This is a trustworthy saying:
This phrase introduces a statement of significant importance and reliability. In the pastoral epistles, Paul uses this formula to emphasize key teachings (see also 1 Timothy 1:15, 4:9; 2 Timothy 2:11; Titus 3:8). It underscores the weight and truth of the following statement, indicating that it is a foundational principle for the church.

If anyone aspires to be an overseer:
The term "overseer" (Greek: episkopos) refers to a leadership role within the early church, often synonymous with "elder" or "bishop." This role involves spiritual oversight and guidance of the congregation. The aspiration to this position suggests a voluntary and earnest desire, not merely a pursuit of status or power. The early church structure was developing, and this role was crucial for maintaining doctrinal purity and community order (Acts 20:28, Titus 1:7).

he desires a noble task:
The role of an overseer is described as a "noble task," highlighting its honorable and virtuous nature. This task involves shepherding the flock, teaching, and protecting the church from false teachings (1 Peter 5:2-3, Titus 1:9). The nobility of the task is rooted in its alignment with God's purposes and the example set by Jesus Christ, the Good Shepherd (John 10:11). The emphasis on the task's nobility serves as a reminder of the high calling and responsibility associated with church leadership.

An overseer, then, must be above reproach
The term "overseer" refers to a leader within the early Christian church, often synonymous with "bishop" or "elder." Being "above reproach" implies a life of integrity and moral excellence, free from any legitimate accusation. This standard reflects the high ethical expectations for church leaders, emphasizing the importance of a blameless reputation both within the church and in the broader community. This aligns with the qualifications for elders in Titus 1:6-7, where similar language is used to describe the character required for leadership.

the husband of but one wife
This phrase addresses the marital fidelity expected of church leaders. It suggests monogamy and faithfulness, countering the polygamous practices common in some cultures of the time. This requirement underscores the importance of a stable family life as a reflection of one's ability to lead the church. It also aligns with the broader biblical teaching on marriage, as seen in Genesis 2:24 and Ephesians 5:31, which emphasize the union of one man and one woman.

temperate
Being temperate involves moderation and self-restraint, particularly in relation to alcohol and other indulgences. This quality is crucial for leaders who must exercise sound judgment and maintain a clear mind. Proverbs 23:20-21 warns against the dangers of excessive drinking and gluttony, highlighting the need for temperance as a virtue.

self-controlled
Self-control is a fruit of the Spirit (Galatians 5:22-23) and is essential for leaders who must manage their own desires and impulses. This trait is vital for maintaining personal holiness and setting an example for others. It reflects the ability to govern one's actions and emotions, ensuring that decisions are made with wisdom and discernment.

respectable
Respectability involves living in a manner that earns the admiration and respect of others. It encompasses dignity, orderliness, and a well-regarded character. This quality is important for leaders who represent the church to the outside world, as seen in 1 Peter 2:12, which encourages believers to live honorably among non-believers.

hospitable
Hospitality was a significant cultural value in the ancient Near East, where travelers often relied on the kindness of strangers. For church leaders, being hospitable means opening one's home and life to others, reflecting the love and generosity of Christ. Hebrews 13:2 reminds believers of the importance of hospitality, noting that some have entertained angels without knowing it.

able to teach
The ability to teach is a critical skill for church leaders, as they are responsible for instructing others in sound doctrine and guiding spiritual growth. This requirement emphasizes the importance of understanding and effectively communicating biblical truths. In 2 Timothy 2:24, Paul highlights the need for the Lord's servant to be able to teach, patient, and gentle, reinforcing the teaching role of church leaders.

not dependent on wine
This phrase emphasizes the importance of sobriety and self-control, particularly for leaders within the church. In the cultural context of the early church, wine was a common beverage, and excessive drinking was a prevalent issue. The Bible frequently warns against drunkenness (Proverbs 20:1, Ephesians 5:18), highlighting the need for leaders to set an example of moderation. The Greek word used here suggests not being addicted or enslaved to wine, indicating a broader principle of avoiding any form of substance dependency that could impair judgment or moral integrity.

not violent but gentle
This phrase contrasts two opposing behaviors, urging leaders to avoid aggression and instead embody gentleness. The historical context of the early church involved frequent conflicts and persecution, making the call for gentleness particularly significant. Jesus Christ is the ultimate example of gentleness (Matthew 11:29), and leaders are encouraged to emulate His approach. The term "violent" implies physical aggression or a quarrelsome nature, which is contrary to the peaceful and nurturing role expected of a church leader.

peaceable
Being peaceable involves fostering harmony and avoiding unnecessary disputes. In the early Christian communities, maintaining unity was crucial, as divisions could weaken the church's witness (1 Corinthians 1:10). The call to be peaceable aligns with the Beatitudes, where peacemakers are blessed (Matthew 5:9). This quality reflects the character of Christ, who is the Prince of Peace (Isaiah 9:6), and it is essential for leaders to promote reconciliation and understanding within the church body.

free of the love of money
This phrase warns against greed and the pursuit of wealth, which can lead to corruption and distraction from spiritual responsibilities. The love of money is described elsewhere in Scripture as a root of all kinds of evil (1 Timothy 6:10), highlighting its potential to lead individuals away from faith. In the cultural context of the Roman Empire, wealth was often associated with power and status, but Christian leaders are called to prioritize spiritual riches over material gain. This principle is exemplified by Jesus, who lived a life of simplicity and taught about the dangers of wealth (Matthew 6:24).

An overseer must manage his own household well
This phrase emphasizes the importance of leadership within the family as a prerequisite for church leadership. In the early church, the family was seen as a microcosm of the church itself. The ability to manage one's household effectively was a reflection of one's ability to lead a congregation. This concept is rooted in the biblical principle that leadership begins at home, as seen in passages like Genesis 18:19, where Abraham is commended for directing his children and household. The term "overseer" refers to a church leader, often synonymous with elder or bishop, and underscores the responsibility of stewardship and governance.

and keep his children under control
The requirement for children to be under control highlights the importance of discipline and order within the family. In the Greco-Roman world, the family was the basic unit of society, and the father's role was to maintain order and discipline. This mirrors the biblical expectation found in Proverbs 22:6, which advises training a child in the way they should go. The ability to maintain control over one's children was seen as evidence of a leader's capability to guide and instruct the church community effectively.

with complete dignity
This phrase underscores the manner in which an overseer should exercise authority—marked by dignity and respect. The concept of dignity is tied to the character and integrity of the leader, reflecting the fruit of the Spirit as described in Galatians 5:22-23. It suggests that leadership should not be authoritarian or harsh but should reflect the gentle and respectful nature of Christ, who is the ultimate example of dignified leadership. This aligns with the broader biblical teaching on servant leadership, as exemplified by Jesus in passages like Mark 10:42-45.

For if someone does not know how to manage his own household
This phrase emphasizes the importance of leadership and responsibility within the family unit. In biblical times, the household was the basic unit of society, often including extended family and servants. The ability to manage one's household was seen as a reflection of one's character and leadership skills. The Bible frequently uses the family as a metaphor for the church, suggesting that the skills required to lead a family are similar to those needed to lead a congregation. This principle is echoed in other scriptures, such as Titus 1:6, where church leaders are expected to have faithful children. The household management here implies not just financial or logistical oversight but also spiritual guidance and moral leadership.

how can he care for the church of God?
The church is described as the "church of God," indicating its divine origin and ownership. This phrase underscores the sacred responsibility of church leadership. The term "care" suggests a nurturing, protective role, similar to that of a shepherd with his flock, as seen in John 21:16, where Jesus instructs Peter to "take care of my sheep." The church is often referred to as the body of Christ (1 Corinthians 12:27), highlighting the interconnectedness and mutual dependence of its members. The implication is that effective church leadership requires the same dedication, wisdom, and compassion as managing a household. This connection between family and church leadership is a recurring theme in the pastoral epistles, emphasizing the continuity between personal and public ministry.

He must not be a recent convert
This phrase emphasizes the importance of spiritual maturity in church leadership. In the early church, leaders were expected to have a deep understanding of Christian doctrine and a proven track record of faithfulness. The Greek term for "recent convert" is "neophytos," meaning newly planted, suggesting that spiritual growth takes time. This requirement is consistent with the wisdom literature of the Old Testament, such as Proverbs, which values experience and maturity. The early church faced many challenges, including false teachings, and needed leaders who were well-grounded in their faith.

or he may become conceited
The danger of pride is a recurring theme in Scripture. Pride was the original sin of Satan, as seen in Isaiah 14:12-15, where the fall of Lucifer is described. This warning against conceit is a reminder that leadership in the church is a position of service, not of power or prestige. Jesus taught His disciples to be humble servants (Mark 10:42-45), and this principle is foundational for Christian leadership. The cultural context of the Greco-Roman world, where honor and status were highly valued, makes this warning particularly relevant.

and fall under the same condemnation as the devil
This phrase connects the potential downfall of a prideful leader to the fall of Satan. The devil's condemnation is a result of his rebellion against God, as described in passages like Ezekiel 28:12-17. The New Testament frequently warns against the dangers of pride and the spiritual warfare that believers face (Ephesians 6:10-18). The early church was aware of the spiritual realm and the reality of demonic influence, making this warning both practical and theological. The call to humility and vigilance is echoed throughout the New Testament, urging believers to resist the devil and remain steadfast in their faith (James 4:7).

Furthermore, he must have a good reputation with outsiders
This phrase emphasizes the importance of a leader's public witness. In the early church, leaders were expected to be above reproach not only within the Christian community but also in the broader society. A good reputation with outsiders reflects the leader's integrity and consistency in living out Christian values. Proverbs 22:1 highlights the value of a good name, and Colossians 4:5-6 encourages believers to act wisely toward outsiders. The early church faced scrutiny and persecution, making it crucial for leaders to exemplify Christ-like behavior to avoid bringing disrepute to the faith.

so that he will not fall into disgrace
Disgrace here refers to the loss of respect and credibility, which can severely impact the leader's ability to minister effectively. In the cultural context of the Greco-Roman world, honor and shame were significant social constructs. A leader falling into disgrace would not only harm their personal ministry but could also bring shame upon the church. This aligns with the biblical principle found in 1 Peter 2:12, which urges believers to live such good lives among the pagans that, though they accuse you of doing wrong, they may see your good deeds and glorify God.

and into the snare of the devil
The snare of the devil suggests a trap set by Satan to undermine the leader's effectiveness and the church's witness. This imagery is consistent with other New Testament warnings about spiritual warfare, such as Ephesians 6:11, which speaks of the devil's schemes. The devil's aim is to discredit leaders and, by extension, the church, as seen in the temptation of Jesus in Matthew 4:1-11. Leaders must remain vigilant and grounded in their faith to avoid falling into such traps, as their fall can have far-reaching consequences for the community they serve.

Deacons likewise must be dignified
The role of deacons in the early church was one of service and support, assisting the elders and apostles in practical matters. The term "deacon" comes from the Greek word "diakonos," meaning servant or minister. The requirement for deacons to be "dignified" emphasizes the importance of their character and reputation. This mirrors the qualifications for overseers earlier in the chapter, highlighting the need for integrity and respectability. In the cultural context of the early church, dignity was crucial for maintaining the church's witness in a society that often viewed Christians with suspicion.

Not double-tongued
Being "double-tongued" refers to saying one thing to one person and something different to another, essentially being deceitful or insincere. This requirement underscores the importance of honesty and consistency in speech, reflecting the biblical principle found in James 3:10, where believers are cautioned about the power of the tongue. In a historical context, where oral communication was primary, the integrity of one's word was vital for community trust and cohesion.

Or given to much wine
The caution against being "given to much wine" addresses the potential for addiction and the loss of self-control, which could impair judgment and behavior. In the Greco-Roman world, wine was a common part of daily life, but excessive consumption was associated with moral laxity. This echoes the broader biblical teaching on sobriety and self-control, as seen in Ephesians 5:18, where believers are instructed not to be drunk with wine but to be filled with the Spirit.

Or greedy for money
The warning against being "greedy for money" highlights the potential for financial temptation to corrupt one's service to the church. This aligns with the broader biblical theme that the love of money is a root of all kinds of evil (1 Timothy 6:10). In the early church, deacons often handled financial matters, such as distributing aid to the needy, making it essential that they be trustworthy and not motivated by personal gain. This requirement reflects the teaching of Jesus in Matthew 6:24, where He states that one cannot serve both God and money.

They must hold to the mystery of the faith
This phrase emphasizes the importance of maintaining a firm grasp on the core tenets of Christian doctrine, which are often referred to as the "mystery" because they were once hidden but are now revealed through Christ. The "mystery of the faith" includes the incarnation, death, and resurrection of Jesus, as well as the salvation offered to both Jews and Gentiles. This aligns with Ephesians 3:4-6, where Paul speaks of the mystery of Christ being revealed to the apostles and prophets by the Spirit. The term "mystery" in the biblical context often refers to divine truths that were previously concealed but are now made known through the gospel. This underscores the responsibility of church leaders to understand and teach these truths accurately.

with a clear conscience
A clear conscience is essential for those in leadership, as it reflects a life lived in accordance with the teachings of Christ and the guidance of the Holy Spirit. This concept is echoed in Acts 24:16, where Paul speaks of striving to maintain a clear conscience before God and man. A clear conscience involves integrity, sincerity, and moral purity, which are crucial for leaders who are to be examples to the flock. The conscience acts as an internal witness to one's actions and thoughts, and a clear conscience indicates alignment with God's will. This phrase also suggests the importance of repentance and forgiveness, as maintaining a clear conscience requires ongoing self-examination and confession of sin.

Additionally, they must first be tested.
This phrase emphasizes the importance of proving one's character and abilities before assuming a leadership role in the church. The concept of testing is consistent with biblical principles found throughout Scripture, such as in 1 Thessalonians 5:21, which encourages believers to "test all things." In the early church, this testing likely involved observing a candidate's faithfulness, moral integrity, and ability to handle responsibilities. The testing process ensures that those who serve are genuinely committed to the faith and capable of upholding the church's values. This aligns with the wisdom literature in Proverbs, which often speaks to the importance of discernment and proving one's worth (Proverbs 17:3).

Then, if they are above reproach,
Being "above reproach" means living a life that is free from any legitimate accusation of wrongdoing. This standard is not about perfection but about maintaining a consistent and blameless character. In the cultural context of the early church, where Christians were often scrutinized by both Jewish and Roman authorities, maintaining a good reputation was crucial for the witness of the church. This requirement is echoed in other pastoral epistles, such as Titus 1:6-7, where similar qualifications are listed for elders. The idea is that leaders should exemplify Christ-like behavior, serving as models for the congregation.

let them serve as deacons.
The role of deacons in the early church was primarily one of service, as seen in Acts 6:1-6, where the first deacons were appointed to manage the distribution of food to widows. The term "deacon" comes from the Greek word "diakonos," meaning servant or minister. This role is distinct from that of elders or overseers, focusing more on practical service and administration within the church community. The historical context of the early church, with its communal living and shared resources, necessitated such roles to ensure the well-being of all members. Deacons, by their service, reflect the servanthood of Jesus Christ, who came "not to be served, but to serve" (Mark 10:45).

In the same way
This phrase indicates a continuation of the instructions given to deacons and overseers earlier in the chapter. It suggests that the qualities required for leadership and service within the church are consistent across different roles. The phrase emphasizes the importance of character and conduct for all who serve in the church, reflecting the broader biblical principle that God values the heart and integrity of His people (1 Samuel 16:7).

the women
The term "women" here can be interpreted as referring to either the wives of deacons or to female deacons themselves, known as deaconesses. The early church included women in various roles of service and leadership, as seen in the examples of Phoebe (Romans 16:1) and Priscilla (Acts 18:26). This reflects the inclusive nature of the early Christian community, where both men and women were called to serve according to their gifts.

must be dignified
Dignity is a quality that denotes respectability and honor. In the cultural context of the early church, where women often held a subordinate social status, being dignified would have been a countercultural witness to the transformative power of the Gospel. This aligns with the biblical call for all believers to live lives worthy of respect (Philippians 1:27).

not slanderers
Slander involves making false or damaging statements about others. The prohibition against slander highlights the importance of speech that builds up rather than tears down, consistent with the teachings of James 3:5-10 on the power of the tongue. In a community setting, avoiding slander is crucial for maintaining unity and trust.

but temperate
Temperance, or self-control, is a fruit of the Spirit (Galatians 5:22-23) and is essential for anyone in a position of influence. In the Greco-Roman world, self-control was a highly valued virtue, and its inclusion here underscores the need for leaders to exhibit restraint and moderation in all aspects of life, including emotions, desires, and actions.

and faithful in all things
Faithfulness implies reliability and trustworthiness. This requirement for women in the church mirrors the faithfulness expected of all believers (1 Corinthians 4:2). It encompasses faithfulness to God, to one's family, and to the responsibilities entrusted to them within the church. This comprehensive faithfulness is a reflection of God's own faithfulness to His people (Lamentations 3:22-23).

A deacon must be the husband of but one wife
This phrase emphasizes the importance of marital faithfulness and integrity in church leadership. In the cultural context of the early church, polygamy was not widely practiced among Jews, but divorce and remarriage were common. This requirement underscores the need for a deacon to demonstrate commitment and fidelity, reflecting the monogamous relationship between Christ and the Church (Ephesians 5:31-32). The phrase also implies moral purity and the ability to manage personal relationships well, which is crucial for someone in a position of spiritual authority.

a good manager of his children
The ability to manage one's children is seen as a reflection of a leader's capability to guide and nurture the church community. In biblical times, the family was the primary unit of society, and effective leadership in the home was considered indicative of one's ability to lead in the church. This requirement aligns with the broader biblical principle that leadership begins at home (1 Timothy 3:4-5). It also reflects the importance of teaching and disciplining children in the ways of the Lord, as seen in Deuteronomy 6:6-7.

and of his own household
Managing one's household well involves stewardship of resources, maintaining order, and fostering a godly environment. In the historical context, a household could include extended family and servants, making this a significant responsibility. This phrase highlights the importance of practical wisdom and organizational skills in church leadership. It also connects to the broader biblical theme of stewardship, as seen in the parable of the talents (Matthew 25:14-30), where faithful management of what God has entrusted is rewarded.

For those who have served well as deacons
The role of a deacon in the early church was one of service and support, primarily focused on meeting the practical needs of the congregation. This phrase emphasizes the importance of fulfilling this role with diligence and integrity. The Greek word for deacon, "diakonos," means servant or minister, highlighting the servant leadership model exemplified by Jesus Christ (Mark 10:45). The early church in Acts 6:1-6 provides a context where deacons were appointed to ensure fair distribution of resources, allowing the apostles to focus on prayer and ministry of the word.

acquire for themselves a high standing
Serving well as a deacon leads to a respected position within the church community. This "high standing" is not about worldly status but about spiritual influence and moral authority. It reflects the biblical principle that humility and faithful service lead to exaltation by God (James 4:10). The respect gained is both from God and the church body, as seen in the commendation of faithful servants in Matthew 25:21.

and great confidence
This confidence is a deep assurance and boldness in one's faith and service. It is the result of a clear conscience and a life lived in accordance with God's will. Hebrews 10:35-36 speaks to the importance of maintaining confidence in the faith, which leads to receiving God's promises. This confidence is not self-derived but is rooted in the assurance of God's approval and the empowerment of the Holy Spirit.

in the faith that is in Christ Jesus
The faith mentioned here is specifically centered on Jesus Christ, the foundation of Christian belief. This phrase underscores the centrality of Christ in the life and service of a deacon. It is a reminder that all Christian service is ultimately about pointing others to Christ and building His kingdom. The faith in Christ is both the source and the goal of a deacon's service, as seen in passages like Colossians 3:17, which calls believers to do everything in the name of the Lord Jesus.

Although I hope to come to you soon
Paul expresses his personal desire to visit Timothy, who is in Ephesus. This reflects the close mentor-mentee relationship between Paul and Timothy. Ephesus was a major city in the Roman province of Asia, known for its temple to Artemis and as a center of early Christian activity. Paul's hope to visit soon indicates his pastoral concern and the importance he places on face-to-face communication, which was vital in the early church for teaching and encouragement. This phrase also highlights the urgency and importance of the instructions he is about to give, as he wants to ensure the church is well-guided in his absence.

I am writing you these things
Paul's decision to write underscores the importance of the instructions contained in the letter. The written word serves as a permanent record and guide for Timothy and the church in Ephesus. This reflects the early Christian practice of using letters to communicate doctrine and guidance, which later became part of the New Testament canon. The phrase "these things" refers to the instructions on church leadership, conduct, and doctrine found in the preceding and following passages. This written communication ensures that Timothy has a clear and authoritative reference for managing the church, emphasizing the importance of sound doctrine and orderly conduct within the Christian community.

in case I am delayed
Paul writes to Timothy with the possibility of being delayed, indicating the importance of the instructions he is providing. This reflects the urgency and necessity of establishing order and sound doctrine in the early church. The apostle's travels were often unpredictable due to various factors such as weather, imprisonment, or opposition, which is evident in Acts and his other epistles.

so that you will know how each one must conduct himself
Paul emphasizes the importance of proper conduct within the church. This reflects the broader biblical theme of holiness and order among God's people, as seen in Leviticus 19:2 and 1 Peter 1:15-16. The conduct of believers is a testimony to the world, aligning with Jesus' teaching in Matthew 5:16 about letting one's light shine before others.

in God’s household
The metaphor of the church as God's household underscores the familial relationship among believers and their relationship with God as Father. This concept is rooted in the Old Testament, where Israel is often referred to as God's people or family (Exodus 4:22). The New Testament expands this to include all who are in Christ, as seen in Ephesians 2:19.

which is the church of the living God
This phrase distinguishes the Christian community from pagan temples and dead idols, emphasizing the presence and activity of the living God among His people. The living God is a recurring theme in Scripture, contrasting the true God with lifeless idols (Jeremiah 10:10, Acts 14:15). The church is the assembly of those who worship the living God, as seen in Hebrews 12:22-23.

the pillar and foundation of the truth
The church is described as the pillar and foundation of the truth, indicating its role in upholding and proclaiming God's truth. This imagery may draw from the architectural features of ancient buildings, where pillars and foundations were crucial for stability and support. The church's responsibility is to maintain doctrinal purity and integrity, as seen in Jude 1:3 and 2 Timothy 2:15. This also reflects the church's mission to be a witness to the truth of the gospel, as Jesus commissioned in Matthew 28:19-20.

By common confession, the mystery of godliness is great:
This phrase introduces a universally acknowledged truth within the early Christian community. The "mystery of godliness" refers to the profound and previously hidden truth of God's plan for salvation through Jesus Christ. In biblical terms, a "mystery" is something that was once concealed but is now revealed by God. The greatness of this mystery underscores its significance in the Christian faith, emphasizing the transformative power of the gospel. This aligns with other New Testament passages that speak of the mystery of Christ (Ephesians 3:4-6, Colossians 1:26-27).

He appeared in the flesh,
This phrase affirms the incarnation of Jesus Christ, a foundational doctrine of Christianity. It emphasizes that Jesus, who is divine, took on human nature and lived among humanity. This is supported by John 1:14, which states, "The Word became flesh and made His dwelling among us." The incarnation is central to understanding Jesus' role as the mediator between God and man (1 Timothy 2:5) and fulfills Old Testament prophecies such as Isaiah 7:14, which speaks of a virgin bearing a son called Immanuel, meaning "God with us."

was vindicated by the Spirit,
This refers to the Holy Spirit's role in affirming Jesus' divine nature and mission. The Spirit's vindication is most clearly seen in the resurrection of Jesus, as Romans 1:4 states that Jesus was "declared to be the Son of God with power according to the Spirit of holiness by the resurrection from the dead." The Spirit's work in Jesus' life, from His baptism (Matthew 3:16) to His resurrection, confirms His identity and mission.

was seen by angels,
Angels played a significant role in the life and ministry of Jesus. They announced His birth (Luke 2:9-14), ministered to Him after His temptation (Matthew 4:11), and were present at His resurrection (Matthew 28:2-7). The presence of angels highlights the heavenly affirmation of Jesus' work and the cosmic significance of His mission. This phrase also suggests the spiritual realm's acknowledgment of Jesus' authority and victory.

was proclaimed among the nations,
This highlights the spread of the gospel beyond the Jewish community to the Gentiles, fulfilling the Great Commission (Matthew 28:19-20). The early church, empowered by the Holy Spirit, took the message of Jesus to various parts of the Roman Empire and beyond, as seen in the missionary journeys of Paul and others in the Book of Acts. This proclamation among the nations signifies the universal scope of salvation through Christ.

was believed in throughout the world,
The early church experienced rapid growth as people from diverse backgrounds came to faith in Jesus Christ. This global belief is a testament to the power of the gospel and the work of the Holy Spirit in drawing people to Christ. The phrase reflects the fulfillment of prophecies such as Isaiah 49:6, which speaks of God's salvation reaching the ends of the earth. It also underscores the transformative impact of the gospel message across different cultures and societies.

was taken up in glory.
This refers to the ascension of Jesus into heaven, as recorded in Acts 1:9-11. The ascension marks the completion of Jesus' earthly ministry and His exaltation at the right hand of the Father (Ephesians 1:20-21). It signifies His authority and ongoing intercessory work for believers (Hebrews 7:25). The ascension also anticipates His return, as the angels told the disciples that Jesus would come back in the same way they saw Him go into heaven.