Now the famine
The mention of famine is significant in the biblical narrative, as it often serves as a catalyst for God's people to move or act according to His plan. Famines were not uncommon in the ancient Near East due to the region's dependence on seasonal rains. In the context of Genesis, this famine is part of God's providential plan to bring Jacob's family to Egypt, setting the stage for the events leading to the Exodus. Famines are also seen in other parts of the Bible, such as during the time of Elijah (1 Kings 17) and in the New Testament (Acts 11:28).

was still severe
The severity of the famine emphasizes the dire circumstances faced by Jacob's family and the surrounding nations. This ongoing hardship underscores the need for Joseph's brothers to return to Egypt for more grain, furthering the narrative of reconciliation and fulfillment of Joseph's dreams. The persistence of the famine also highlights the theme of testing and reliance on God's provision, as seen in other biblical accounts where God's people are tested through prolonged trials.

in the land
The "land" refers to Canaan, where Jacob and his family resided. Canaan was a region that relied heavily on agriculture, making it vulnerable to the effects of famine. This geographical context is crucial, as it contrasts with Egypt, where the Nile River provided a more stable water source, allowing for surplus grain storage. The land of Canaan is significant throughout the Bible as the Promised Land, a place of both blessing and testing for God's people. The famine in Canaan serves as a backdrop for the unfolding of God's redemptive plan through Joseph, a type of Christ, who provides salvation and sustenance to his family and the nations.

So when Jacob’s sons had eaten all the grain they had brought from Egypt
This phrase indicates a time of severe famine, which is a recurring theme in the biblical narrative. The famine had affected not only Egypt but also Canaan, where Jacob and his family resided. The grain they had brought from Egypt was a temporary solution, highlighting the dire circumstances. This situation sets the stage for the unfolding of God's providential plan for Israel. The mention of Egypt is significant, as it was a major center of civilization and agriculture, often serving as a place of refuge during famines (Genesis 12:10).

their father said to them
Jacob, also known as Israel, is the patriarch of the family. His leadership and decision-making are central to the narrative. This moment reflects his role as the head of the family, responsible for their survival. It also shows the tension between his authority and the necessity of relying on his sons, particularly in the context of the previous events involving Joseph, whom Jacob believes to be dead.

“Go back and buy us a little more food.”
This command underscores the ongoing crisis and the need for sustenance. The phrase "a little more food" suggests the scarcity and preciousness of resources during the famine. It also foreshadows the further interactions with Joseph, who is now the governor of Egypt, unbeknownst to his brothers. This request sets in motion the events that will lead to the eventual reconciliation of Joseph with his family, fulfilling God's promise to Abraham about his descendants (Genesis 15:13-14). The journey back to Egypt is a pivotal moment in the narrative, emphasizing themes of repentance, forgiveness, and divine providence.

But Judah replied
Judah, one of the twelve sons of Jacob, emerges as a leader among his brothers. His role is significant in the narrative of Joseph, as he later becomes the forebear of the tribe from which King David and ultimately Jesus Christ descend. Judah's leadership here foreshadows his future prominence and the messianic lineage.

The man solemnly warned us
"The man" refers to Joseph, who is now the governor of Egypt, though his brothers do not recognize him. Joseph's stern warning underscores the seriousness of the situation. This moment highlights the tension and fear the brothers feel, as they are unaware of Joseph's true identity and his intentions. The solemnity of the warning reflects the gravity of the famine and the desperation of Jacob's family.

‘You will not see my face again
In ancient Near Eastern culture, seeing someone's face, especially a ruler's, was a sign of favor and acceptance. Joseph's statement implies that without compliance, the brothers would be denied access to Egypt's resources, which were crucial for their survival. This phrase also carries a deeper spiritual symbolism, as seeing the face of God is often equated with receiving His blessing and favor.

unless your brother is with you.’
Joseph's demand for Benjamin's presence is a test of his brothers' integrity and repentance. Benjamin, the youngest and Jacob's favored son after Joseph, represents a significant emotional and familial bond. This requirement forces the brothers to confront their past actions and the favoritism that led to Joseph's initial betrayal. It also sets the stage for reconciliation and redemption, themes central to the narrative and reflective of God's redemptive plan through Christ.

If you will send our brother with us
This phrase is spoken by Judah to his father Jacob, emphasizing the necessity of Benjamin's presence for their journey to Egypt. The brothers had previously encountered Joseph, who was now a powerful Egyptian official, though they did not recognize him. Joseph had demanded that they bring their youngest brother, Benjamin, to prove their honesty. This reflects the cultural importance of family and trust in ancient Near Eastern societies. The insistence on Benjamin's presence also foreshadows the eventual reconciliation and fulfillment of Joseph's dreams, where his family would bow to him (Genesis 37:5-11).

we will go down
The phrase "go down" is geographically accurate, as Canaan is situated at a higher elevation compared to Egypt. This journey was significant, as it involved leaving the Promised Land to seek sustenance in a foreign land. This movement can be seen as a precursor to the Israelites' eventual descent into Egypt, leading to their enslavement and the subsequent Exodus. It also highlights the recurring biblical theme of God's people sojourning in foreign lands, relying on His provision and guidance.

and buy food for you
The act of buying food underscores the severity of the famine affecting the region, which had driven Jacob's family to seek resources in Egypt. This situation sets the stage for God's providential plan to preserve the family of Israel through Joseph's position in Egypt. The need to purchase food also reflects the economic practices of the time, where trade and commerce were essential for survival. This moment is a pivotal step in the unfolding of God's covenant promises to Abraham, as it ensures the survival and growth of his descendants.

But if you will not send him,
This phrase reflects the urgency and necessity of sending Benjamin to Egypt. The brothers are speaking to their father, Jacob, emphasizing the critical nature of the situation. In the broader context of Genesis, this moment is pivotal as it tests Jacob's faith and trust in God. The reluctance to send Benjamin is rooted in Jacob's fear of losing another son, as he believes he lost Joseph. This highlights the theme of fear versus faith, a recurring theme throughout the Bible.

we will not go;
The brothers' refusal to return to Egypt without Benjamin underscores the seriousness of the Egyptian official's (Joseph's) command. It also reflects the dire circumstances of the famine, which forces the family to comply with the demands despite their fears. This moment is a turning point that propels the narrative forward, leading to the eventual reconciliation and revelation of Joseph's identity.

for the man told us,
"The man" refers to Joseph, who is unrecognized by his brothers. This anonymity is significant as it allows Joseph to test his brothers' character and repentance. The use of "the man" instead of Joseph's name adds to the dramatic irony, as the reader knows Joseph's identity while the brothers do not. This situation is a type of Christ, where Jesus is often unrecognized by those He came to save.

‘You will not see my face again unless your brother is with you.’”
This condition set by Joseph is crucial for the unfolding of God's plan for Jacob's family. It forces the brothers to confront their past actions and the consequences of selling Joseph into slavery. The phrase "see my face" is a Hebraic expression indicating favor and acceptance, similar to seeking God's face in prayer. The requirement to bring Benjamin is a test of the brothers' integrity and unity, foreshadowing the eventual reconciliation and restoration of the family. This mirrors the biblical theme of redemption and the necessity of coming to God on His terms, paralleling the New Testament call to approach God through Christ.

“Why did you bring this trouble upon me?”
In this passage, Israel, also known as Jacob, expresses his distress over the situation with his sons and the Egyptian ruler, who is Joseph, though they do not yet recognize him. This reflects Jacob's ongoing struggle with fear and anxiety, a recurring theme in his life. Historically, Jacob's life was marked by numerous trials, including his flight from Esau, his dealings with Laban, and the loss of Joseph, whom he believed to be dead. This question reveals Jacob's human frailty and his tendency to focus on immediate circumstances rather than God's overarching plan. It also highlights the familial tensions and the weight of responsibility Jacob feels as the patriarch of his family.

Israel asked.
The use of the name "Israel" instead of "Jacob" is significant. "Israel" is the name given to Jacob after wrestling with God (Genesis 32:28), symbolizing his role as the father of the twelve tribes of Israel. This duality in names often reflects the tension between his old nature (Jacob) and his new identity (Israel). In this context, it underscores the gravity of the situation, as the future of the Israelite nation is at stake. The patriarch's questioning also foreshadows the eventual reconciliation and fulfillment of God's promises to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.

“Why did you tell the man you had another brother?”
This question points to the brothers' encounter with Joseph in Egypt, where they were compelled to reveal the existence of Benjamin, their youngest brother. Culturally, the brothers' honesty can be seen as a necessary step in the unfolding of God's plan, despite Jacob's immediate concern. The mention of "another brother" is crucial, as Benjamin is the only other son of Rachel, Jacob's beloved wife, and holds a special place in Jacob's heart. This situation sets the stage for the testing of the brothers' character and the eventual revelation of Joseph's identity. Theologically, it can be seen as a type of Christ, where Joseph, like Jesus, tests and ultimately forgives those who wronged him, leading to reconciliation and redemption.

They replied, “The man questioned us in detail about ourselves and our family:
This phrase refers to Joseph, who is now the governor of Egypt, though his brothers do not recognize him. The detailed questioning reflects Joseph's desire to learn about his family after years of separation. This interrogation is significant as it sets the stage for the eventual reconciliation. The cultural context of the time would have made such questioning seem thorough but not unusual, as travelers often needed to provide information about their origins and intentions.

‘Is your father still alive?
Joseph's inquiry about their father, Jacob, indicates his deep concern and longing for his family. This question is poignant, considering Joseph's long absence and the uncertainty about his father's well-being. It also foreshadows the eventual reunion between Joseph and Jacob, which is a pivotal moment in the narrative of Genesis.

Do you have another brother?’
Joseph's question about another brother refers to Benjamin, his only full brother, as both were sons of Rachel. This inquiry is crucial because Benjamin's presence is central to Joseph's plan to test his brothers' integrity and loyalty. The mention of another brother also highlights the theme of family and brotherhood, which is prevalent throughout the book of Genesis.

And we answered him accordingly.
The brothers' response to Joseph's questions shows their honesty in this situation, contrasting with their earlier deceit when they sold Joseph into slavery. This moment is part of their character development and the broader theme of redemption and forgiveness that runs through the Joseph narrative.

How could we possibly know that he would say, ‘Bring your brother here’?”
This rhetorical question underscores the brothers' bewilderment and lack of foresight. It highlights the unfolding of God's providential plan, which they are unaware of. The demand to bring Benjamin to Egypt is a test orchestrated by Joseph to see if his brothers have changed since their betrayal. This situation also serves as a type of Christ, where Joseph, like Jesus, tests and ultimately forgives those who wronged him, leading to reconciliation and restoration.

And Judah said to his father Israel,
Judah, one of the twelve sons of Jacob (Israel), emerges as a leader among his brothers. This moment marks a significant shift in Judah's character, as he takes responsibility for the family's survival. The name "Israel" is used here to emphasize Jacob's role as the patriarch of the nation. This interaction highlights the familial dynamics and the importance of leadership and responsibility within the family unit.

“Send the boy with me,
Judah refers to Benjamin, the youngest son, as "the boy." This reflects the protective nature of the family towards Benjamin, especially after the loss of Joseph, whom they believe to be dead. Judah's willingness to take Benjamin under his care signifies a pledge of safety and responsibility, which is crucial given the previous loss of Joseph.

and we will go at once,
The urgency in Judah's words underscores the severity of the famine affecting Canaan. The phrase indicates a readiness to act immediately, reflecting the dire circumstances and the need for prompt action to secure food from Egypt. This urgency also demonstrates Judah's determination and leadership in ensuring the family's survival.

so that we may live and not die—
This phrase highlights the life-and-death situation faced by Jacob's family due to the famine. It underscores the desperation and necessity of their journey to Egypt. Theologically, it reflects the broader biblical theme of God's provision and the preservation of His chosen people, which is a recurring motif throughout the Scriptures.

neither we, nor you, nor our children.
Judah's statement encompasses the entire family, emphasizing the collective threat posed by the famine. It reflects the communal nature of ancient Near Eastern societies, where the survival of the family unit was paramount. This phrase also foreshadows the future growth of Israel's descendants, as the preservation of the family is crucial for the fulfillment of God's promises to Abraham regarding his numerous offspring.

I will guarantee his safety.
Judah steps forward to take personal responsibility for Benjamin's safety, highlighting a shift in his character from earlier actions, such as his role in selling Joseph into slavery. This act of self-sacrifice prefigures the concept of substitutionary atonement, a theme fulfilled in Jesus Christ, who guarantees the safety of believers through His sacrifice.

You may hold me personally responsible.
Judah's willingness to be held accountable reflects a deep sense of duty and honor, which was highly valued in ancient Near Eastern cultures. This personal accountability is a precursor to the New Testament teachings on bearing one another's burdens and the responsibility of leaders to their communities.

If I do not bring him back and set him before you,
Judah's promise to return Benjamin safely mirrors the shepherd's role in ensuring the safety of the flock, a motif seen throughout Scripture. This echoes the parable of the lost sheep in the Gospels, where the shepherd goes to great lengths to bring back the one who is lost.

then may I bear the guilt before you all my life.
Judah's declaration to bear lifelong guilt is a profound commitment, illustrating the seriousness of his vow. This reflects the biblical principle of bearing the consequences of one's actions, seen in the sacrificial system where guilt offerings were made. It also foreshadows Christ's bearing of humanity's guilt on the cross, taking upon Himself the sins of the world.

If we had not delayed,
This phrase reflects the urgency and frustration of the brothers, particularly Judah, in their situation. The delay was due to their father Jacob's reluctance to send Benjamin to Egypt, which was necessary to secure more grain and prove their honesty to Joseph, whom they did not recognize. This highlights the tension between obedience to parental authority and the necessity of action in dire circumstances. The delay also serves as a narrative device to heighten the drama and anticipation of the brothers' second journey to Egypt.

we could have come and gone
The phrase suggests the efficiency and speed with which the brothers could have completed their mission had they acted sooner. It underscores the practical nature of their journey, which involved traveling from Canaan to Egypt, a significant distance that would have taken considerable time and effort. This journey is emblematic of the broader theme of pilgrimage and movement in the biblical narrative, reflecting the transient nature of life and the pursuit of sustenance and survival.

twice by now.”
This emphasizes the extent of the delay and the missed opportunities due to hesitation. The mention of "twice" indicates that sufficient time had passed for two round trips, highlighting the urgency of their need for food during the famine. This also foreshadows the eventual reconciliation and fulfillment of God's plan for the family of Jacob, as the delay ultimately leads to a deeper understanding and resolution of past grievances. The concept of "twice" can also be seen as a reflection of the dual nature of God's provision and timing, which often surpasses human understanding.

Then their father Israel said to them,
This phrase identifies Jacob, also known as Israel, as the speaker. The name "Israel" signifies his role as the patriarch of the twelve tribes. This moment reflects his leadership and decision-making in a time of crisis, emphasizing his responsibility for his family's survival.

“If it must be so, then do this:
Jacob's resignation to the situation shows his acceptance of the necessity to send Benjamin to Egypt. This reflects a moment of faith and trust in God's providence, despite his fears. It highlights the theme of surrendering to God's will, a recurring biblical principle.

Put some of the best products of the land in your packs
The mention of "the best products of the land" indicates the richness of Canaan, despite the famine. It underscores the practice of offering gifts to gain favor, a common cultural practice in ancient times, seen also in Genesis 32:13-21 when Jacob sent gifts to Esau.

and carry them down as a gift for the man—
The "man" refers to Joseph, though his brothers are unaware of his identity. The act of sending gifts is a strategic move to appease the Egyptian official, reflecting the wisdom in Proverbs 18:16 about gifts opening doors and gaining access to important people.

a little balm and a little honey,
Balm, a resin used for medicinal purposes, and honey, a luxury item, were valuable commodities. The balm from Gilead was particularly renowned, as mentioned in Jeremiah 8:22. These items symbolize healing and sweetness, possibly foreshadowing the reconciliation to come.

spices and myrrh,
Spices and myrrh were used for anointing and embalming, indicating their high value. Myrrh is notably associated with Jesus' birth (Matthew 2:11) and death (John 19:39), symbolizing both life and sacrifice.

pistachios and almonds.
These nuts were considered delicacies and were likely rare during a famine. Their inclusion in the gift highlights the effort to present a worthy offering. Almonds, in particular, are associated with watchfulness and divine approval, as seen in Numbers 17:8 with Aaron's rod.

Take double the silver with you
In the context of Genesis 43, Jacob instructs his sons to take double the amount of silver to Egypt. This reflects a cautious and strategic approach to ensure favor with the Egyptian official, who is unknown to them as Joseph. The doubling of the silver signifies an attempt to rectify any perceived wrongdoing and to demonstrate integrity. In the ancient Near Eastern culture, gifts were often used to appease or gain favor with powerful figures, as seen in other biblical accounts such as when Jacob sent gifts to Esau in Genesis 32:13-21.

so that you may return the silver that was put back into the mouths of your sacks.
The silver being returned is significant because it was originally found in their sacks after their first trip to Egypt, causing fear and confusion among the brothers (Genesis 42:27-28). This act of returning the silver is an attempt to clear any suspicion of theft or dishonesty. It also highlights the brothers' growing sense of responsibility and honesty, contrasting with their earlier deceitful actions against Joseph. The act of returning the silver can be seen as a step towards reconciliation and redemption.

Perhaps it was a mistake.
Jacob's suggestion that the return of the silver might have been a mistake indicates a hope for a peaceful resolution. It reflects a cautious optimism and a desire to believe in the possibility of an innocent explanation. This phrase also underscores the uncertainty and tension in the narrative, as the brothers are unaware of Joseph's true identity and intentions. The idea of a mistake introduces the theme of divine providence, as God is orchestrating events beyond their understanding, ultimately leading to the fulfillment of Joseph's dreams and the preservation of Jacob's family.

Take your brother as well
This phrase refers to Jacob's instruction to his sons to take Benjamin with them to Egypt. Benjamin was the youngest son of Jacob and the only full brother of Joseph, who was the governor of Egypt at the time. The brothers had previously gone to Egypt to buy grain during a famine but were accused of being spies. Joseph, unrecognized by them, demanded they bring Benjamin to prove their honesty. This request was significant because Jacob was deeply protective of Benjamin after losing Joseph, whom he believed to be dead. The inclusion of Benjamin highlights themes of trust and reconciliation, as well as the fulfillment of Joseph's earlier dreams where his family would bow to him.

and return to the man at once
The "man" refers to Joseph, who held a position of power in Egypt. The urgency in Jacob's command underscores the dire situation due to the famine and the need for more grain. This return journey is pivotal in the narrative, as it sets the stage for the eventual revelation of Joseph's identity to his brothers. The phrase also reflects the broader biblical theme of returning or repenting, which is a recurring motif throughout Scripture. The brothers' return to Egypt symbolizes a journey towards redemption and restoration of family relationships.

May God Almighty grant you mercy before the man
This phrase invokes the name "God Almighty," which is translated from the Hebrew "El Shaddai." This name emphasizes God's power and sovereignty, often used in contexts where divine intervention is sought. Jacob, the speaker, is appealing to God's supreme authority to influence the Egyptian official, who is Joseph, though unknown to them at this point. The plea for mercy highlights the dire situation, as the brothers are returning to Egypt to buy grain during a severe famine. The concept of mercy is central in biblical narratives, often associated with God's covenantal faithfulness. This plea reflects a deep reliance on divine providence, echoing themes found in other scriptures such as Psalm 57:1, where seeking God's mercy is a refuge in times of trouble.

that he may release your other brother along with Benjamin
The "other brother" refers to Simeon, who was held in Egypt as a guarantee of the brothers' return with Benjamin. This situation underscores the tension and fear within Jacob's family, as they are forced to confront past sins, particularly the selling of Joseph into slavery. The mention of Benjamin, Jacob's youngest and most beloved son after Joseph, adds emotional weight. Benjamin's safety is paramount to Jacob, reflecting the patriarchal family's dynamics and favoritism. This narrative foreshadows the eventual reconciliation and restoration of the family, a theme that resonates with the story of the prodigal son in Luke 15:11-32, where reconciliation follows repentance and forgiveness.

As for me, if I am bereaved, I am bereaved.
Jacob's statement here is one of resignation and acceptance of potential loss. This reflects a shift in Jacob's character from earlier in Genesis, where he often relied on his cunning and resourcefulness. Now, he acknowledges his vulnerability and the limits of his control, entrusting the outcome to God's will. This mirrors the attitude of Esther in Esther 4:16, where she resolves to approach the king despite the risk, saying, "If I perish, I perish." Both instances highlight a surrender to divine sovereignty, trusting in God's plan despite personal risk or loss. Jacob's acceptance of potential bereavement also prefigures the ultimate sacrifice and surrender seen in Jesus Christ, who willingly faced death for the redemption of humanity, as described in Philippians 2:8.

So the men took these gifts
The gifts mentioned here are a selection of the best products of the land, including balm, honey, spices, myrrh, pistachio nuts, and almonds. These were intended to appease the Egyptian official, who is Joseph, though his brothers do not yet recognize him. This act of bringing gifts is consistent with ancient Near Eastern customs of presenting offerings to gain favor or forgiveness, as seen in Genesis 32:20 when Jacob sent gifts to Esau.

along with double the amount of silver
The brothers brought back the original silver they found in their sacks, plus additional silver to purchase more grain. This reflects their desire to demonstrate honesty and integrity, as they feared being accused of theft. The doubling of the silver can also symbolize restitution and the importance of making amends, a principle seen throughout Scripture, such as in Exodus 22:4.

and Benjamin as well
Benjamin's inclusion is significant because he is the youngest son of Jacob and the only full brother of Joseph. Jacob's reluctance to send Benjamin highlights his fear of losing another beloved son, reminiscent of his loss of Joseph. This moment foreshadows the eventual reconciliation and restoration of the family, a theme that echoes the redemptive work of Christ in restoring humanity to God.

Then they hurried down to Egypt
The urgency in their journey underscores the severity of the famine and their desperation for food. Egypt, a powerful and resource-rich nation, was a place of refuge during times of famine, as seen earlier in Genesis 12:10 with Abram. This journey also sets the stage for the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham that his descendants would sojourn in a foreign land (Genesis 15:13).

and stood before Joseph
Standing before Joseph, the brothers unknowingly fulfill Joseph's earlier dreams of his family bowing to him (Genesis 37:7-9). This encounter is pivotal, as it begins the process of reconciliation and reveals Joseph's role as a type of Christ—one who was rejected by his own but ultimately becomes their savior. Joseph's position of authority in Egypt prefigures Christ's exaltation and authority over all.

When Joseph saw Benjamin with his brothers
Joseph, now a powerful figure in Egypt, recognizes his youngest brother, Benjamin, whom he has not seen since his own sale into slavery. This moment is significant as it fulfills the condition Joseph set for his brothers to prove their honesty (Genesis 42:15). Benjamin's presence is crucial because he is the only other son of Rachel, Joseph's mother, and holds a special place in Joseph's heart. This reunion is a pivotal moment in the narrative, highlighting themes of reconciliation and family restoration.

he said to the steward of his house
Joseph's authority is evident as he commands his steward, reflecting his high status in Egypt. The steward, likely an Egyptian, would have been responsible for managing Joseph's household affairs, indicating Joseph's integration into Egyptian society while maintaining his Hebrew identity. This role of a steward is similar to Eliezer in Abraham's household (Genesis 15:2), showing a continuity of household management practices.

Take these men to my house
Joseph's invitation to his brothers to dine at his house is an act of hospitality and a step towards reconciliation. In the ancient Near East, sharing a meal was a sign of peace and fellowship. This gesture contrasts with the brothers' previous fear of being accused as spies (Genesis 42:9), and it foreshadows the eventual revelation of Joseph's identity and the healing of familial bonds.

Slaughter an animal and prepare it
The preparation of a meal by slaughtering an animal indicates a special occasion. In the cultural context, such a meal would be reserved for honored guests. This act also reflects the importance of hospitality in ancient times, where sharing a meal was a significant social and religious event. The slaughtering of an animal can also be seen as a type of sacrificial offering, prefiguring the ultimate sacrifice of Christ, the Lamb of God.

for they shall dine with me at noon
Dining at noon suggests a formal and significant meal, as main meals were typically held in the evening. This timing emphasizes the importance Joseph places on this gathering. The act of dining together is a precursor to the eventual reconciliation and forgiveness that Joseph extends to his brothers, mirroring the forgiveness and restoration offered through Christ. The meal serves as a turning point in the narrative, leading to the eventual revelation of Joseph's identity and the fulfillment of God's plan for the family of Israel.

The man did as Joseph had commanded
This phrase highlights the authority Joseph held in Egypt, second only to Pharaoh. His commands were executed without question, reflecting his high status and the trust placed in him. This obedience can be seen as a parallel to the authority of Christ, who commands His followers to act according to His will. Joseph's role as a leader and provider foreshadows Christ's role as the ultimate provider and savior.

and took the brothers to Joseph’s house.
Joseph's house in Egypt symbolizes a place of provision and reconciliation. The brothers, unaware of Joseph's identity, are brought into a setting that will eventually lead to the revelation and restoration of their relationship. This act of bringing them to his house can be seen as a type of Christ inviting sinners into His presence for reconciliation. The house represents a place of safety and provision, much like the spiritual refuge found in Christ. The geographical setting in Egypt, a land of abundance during the famine, underscores the theme of God's provision and sovereignty over the circumstances of His people.

But the brothers were frightened that they had been taken to Joseph’s house.
The brothers' fear reflects their guilt and anxiety over their past actions, particularly their treatment of Joseph. This fear is compounded by their unfamiliarity with Egyptian customs and the power dynamics at play. Joseph's house, likely a grand and imposing structure, symbolizes authority and judgment. The brothers' apprehension can be seen as a foreshadowing of their eventual reconciliation with Joseph, highlighting the theme of divine providence and the unfolding of God's plan.

“We have been brought here because of the silver that was returned in our bags the first time,” they said.
The mention of the silver returned in their bags recalls the earlier incident in Genesis 42:25-28, where Joseph secretly returned their money. This act, while generous, is misunderstood by the brothers as a trap, illustrating their lack of trust and the burden of their guilty conscience. The silver can be seen as a test of their integrity and a parallel to the betrayal of Joseph, who was sold for silver. This situation also prefigures the concept of unmerited grace, as the brothers receive provision without cost, akin to the grace offered through Christ.

“They intend to overpower us and take us as slaves, along with our donkeys.”
The fear of being overpowered and enslaved reflects the brothers' awareness of their vulnerable position in a foreign land. Historically, Egypt was a powerful nation, and the brothers' concern about becoming slaves is not unfounded, given the common practice of enslaving foreigners. This fear also echoes their earlier betrayal of Joseph, who was sold into slavery, creating a poignant irony. The mention of donkeys underscores their concern for their livelihood and possessions, highlighting the comprehensive nature of their fear. This scenario can be seen as a type of Christ's redemptive work, where He transforms fear and bondage into freedom and reconciliation.

So they approached Joseph’s steward
In the context of Genesis 43, Joseph's brothers are returning to Egypt with Benjamin, as Joseph had demanded. The steward here is a key figure in Joseph's household, responsible for managing affairs and serving as an intermediary between Joseph and his brothers. This reflects the hierarchical structure of ancient Egyptian society, where stewards often held significant authority. The brothers' approach to the steward indicates their awareness of protocol and their need to address concerns about the money found in their sacks from their previous visit.

and spoke to him
The act of speaking to the steward demonstrates the brothers' anxiety and desire to clear up any misunderstandings regarding the money. In ancient Near Eastern culture, communication with a steward would be a formal affair, as stewards were trusted representatives of their masters. This interaction highlights the brothers' humility and their attempt to ensure goodwill before meeting Joseph.

at the entrance to the house
The entrance to Joseph's house symbolizes a threshold between the outside world and the inner workings of Egyptian authority. In biblical narratives, entrances often signify moments of transition or decision. The brothers' conversation at the entrance suggests a moment of anticipation and potential change, as they prepare to face Joseph once more. This setting also underscores the theme of hospitality and the customs surrounding it in ancient times, where guests would be received and their intentions assessed before being allowed further into the home.

"Please, sir," they said,
This phrase reflects the respectful and humble approach of Joseph's brothers as they address the steward of Joseph's house. In the ancient Near Eastern culture, showing respect to those in authority was crucial, especially in foreign lands. The use of "sir" indicates their recognition of the steward's position and their desire to find favor. This humility can be contrasted with their earlier attitudes when dealing with Joseph as a young man, highlighting a transformation in their character.

"we really did come down here the first time to buy food."
The brothers are referring to their initial journey to Egypt due to the severe famine in Canaan, which is documented in Genesis 42. This statement is part of their defense against the accusation of being spies. The famine was widespread, affecting not only Egypt but also surrounding regions, forcing many to seek provisions from Egypt, where Joseph, unbeknownst to them, had stored grain. This situation fulfills the earlier dreams of Joseph, where his brothers' sheaves bowed to his, symbolizing their dependence on him. The phrase also underscores the theme of God's providence, as He uses the famine to bring about reconciliation and the preservation of Jacob's family, which is central to the unfolding of the Abrahamic covenant.

But when we came to the place we lodged for the night
This phrase indicates a journey, likely from Egypt back to Canaan, as Joseph's brothers were returning home after their first trip to buy grain. The mention of lodging for the night suggests a long journey, consistent with the distance between Egypt and Canaan. This reflects the historical context of ancient travel, which was slow and required stopping at caravanserais or other safe places for rest.

we opened our sacks and, behold, each of us found his silver in the mouth of his sack!
The discovery of the silver in their sacks is significant. In the ancient Near East, silver was a common medium of exchange, and its unexpected return would have been alarming. This event is a pivotal moment in the narrative, highlighting themes of divine providence and testing. The brothers' fear upon finding the silver suggests a guilty conscience, possibly linked to their earlier treatment of Joseph. This incident foreshadows the testing of their integrity and repentance.

It was the full amount of our silver
The phrase emphasizes the completeness of the returned silver, underscoring the miraculous or mysterious nature of the event. This completeness can be seen as a test of honesty and integrity, as the brothers must decide whether to keep the silver or return it. The full amount also signifies the thoroughness of God's provision and the testing of their character.

and we have brought it back with us
This action demonstrates the brothers' decision to act righteously by returning the silver. It reflects a change in their character, contrasting with their earlier deceitful actions against Joseph. This decision to return the silver can be seen as an act of repentance and a step towards reconciliation. It also aligns with biblical principles of restitution and honesty, as seen in other scriptures such as Leviticus 6:1-5, which discusses making amends for wrongs.

We have brought additional silver with us to buy food.
In the context of Genesis 43, Joseph's brothers return to Egypt during a severe famine to buy more grain. The additional silver signifies their intention to make amends for the previous incident where they found their money returned in their sacks. This act of bringing extra silver reflects their honesty and integrity, as they seek to rectify any perceived wrongdoing. The cultural practice of trade and barter in ancient Egypt often involved silver as a medium of exchange, highlighting the economic practices of the time. This also foreshadows the eventual reconciliation between Joseph and his brothers, as they demonstrate a change of heart and responsibility.

We do not know who put our silver in our sacks.
This statement reveals the brothers' confusion and fear regarding the mysterious return of their money. It underscores the theme of divine providence and testing, as Joseph orchestrates these events to test his brothers' character. The brothers' ignorance of the situation reflects their vulnerability and the tension in their relationship with Joseph, whom they do not yet recognize. This moment is pivotal in the narrative, as it sets the stage for Joseph's eventual revelation of his identity. Theologically, it can be seen as a type of Christ, where Joseph, like Jesus, tests and ultimately forgives those who wronged him, offering grace and reconciliation.

“It is fine,” said the steward.
The steward's reassurance reflects the unexpected grace and favor Joseph's brothers receive in Egypt. In the broader narrative, this moment foreshadows the eventual reconciliation between Joseph and his brothers. The steward, likely an Egyptian, speaks words of peace, which is significant given the brothers' fear of retribution. This phrase highlights the theme of divine providence and the unfolding of God's plan, even through foreign intermediaries.

“Do not be afraid.”
Fear is a recurring theme in the story of Joseph and his brothers. The brothers are anxious about their previous encounter in Egypt and the money found in their sacks. The steward's words echo God's frequent reassurance to His people throughout Scripture, such as in Isaiah 41:10, where God tells Israel not to fear because He is with them. This phrase serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty and protection over His chosen people.

“Your God, the God of your father, gave you the treasure that was in your sacks.”
The steward acknowledges the God of the Hebrews, which is significant in a polytheistic Egyptian context. This acknowledgment suggests Joseph's influence in his household and possibly his witness to the Egyptians. The reference to "the God of your father" connects the brothers to the covenantal promises made to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, emphasizing God's faithfulness across generations. The treasure in the sacks symbolizes God's provision and blessing, reminiscent of the Israelites' future experiences of divine provision, such as manna in the wilderness.

“I received your silver.”
This statement clarifies that the return of the silver was intentional and not an oversight. It underscores the theme of integrity and justice, as Joseph ensures that his brothers are not wrongfully accused of theft. The silver, a recurring element in Joseph's story, also alludes to the price for which Joseph was sold into slavery, drawing a parallel between past injustices and present redemption.

Then he brought Simeon out to them.
Simeon's release is a pivotal moment, symbolizing the beginning of restoration and reconciliation within the family. Simeon had been held as a guarantee for the brothers' return with Benjamin, highlighting the themes of sacrifice and redemption. This act prefigures the ultimate reconciliation that will occur when Joseph reveals his identity. Simeon's release can also be seen as a type of Christ, who liberates those bound by sin and restores them to fellowship.

And the steward took the men into Joseph’s house
In the ancient Near Eastern culture, hospitality was a significant virtue, and inviting someone into one's home was a gesture of peace and goodwill. Joseph's steward, acting on Joseph's instructions, brings the brothers into the house, which signifies a shift from their previous encounters. This act foreshadows the reconciliation and restoration of relationships that will occur later. The steward's role is crucial, as he acts as an intermediary, much like how Christ serves as a mediator between God and humanity.

gave them water to wash their feet
Foot washing was a common practice in biblical times due to the dusty roads and the use of sandals. It was a sign of hospitality and respect, often performed by servants. This act of washing the feet can be seen as a precursor to Jesus washing the disciples' feet in John 13, symbolizing humility and service. It also indicates a level of acceptance and care, contrasting with the brothers' initial fear of being accused of theft.

and provided food for their donkeys
Providing food for the donkeys demonstrates a comprehensive hospitality that extends beyond the guests to their animals, reflecting the thoroughness of Joseph's care. In a broader biblical context, this attention to the needs of animals is consistent with the righteous care for all of God's creation, as seen in Proverbs 12:10. This detail also underscores the wealth and resources available to Joseph, highlighting his position of power in Egypt.

Since the brothers had been told that they were going to eat a meal there
The brothers, Joseph's siblings, were informed of a meal, indicating a planned and significant event. In ancient Near Eastern culture, sharing a meal was a sign of fellowship and peace. This meal foreshadows reconciliation and the breaking down of barriers between Joseph and his brothers. The act of eating together is a precursor to the eventual revelation of Joseph's identity and the restoration of familial bonds. This setting also reflects the customs of hospitality and honor in Egyptian society, where meals were often used to establish or reinforce social and political relationships.

they prepared their gift for Joseph’s arrival at noon
The preparation of a gift signifies respect and an attempt to gain favor, a common practice in ancient times when approaching someone of higher status. The brothers' gift, consisting of balm, honey, spices, myrrh, pistachio nuts, and almonds, reflects the agricultural products of Canaan and the trade practices of the time. Noon, the time of Joseph's expected arrival, was a customary time for meals in Egypt, aligning with the daily rhythms of life in the region. This act of preparation also highlights the brothers' anxiety and desire to appease Joseph, whom they still perceive as a powerful Egyptian official. The gift can be seen as a peace offering, reminiscent of Jacob's earlier gifts to Esau, symbolizing attempts at reconciliation and the mending of broken relationships.

When Joseph came home
This phrase indicates Joseph's return to his residence, likely a place of authority in Egypt. Joseph, once sold into slavery by his brothers, has risen to a position of power as the governor of Egypt. His home would have been a place of significant status, reflecting his high rank. This moment is pivotal as it sets the stage for the fulfillment of Joseph's earlier dreams (Genesis 37:5-11), where his brothers would bow to him.

they presented him with the gifts they had brought
The brothers bring gifts to Joseph as a gesture of goodwill and respect, a common practice in ancient Near Eastern culture when approaching a person of higher status. These gifts were likely chosen to appease Joseph and secure favor, reflecting the customs of diplomacy and reconciliation. The act of presenting gifts is reminiscent of Jacob's earlier attempt to appease Esau with gifts (Genesis 32:13-21).

and they bowed to the ground before him
This act of bowing fulfills the prophecy of Joseph's dreams, where his brothers' sheaves bowed to his sheaf (Genesis 37:7). Bowing was a sign of deep respect and submission, acknowledging Joseph's authority. This moment is significant in the narrative, as it demonstrates the sovereignty of God's plan and the fulfillment of His promises. It also prefigures the ultimate submission to Christ, who is typified by Joseph as a savior figure.

He asked if they were well
In this passage, Joseph, who is now a powerful figure in Egypt, inquires about the well-being of his brothers. This reflects the cultural importance of hospitality and concern for others' welfare in ancient Near Eastern societies. The Hebrew word for "well" here is "shalom," which encompasses peace, health, and completeness. Joseph's inquiry is significant as it shows his continued care for his family despite their past betrayal. This moment also foreshadows the reconciliation and restoration of relationships, a theme prevalent throughout the Bible.

and then he asked, “How is your elderly father you told me about?
Joseph's question about their father, Jacob, highlights the importance of family lineage and respect for elders in biblical times. Jacob, also known as Israel, is a patriarch whose life and experiences are foundational to the Israelite identity. This inquiry is not just about Jacob's physical health but also about the continuity of God's covenant promises through him. Joseph's concern for his father reflects the biblical principle of honoring one's parents, as seen in the Ten Commandments (Exodus 20:12).

Is he still alive?”
The question of Jacob's survival is poignant, considering the years of separation and the uncertainty surrounding his well-being. This reflects the broader biblical theme of life and death, and the preservation of God's chosen people. Joseph's inquiry can be seen as a type of Christ, who is deeply concerned with the life and spiritual well-being of His people. The survival of Jacob is crucial for the unfolding of God's redemptive plan, as it ensures the continuation of the lineage through which the Messiah would eventually come.

“Your servant our father is well,” they answered.
This phrase reflects the respectful and humble attitude of Joseph's brothers towards him, whom they do not yet recognize as their brother. The term "your servant" indicates a position of submission and respect, which was customary in ancient Near Eastern cultures when addressing someone of higher status. This also fulfills Joseph's earlier dreams (Genesis 37:7-10) where his brothers' sheaves bowed down to his sheaf, symbolizing their submission to him. The mention of their father being "well" is significant, as it reassures Joseph of Jacob's health and well-being, which is a central concern for him.

“He is still alive.”
The affirmation that Jacob is "still alive" is crucial for Joseph, who has been separated from his family for many years. This statement not only provides Joseph with personal relief but also sets the stage for the eventual reunion of the family. The survival of Jacob is significant in the broader narrative of Genesis, as it ensures the continuation of the Abrahamic covenant through his lineage. This phrase also highlights the theme of God's providence and faithfulness in preserving the patriarchs.

And they bowed down to honor him.
The act of bowing down is a physical demonstration of respect and submission, which was a common practice in ancient cultures when approaching someone of authority. This action fulfills the prophetic dreams Joseph had in his youth, where his brothers' sheaves and the celestial bodies bowed to him (Genesis 37:7-9). This moment is a pivotal fulfillment of those dreams, illustrating the sovereignty of God in bringing His plans to fruition despite human actions. The brothers' bowing can also be seen as a type of Christ, where every knee will bow to Jesus (Philippians 2:10), symbolizing ultimate recognition and submission to divine authority.

When Joseph looked up and saw his brother Benjamin
Joseph, now a powerful figure in Egypt, had not seen his brother Benjamin since he was a child. This moment is significant as Benjamin is the only other son of Rachel, Joseph's beloved mother. The emotional weight of this reunion is profound, as Joseph's last memories of his family were filled with betrayal and separation. The sight of Benjamin likely stirred deep emotions, reminding Joseph of his past and his mother's love.

his own mother’s son
This phrase emphasizes the unique bond between Joseph and Benjamin, as they were the only two sons of Rachel, Jacob's favored wife. This connection is crucial in understanding Joseph's special affection for Benjamin, distinguishing him from his other brothers. Rachel's death during Benjamin's birth adds a layer of poignancy to their relationship, as Benjamin represents the last living link to their mother.

he asked, “Is this your youngest brother, the one you told me about?”
Joseph's inquiry serves as a confirmation of Benjamin's identity. The brothers had previously mentioned Benjamin to Joseph, unaware of his true identity. This question also reflects Joseph's careful and strategic approach in dealing with his brothers, as he seeks to verify their honesty and intentions. It highlights the tension and suspense in the narrative, as Joseph's true identity remains hidden from his brothers.

Then he declared, “May God be gracious to you, my son.”
Joseph's blessing upon Benjamin is both a personal and spiritual gesture. By invoking God's grace, Joseph expresses a heartfelt wish for Benjamin's well-being, reflecting his deep love and concern. This blessing also serves as a subtle indication of Joseph's continued faith in God, despite his years in Egypt. The use of "my son" is a term of endearment, underscoring the familial bond and Joseph's protective feelings towards Benjamin. This moment foreshadows the eventual reconciliation and restoration of Joseph's relationship with his brothers, aligning with the broader biblical theme of forgiveness and redemption.

Joseph hurried out
Joseph's quick departure indicates the intensity of his emotions. This moment is a culmination of years of separation and longing. Joseph's reaction is a testament to the deep familial bonds that persist despite time and distance. His haste reflects the urgency of his emotional response, a theme seen in other biblical narratives where characters are moved to immediate action by strong feelings, such as David's reaction to Absalom's death (2 Samuel 18:33).

because he was moved to tears for his brother
The phrase highlights Joseph's deep compassion and love for Benjamin, his only full brother. This emotional response underscores the theme of reconciliation and forgiveness that runs throughout Joseph's story. The tears signify a breaking point, where Joseph's carefully maintained composure gives way to genuine emotion. This moment foreshadows the eventual reconciliation with his brothers, reminiscent of the prodigal son's return in Luke 15:20, where the father is moved with compassion.

and he went to a private room to weep
Joseph's choice to weep in private suggests a desire to maintain his authority and composure in front of his brothers and the Egyptians. Privacy in moments of vulnerability is a recurring theme in scripture, as seen in Jesus' instruction to pray in private (Matthew 6:6). The act of weeping itself is significant, as it reflects the human capacity for deep emotion and the healing process of expressing grief and joy. This private moment is a precursor to the public reconciliation that will follow, emphasizing the importance of personal reflection before communal restoration.

Then he washed his face
In the context of Genesis 43, Joseph, who is now a powerful leader in Egypt, is deeply moved upon seeing his brothers, especially Benjamin. Washing his face signifies a moment of personal reflection and emotional control. In ancient Near Eastern culture, washing was often a ritual act of purification, symbolizing a transition from one state to another. This act may also reflect Joseph's desire to maintain his composure and authority before his brothers, who do not yet recognize him.

and came back out
Joseph's return to his brothers after washing his face indicates his readiness to engage with them in a composed and authoritative manner. This action demonstrates his ability to balance his personal emotions with his public duties. In the broader narrative, Joseph's interactions with his brothers are part of a divine plan to preserve the family of Israel during a time of famine, highlighting themes of reconciliation and providence.

Regaining his composure
Joseph's ability to regain his composure is significant in the context of his role as a leader and his personal journey. It reflects his maturity and self-control, qualities that have developed since his earlier years when he was sold into slavery. This moment also foreshadows the eventual reconciliation with his brothers, as Joseph must navigate his emotions to fulfill God's plan for his family. The theme of composure in the face of emotional turmoil is echoed in other biblical figures, such as David and Daniel, who also demonstrate reliance on God for strength.

he said, “Serve the meal.”
The command to serve the meal is a pivotal moment in the narrative, as it sets the stage for further interaction between Joseph and his brothers. Meals in the ancient world were significant social events, often symbolizing fellowship and covenant. In this context, the meal serves as a precursor to the eventual revelation of Joseph's identity and the restoration of familial bonds. The act of serving a meal can also be seen as a type of Christ, who provides spiritual nourishment and invites believers to partake in the fellowship of the Lord's Supper, symbolizing unity and reconciliation.

They separately served Joseph, his brothers, and the Egyptians.
In this scene, Joseph, now a powerful figure in Egypt, is hosting a meal for his brothers who have come to buy grain during a famine. The separation in dining reflects the social and cultural hierarchies of the time. Joseph, as the governor of Egypt, is served separately, highlighting his elevated status. His brothers, unaware of his true identity, are treated as foreigners. The Egyptians are also served separately, indicating a strict adherence to social customs and norms. This separation underscores the tension between the Egyptians and the Hebrews, a theme that will continue throughout the Israelites' history in Egypt.

They ate separately because the Egyptians would not eat with the Hebrews,
This phrase highlights the cultural and ethnic divisions of the time. Egyptians considered themselves superior to other peoples, including the Hebrews. This separation in dining practices is indicative of broader social prejudices and taboos. The Egyptians' refusal to eat with the Hebrews reflects a deep-seated cultural disdain, which is consistent with the broader narrative of the Israelites' eventual enslavement in Egypt. This separation also foreshadows the eventual exodus of the Israelites, as God calls them to be a distinct and separate people.

since that was detestable to them.
The term "detestable" indicates a strong aversion, suggesting that the Egyptians viewed the Hebrews as ritually or socially impure. This aversion may have been rooted in religious or cultural beliefs, as the Egyptians had a complex system of purity laws and social customs. This separation can be seen as a precursor to the later laws given to the Israelites, which also emphasize separation and holiness. The detestability of the Hebrews to the Egyptians sets the stage for the eventual conflict and deliverance narrative that unfolds in the book of Exodus.

They were seated before Joseph in order by age
In ancient Near Eastern culture, seating arrangements often reflected social hierarchy and status. Joseph's ability to seat his brothers according to their birth order would have been surprising, as they had not disclosed this information. This act demonstrates Joseph's knowledge and authority, hinting at his true identity. It also reflects the divine wisdom given to Joseph, reminiscent of God's omniscience. The order by age underscores the importance of birthright and lineage in biblical narratives, as seen in the stories of Esau and Jacob (Genesis 25:29-34).

from the firstborn to the youngest
The emphasis on birth order highlights the cultural significance of the firstborn's rights and responsibilities, which included leadership and a double portion of inheritance (Deuteronomy 21:17). This arrangement foreshadows the eventual revelation of Joseph's identity and the fulfillment of his earlier dreams (Genesis 37:5-11), where his brothers would bow to him. The mention of the youngest, Benjamin, is significant as he is Joseph's full brother, and his presence is crucial for the unfolding of Joseph's plan to test his brothers' integrity and repentance.

and the men looked at one another in astonishment
The brothers' astonishment reveals their lack of understanding of the situation and their ignorance of Joseph's identity. This moment of surprise is a turning point, as it begins to unravel the mystery surrounding the Egyptian ruler's actions. Their reaction can be seen as a moment of divine intervention, where God orchestrates events to bring about reconciliation and fulfillment of His promises. This astonishment also parallels the disciples' reactions to Jesus' actions and teachings, which often left them in awe and wonder (Mark 4:41).

When the portions were served to them from Joseph’s table
In ancient Near Eastern culture, sharing a meal was a sign of fellowship and acceptance. Joseph, now a powerful Egyptian official, extends this gesture to his brothers, indicating a shift from their previous estrangement. The act of serving from Joseph's table signifies his authority and generosity. This moment foreshadows the reconciliation and restoration of familial relationships, reminiscent of the prodigal son’s feast in Luke 15:22-24.

Benjamin’s portion was five times larger than any of the others
The number five in biblical numerology often symbolizes grace. Benjamin, Joseph's full brother, receives a portion five times larger, highlighting Joseph's special affection for him. This act tests the brothers' jealousy, reminiscent of their earlier envy towards Joseph (Genesis 37:4). It also prefigures the grace and favor shown by God to His chosen people, as seen in the blessings given to Israel.

So they feasted and drank freely with Joseph
The brothers' ability to feast and drink freely with Joseph indicates a moment of peace and acceptance. In the context of the narrative, this scene contrasts with their earlier fear and guilt (Genesis 42:21-22). It symbolizes the breaking down of barriers and the beginning of reconciliation. This fellowship meal can be seen as a type of the Messianic banquet, where all are invited to partake in the joy and abundance of God's kingdom, as prophesied in Isaiah 25:6.