seeking guidance from a medium, further illustrating his departure from God's ways. The consequences of Saul's actions are a reminder of the seriousness of sin and the certainty of divine justice, as echoed in Galatians 6:7, "Do not be deceived: God cannot be mocked. A man reaps what he sows."

Moreover, the LORD will deliver Israel with you into the hand of the Philistines
This phrase indicates a divine judgment pronounced upon Israel and King Saul. The Philistines were a constant threat to Israel during this period, often engaging in battles with them. The phrase suggests that God has withdrawn His protection from Israel due to Saul's disobedience and rejection of God's commands, as seen earlier in 1 Samuel 15. The Philistines, known for their military prowess and iron weaponry, were formidable adversaries. This judgment reflects the consequences of Saul's failure to fully obey God, as seen in his incomplete destruction of the Amalekites and his unlawful sacrifice.

and tomorrow you and your sons will be with me
This prophecy foretells the imminent death of Saul and his sons, including Jonathan, who was a close friend of David. The phrase "with me" is spoken by the spirit of Samuel, indicating that Saul and his sons will join him in the realm of the dead. This reflects the Hebrew understanding of Sheol, the abode of the dead, where both the righteous and unrighteous reside. The mention of "tomorrow" underscores the immediacy of the prophecy, highlighting the urgency and certainty of God's judgment. This also serves as a stark reminder of the consequences of turning away from God's guidance.

And the LORD will deliver the army of Israel into the hand of the Philistines
This reiterates the earlier part of the prophecy, emphasizing the totality of Israel's defeat. The army of Israel, once victorious under leaders like Joshua and Gideon, will now face defeat due to the nation's and its king's disobedience. This serves as a fulfillment of the warnings given in Deuteronomy 28 about the consequences of disobedience to God's covenant. The defeat also sets the stage for David's eventual rise to kingship, as Saul's downfall clears the way for God's chosen leader to ascend. This transition is part of God's sovereign plan, demonstrating His control over the nations and His faithfulness to His promises, despite human failure.

Immediately Saul fell flat on the ground
This phrase captures the urgency and immediacy of Saul's reaction. Saul's physical collapse reflects his spiritual and emotional state. In biblical context, falling to the ground often signifies despair or submission (e.g., Joshua 7:6). Saul's fall can be seen as a culmination of his disobedience to God, as he had previously been rejected as king (1 Samuel 15:26-28).

terrified by the words of Samuel
Saul's terror is rooted in the prophecy of his impending defeat and death, as relayed by the spirit of Samuel. This encounter with Samuel, who had been a prophet and judge over Israel, underscores the gravity of Saul's situation. The fear Saul experiences is reminiscent of the fear of the Lord, which is the beginning of wisdom (Proverbs 9:10), yet Saul's fear is devoid of hope due to his estrangement from God.

And his strength was gone
Saul's physical weakness mirrors his spiritual depletion. Throughout his reign, Saul's reliance on his own strength rather than God's guidance led to his downfall. This moment highlights the consequences of a life lived apart from divine support, as seen in other biblical figures who faltered when they strayed from God (e.g., Samson in Judges 16:20).

because he had not eaten anything all that day and night
Saul's fasting, whether intentional or due to distress, leaves him physically vulnerable. In biblical times, fasting was often associated with mourning or seeking divine intervention (e.g., Esther 4:16). However, Saul's fast lacks the spiritual focus seen in other scriptural examples, further emphasizing his isolation from God. This detail also foreshadows the physical and spiritual exhaustion that leads to his ultimate demise in battle.

When the woman came to Saul and saw how distraught he was
The woman referred to here is the medium of Endor, whom Saul sought out in desperation. Saul's distress is significant, as it highlights his spiritual decline and separation from God. This moment occurs after God has stopped answering Saul through prophets or dreams, leading him to seek forbidden practices. The woman's recognition of Saul's distress underscores the gravity of his situation, as he is the king of Israel yet finds himself in a state of fear and helplessness. This reflects the consequences of disobedience to God, as Saul had previously banned mediums and spiritists from the land (1 Samuel 28:3).

she said to him, “Look, your maidservant has obeyed your voice.
The woman's reference to herself as Saul's "maidservant" indicates her submission and acknowledgment of his authority, despite the illicit nature of their encounter. Her obedience to Saul's request, despite the risk involved, highlights the desperation and fear that permeated the situation. This phrase also reflects the cultural norms of the time, where women often referred to themselves in subservient terms when addressing men, especially those in positions of power.

I took my life in my hands and did as you told me.
The phrase "I took my life in my hands" indicates the danger the woman faced in complying with Saul's request. Engaging in necromancy was punishable by death according to the Law of Moses (Leviticus 20:27), and Saul himself had enforced this law. Her willingness to risk her life suggests either a fear of Saul's authority or a belief in the seriousness of his plight. This act of risking one's life can be seen as a parallel to the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus Christ, who willingly laid down His life for humanity. The woman's actions, though motivated by fear or obligation, inadvertently highlight themes of sacrifice and obedience.

Now please listen to your servant
This phrase reflects the cultural norms of hospitality and servitude in ancient Israel. The speaker, the woman of Endor, addresses Saul with respect, acknowledging her position as a servant. This reflects the hierarchical social structure of the time, where individuals often identified themselves in relation to others, especially those of higher status. The plea for Saul to listen indicates urgency and concern, highlighting the gravity of the situation Saul finds himself in.

and let me set a morsel of bread before you
Offering bread is a gesture of hospitality and care, common in the ancient Near East. Bread was a staple food, symbolizing sustenance and life. The act of setting bread before someone was a sign of goodwill and an invitation to fellowship. In the context of 1 Samuel 28, this gesture is significant as it comes from a woman who was initially wary of Saul, showing a shift from fear to compassion.

so you may eat and have the strength
Eating for strength underscores the physical and spiritual nourishment needed for the journey ahead. In biblical times, meals were not just for sustenance but also for strengthening bonds and preparing for tasks. This phrase can be connected to other scriptures where food is provided for strength, such as Elijah being fed by the ravens (1 Kings 17:6) or Jesus feeding the 5,000 (Matthew 14:13-21), symbolizing divine provision and care.

to go on your way.
The phrase "to go on your way" implies a continuation of a journey or mission. In the context of Saul's impending fate, it carries a somber tone, as his way leads to his downfall. This reflects the broader biblical theme of the journey of life and the choices that define one's path. It also echoes the idea of divine direction and the consequences of straying from God's guidance, as seen throughout the narrative of Saul's kingship.

Saul refused, saying, “I will not eat.”
Saul's refusal to eat reflects his deep distress and fear after his encounter with the spirit of Samuel. This moment occurs during a time of great personal and national crisis for Saul, as the Philistine army threatens Israel. Saul's refusal can be seen as a sign of his despair and loss of hope, as he faces the consequences of his disobedience to God. In biblical culture, fasting was often associated with mourning or seeking divine intervention, but here it seems to be more about his emotional state.

But his servants joined the woman in urging him,
The servants and the woman, who is the medium at Endor, show concern for Saul's well-being. This reflects the cultural practice of hospitality and care for one's leader, even in dire circumstances. The urging of the servants and the woman highlights the communal aspect of decision-making in ancient Israel, where leaders were often surrounded by advisors and supporters who played a role in guiding their actions.

and he heeded their voice.
Saul's decision to listen to his servants and the woman indicates a moment of vulnerability and reliance on others. This is significant because it contrasts with his earlier disobedience to God's commands, where he often acted independently or against divine guidance. The phrase suggests a temporary submission to human counsel, which stands in stark contrast to his failure to heed divine instruction throughout his reign.

He got up from the ground and sat on the bed.
Saul's physical movement from the ground to the bed symbolizes a shift from a state of despair to a more stable position, albeit temporarily. In the ancient Near Eastern context, sitting on a bed could imply a return to a semblance of normalcy or readiness to receive sustenance. This action may also foreshadow his impending downfall, as it is a brief respite before the fulfillment of Samuel's prophecy regarding his defeat and death. The bed, a place of rest, contrasts with the turmoil in Saul's heart and the impending doom he faces.

The woman had a fattened calf at her house
In ancient Israel, owning a fattened calf was a sign of wealth and readiness to host guests or celebrate special occasions. The presence of a fattened calf indicates the woman was prepared for hospitality, a valued cultural practice. This setting is significant as it contrasts with the dire situation Saul finds himself in, seeking guidance from a medium. The calf symbolizes abundance and provision, which Saul lacks spiritually.

and she quickly slaughtered it
The act of quickly slaughtering the calf demonstrates urgency and respect for Saul, despite the circumstances. In biblical times, slaughtering an animal was a labor-intensive process, indicating the woman's willingness to serve. This action reflects the cultural importance of hospitality and the seriousness of Saul's visit. It also highlights the contrast between the woman's physical provision and Saul's spiritual desperation.

She also took flour, kneaded it, and baked unleavened bread
Unleavened bread was a staple in ancient Israel, often associated with haste and necessity, as seen in the Passover narrative (Exodus 12:39). The use of unleavened bread here may symbolize the urgency of the situation and the simplicity of the meal, reflecting the somber context of Saul's visit to the medium. This act of preparing bread connects to the broader biblical theme of bread as sustenance and provision, seen in the manna provided in the wilderness (Exodus 16) and later in the New Testament as a type of Christ, the Bread of Life (John 6:35).

She served it to Saul and his servants
In this passage, the woman at Endor, often referred to as the witch of Endor, serves a meal to Saul and his servants. This act of serving is significant in the cultural context of ancient Israel, where hospitality was a deeply ingrained value. The meal signifies a moment of respite and normalcy amidst the chaos and fear Saul is experiencing. The act of serving also highlights the woman's role in the narrative, providing sustenance to the king despite the circumstances. This moment can be contrasted with other biblical instances of hospitality, such as Abraham serving the three visitors in Genesis 18, emphasizing the importance of hospitality in biblical narratives.

and they ate
Eating together in the biblical context often symbolizes fellowship and covenant. In this instance, however, the meal is tinged with irony and foreboding. Saul, who is seeking guidance from a medium against God's commandments (Leviticus 19:31), partakes in a meal that does not bring peace or divine favor. This contrasts with the Last Supper in the New Testament, where Jesus shares a meal with His disciples, symbolizing the new covenant. Saul's meal lacks the spiritual nourishment and covenantal significance found in other scriptural meals.

And that night they got up and left
The phrase "that night" underscores the urgency and darkness of the situation. Nighttime in biblical literature often symbolizes danger, uncertainty, and spiritual darkness. Saul's departure under the cover of night reflects his spiritual state—disconnected from God and facing impending doom. This moment foreshadows Saul's tragic end, as he leaves without the guidance or assurance he sought. The act of leaving at night can be compared to Judas Iscariot leaving the Last Supper to betray Jesus, highlighting themes of betrayal, spiritual blindness, and the consequences of turning away from God's guidance.