These are the nations that the LORD left
The phrase indicates a deliberate action by God, suggesting divine sovereignty and purpose. The nations left in Canaan were the Philistines, Canaanites, Sidonians, and Hivites, among others. This action aligns with God's earlier warnings in Exodus 23:29-33 and Deuteronomy 7:22-24, where He stated that He would not drive out all the nations at once. Theologically, this reflects God's intention to use these nations as instruments for Israel's discipline and spiritual growth. It also serves as a reminder of the consequences of Israel's disobedience in failing to fully conquer the land as commanded.

to test all the Israelites
The concept of testing is a recurring theme in Scripture, often used to refine and strengthen faith (James 1:2-4). Here, the testing serves to reveal the Israelites' faithfulness and obedience to God's covenant. It is a divine strategy to ensure that the Israelites remain dependent on God and adhere to His laws. This testing is not merely punitive but is intended for their spiritual development, similar to the testing of Abraham in Genesis 22.

who had not known any of the wars in Canaan
This phrase highlights a generational shift. The new generation of Israelites had not experienced the miraculous victories and divine interventions that their forefathers witnessed during the conquest of Canaan under Joshua. This lack of firsthand experience with God's deliverance in battle could lead to spiritual complacency or ignorance of God's power. The historical context underscores the importance of passing down faith and knowledge of God's works to subsequent generations, as emphasized in Deuteronomy 6:6-9. The absence of war experience also serves as a backdrop for the need for new leaders and judges, like Othniel, Ehud, and Deborah, who would rise to deliver Israel from oppression.

if only to teach warfare
This phrase indicates a divine purpose behind the presence of remaining nations in Canaan. God allowed these nations to remain to teach the Israelites the art of warfare. This reflects a practical need for military preparedness in a land surrounded by hostile nations. It also serves as a spiritual metaphor for the Christian life, where believers are called to be spiritually vigilant and prepared for spiritual battles (Ephesians 6:10-18).

to the subsequent generations of Israel
The focus here is on the future generations who had not experienced the conquest of Canaan under Joshua. This highlights the importance of passing down skills and knowledge to ensure the survival and faithfulness of the nation. It underscores the biblical principle of generational teaching, as seen in Deuteronomy 6:6-9, where parents are instructed to teach God's commandments to their children.

especially to those who had not known it formerly
This phrase emphasizes that the new generation had not experienced the previous wars and victories. It suggests a gap in experience and knowledge that needed to be addressed. Historically, this reflects the cyclical nature of Israel's faithfulness and forgetfulness, as seen throughout the book of Judges. Spiritually, it serves as a reminder of the need for each generation to have its own encounters with God and to learn reliance on Him, much like the personal faith journey required of each believer.

the five rulers of the Philistines
The Philistines were a significant group in the ancient Near East, often in conflict with Israel. The "five rulers" refers to the pentapolis of Philistine cities: Gaza, Ashkelon, Ashdod, Ekron, and Gath. These cities were strategically located along the coastal plain, giving the Philistines control over trade routes and military advantages. The Philistines are frequently mentioned in the Old Testament, notably in the stories of Samson and David. Their presence in the land was a test for Israel, as God used them to challenge and refine His people.

all the Canaanites
The Canaanites were the original inhabitants of the land promised to Abraham and his descendants. They were known for their idolatrous practices, which included child sacrifice and fertility rites. The term "Canaanites" can refer broadly to various ethnic groups living in the region. Their continued presence in the land was a result of Israel's incomplete conquest, serving as a constant temptation for Israel to turn away from God and adopt pagan practices.

the Sidonians
The Sidonians were inhabitants of Sidon, a prominent city in ancient Phoenicia, located in modern-day Lebanon. Known for their seafaring and trade, the Sidonians were influential in spreading Canaanite culture and religion. Their worship of Baal and Ashtoreth was particularly detestable to the Israelites. The Sidonians' influence is seen in the story of Jezebel, a Sidonian princess who married King Ahab of Israel and promoted Baal worship.

and the Hivites who lived in the mountains of Lebanon
The Hivites were one of the Canaanite tribes mentioned in the Bible. They are less frequently mentioned than other groups, but they were known to inhabit the northern regions of Canaan. The reference to the "mountains of Lebanon" indicates their dwelling in a region known for its cedar forests and strategic highlands. This area was significant for its natural resources and as a buffer zone between Israel and other powerful empires.

from Mount Baal-hermon to Lebo-hamath
Mount Baal-hermon is a peak in the Anti-Lebanon mountain range, often associated with pagan worship due to its name, which includes "Baal," a Canaanite deity. This location marks the northern boundary of the land that Israel was to possess. Lebo-hamath, often identified with the entrance to Hamath, was a northern border point mentioned in the territorial descriptions of Israel. These geographical markers highlight the extent of the land God intended for Israel, emphasizing the areas they failed to fully conquer and the resulting consequences.

These nations were left to test the Israelites
The presence of these nations refers to the Canaanite tribes that remained in the land after Israel's incomplete conquest. This situation serves as a divine test for Israel, examining their faithfulness and obedience to God. The concept of testing is a recurring theme in Scripture, seen in passages like Deuteronomy 8:2, where God tests His people to know what is in their hearts. Theologically, this reflects God's sovereignty and His use of circumstances to refine and purify His people.

to find out whether they would keep the commandments of the LORD
The commandments of the LORD refer to the laws given to Israel, encompassing moral, ceremonial, and civil aspects. This phrase underscores the covenant relationship between God and Israel, where obedience is a sign of faithfulness. The testing by these nations is a means to reveal Israel's commitment to God's covenant. This mirrors the broader biblical narrative where obedience to God's commandments is a measure of one's love and devotion to Him, as seen in John 14:15.

which He had given their fathers through Moses
This phrase highlights the continuity of God's covenantal promises and laws from generation to generation. Moses, as the mediator of the Old Covenant, delivered God's laws to Israel, which are foundational to their identity and relationship with God. The reference to "their fathers" emphasizes the historical and communal aspect of the covenant, reminding Israel of their heritage and the faithfulness required of them. This continuity is fulfilled in the New Covenant through Jesus Christ, who is seen as the greater Moses, bringing a new law written on the hearts of believers (Hebrews 3:3-6).

Thus the Israelites continued to live among
This phrase indicates a failure to fully obey God's command to drive out the inhabitants of the land (Deuteronomy 7:1-2). The Israelites' cohabitation with these nations led to spiritual compromise and idolatry, as warned in Exodus 23:33. This sets the stage for the cycle of sin, oppression, repentance, and deliverance that characterizes the Book of Judges.

the Canaanites,
The Canaanites were the primary inhabitants of the land promised to Abraham and his descendants (Genesis 12:7). Known for their idolatrous practices, including child sacrifice, they represent the moral and spiritual corruption that the Israelites were to avoid. The presence of Canaanites among the Israelites symbolizes the persistent temptation to adopt pagan customs.

Hittites,
The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who had a significant empire in the second millennium BC. By the time of the Judges, they were a smaller group within Canaan. Their inclusion here highlights the diverse and complex cultural landscape of the region, which posed challenges to maintaining a distinct Israelite identity.

Amorites,
The Amorites were a prominent group in the ancient Near East, often associated with mountainous regions. They are frequently mentioned in the Old Testament as adversaries of Israel (Numbers 21:21-25). Their presence among the Israelites underscores the incomplete conquest of the land and the ongoing struggle for dominance.

Perizzites,
The Perizzites were a lesser-known group, often mentioned alongside other Canaanite tribes. Their name may mean "villagers" or "dwellers in the open country," suggesting a more rural lifestyle. Their inclusion in this list emphasizes the widespread nature of Israel's failure to fully possess the land.

Hivites,
The Hivites are another Canaanite group, possibly associated with the northern regions of Canaan. They are mentioned in the context of deceptive treaties, as seen in the story of the Gibeonites (Joshua 9). Their presence among the Israelites serves as a reminder of the consequences of disobedience and the importance of discernment.

and Jebusites.
The Jebusites were the original inhabitants of Jerusalem, a city that would later become the political and spiritual center of Israel under King David (2 Samuel 5:6-9). Their continued presence in the land until David's conquest highlights the incomplete nature of Israel's settlement and foreshadows the future establishment of Jerusalem as a holy city.

And they took the daughters of these people in marriage
This phrase highlights the Israelites' disobedience to God's command to remain separate from the pagan nations surrounding them (Deuteronomy 7:3-4). The intermarriage with the Canaanites and other local tribes led to the dilution of Israel's religious and cultural identity. Historically, such alliances were common in the ancient Near East as a means of securing political and economic stability. However, for Israel, this practice was a direct violation of their covenant with God, which was intended to keep them holy and distinct (Exodus 34:15-16).

gave their own daughters to their sons
This reciprocal arrangement further entrenched the Israelites in the cultures and practices of the surrounding nations. By giving their daughters in marriage, the Israelites not only compromised their own faith but also risked the spiritual well-being of future generations. This practice is reminiscent of Solomon's marriages to foreign women, which led him astray (1 Kings 11:1-4). The giving of daughters signifies a deeper level of integration and acceptance of foreign customs, which often included idolatry.

and served their gods
This phrase indicates the ultimate consequence of Israel's disobedience: idolatry. Serving the gods of the surrounding nations was a direct violation of the first commandment (Exodus 20:3). The Israelites' worship of foreign deities often involved practices that were abhorrent to God, such as child sacrifice and temple prostitution. This syncretism led to a cycle of sin, oppression, repentance, and deliverance that characterizes the Book of Judges. Theologically, this serves as a warning against the dangers of compromising one's faith and the ease with which idolatry can infiltrate a community. The pattern of Israel's unfaithfulness and God's subsequent deliverance through judges foreshadows the ultimate deliverance through Jesus Christ, who offers redemption from sin and idolatry.

So the Israelites did evil in the sight of the LORD;
This phrase indicates a recurring theme in the Book of Judges, where the Israelites repeatedly fall into sin after the death of a judge. The "evil" refers to idolatry and disobedience to God's commandments. This cycle of sin, oppression, repentance, and deliverance is central to the narrative of Judges. The phrase "in the sight of the LORD" emphasizes that their actions were not hidden from God, highlighting His omniscience and the moral accountability of the Israelites.

they forgot the LORD their God
Forgetting the LORD implies a deliberate neglect of their covenant relationship with God. This forgetfulness is not merely a lapse in memory but a willful disregard for God's laws and past acts of deliverance. It reflects a spiritual amnesia that leads to idolatry. The Israelites' forgetfulness contrasts with the repeated biblical exhortations to remember God's deeds and commandments (Deuteronomy 6:12, Psalm 78:11).

and served the Baals and the Asherahs.
The Baals and Asherahs were Canaanite deities, representing fertility and nature. Baal was often depicted as a storm god, while Asherah was considered a mother goddess. Serving these gods involved rituals that were abhorrent to the LORD, including temple prostitution and possibly child sacrifice. This idolatry was a direct violation of the first two commandments (Exodus 20:3-5). The Israelites' adoption of Canaanite religious practices illustrates the danger of cultural assimilation and the influence of surrounding nations. This idolatry is a type of spiritual adultery, contrasting with the faithfulness of Jesus Christ, who perfectly fulfilled the law and resisted temptation.

Then the anger of the LORD burned against Israel
This phrase indicates God's righteous indignation due to Israel's disobedience and idolatry. Throughout the Old Testament, God's anger is often a response to covenant unfaithfulness (Deuteronomy 31:16-18). The Israelites had turned away from God, worshiping the Baals and Asherahs, which violated the first commandment (Exodus 20:3). This divine anger is not arbitrary but a consistent response to sin, emphasizing God's holiness and justice.

and He sold them into the hand of Cushan-rishathaim
The term "sold" suggests a relinquishing of protection, allowing Israel to fall under foreign domination as a consequence of their sin. Cushan-rishathaim, whose name means "Cushan of double wickedness," is a figure representing oppression and tyranny. This reflects the biblical theme of God using foreign nations as instruments of judgment (Isaiah 10:5-6). The selling into the hands of an enemy is a recurring motif in Judges, illustrating the cycle of sin, servitude, supplication, and salvation.

king of Aram-naharaim
Aram-naharaim, meaning "Aram of the two rivers," refers to the region of Mesopotamia, specifically between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. This geographical reference highlights the extent of Israel's subjugation, as they were oppressed by a distant and powerful ruler. Historically, this area was known for its advanced civilization and military prowess, making Cushan-rishathaim a formidable adversary.

and the Israelites served him eight years
The period of eight years signifies a complete cycle of oppression, long enough for the Israelites to recognize their need for deliverance. In biblical numerology, the number eight often symbolizes new beginnings or a new order, suggesting that this period of servitude would eventually lead to repentance and renewal. This servitude is a direct consequence of Israel's disobedience, aligning with the covenant curses outlined in Deuteronomy 28:15-68. The cycle of oppression and deliverance in Judges foreshadows the ultimate deliverance through Jesus Christ, who breaks the bondage of sin and offers eternal freedom (John 8:36).

But when the Israelites cried out to the LORD
This phrase indicates a recurring cycle in the Book of Judges where the Israelites fall into sin, face oppression, cry out to God, and are delivered. The act of crying out suggests repentance and acknowledgment of their need for divine intervention. This pattern reflects the covenant relationship between God and Israel, where God responds to their cries despite their repeated disobedience.

He raised up Othniel
Othniel is the first judge mentioned in the Book of Judges. His role as a judge is significant as it sets the precedent for the deliverance pattern seen throughout the book. The term "raised up" implies divine selection and empowerment, indicating that God actively intervenes in history to fulfill His purposes.

son of Caleb’s younger brother Kenaz
This genealogical detail connects Othniel to Caleb, a prominent figure known for his faithfulness and courage (Numbers 13-14). Caleb was one of the two spies who trusted in God's promise to give Israel the land of Canaan. Othniel's connection to Caleb suggests a legacy of faith and valor, which is crucial for his role as a deliverer.

as a deliverer to save them
The term "deliverer" is synonymous with "judge" in the context of the Book of Judges. It signifies a leader raised by God to rescue Israel from oppression. Othniel's deliverance of Israel from the Mesopotamian king Cushan-Rishathaim is a type of Christ, who delivers humanity from the bondage of sin. This deliverance foreshadows the ultimate salvation brought by Jesus Christ, emphasizing God's redemptive plan throughout history.

The Spirit of the LORD came upon him
This phrase indicates divine empowerment, a recurring theme in the Book of Judges where God raises leaders to deliver Israel. The Spirit of the LORD coming upon someone signifies God's direct intervention and blessing, enabling them to accomplish tasks beyond human capability. This empowerment is seen in other judges like Gideon (Judges 6:34) and Samson (Judges 14:6). It foreshadows the New Testament outpouring of the Holy Spirit on believers (Acts 2:4).

and he became Israel’s judge
Othniel, the first judge mentioned in the Book of Judges, is raised by God to lead and deliver Israel. The role of a judge in this context is not merely judicial but also military and spiritual leadership. Judges were seen as deliverers and saviors, prefiguring the ultimate deliverer, Jesus Christ, who judges and saves His people (John 5:22).

and went out to war
This phrase highlights the military aspect of Othniel's judgeship. The judges often led Israel in battle against oppressors. The act of going to war under divine guidance underscores the theme of God fighting for Israel, as seen in Exodus 14:14. It also reflects the spiritual warfare believers face, as described in Ephesians 6:12.

And the LORD delivered Cushan-rishathaim king of Aram into the hand of Othniel
The deliverance of Cushan-rishathaim, whose name means "double wickedness," signifies God's judgment against oppressors and His faithfulness to Israel. Aram, often associated with regions in modern-day Syria, was a significant threat. This victory demonstrates God's sovereignty over nations and His ability to use chosen leaders to fulfill His purposes, as seen in Isaiah 45:1 with Cyrus.

who prevailed against him
Othniel's victory is attributed to divine intervention rather than human strength, emphasizing the biblical principle that success comes from the LORD (Proverbs 21:31). This victory serves as a reminder of God's promise to deliver His people when they repent and turn to Him, a theme echoed throughout the Old Testament and fulfilled in Christ's ultimate victory over sin and death (1 Corinthians 15:57).

So the land had rest for forty years
This phrase indicates a period of peace and stability in Israel following a time of oppression. The "rest" signifies a cessation of conflict and a return to normalcy in daily life. The number forty often symbolizes a generation or a period of testing and completion in the Bible, as seen in the forty years of Israel's wandering in the wilderness (Numbers 14:33-34) and Jesus' forty days of fasting (Matthew 4:2). This rest was a direct result of Othniel's leadership and God's deliverance, highlighting the cyclical pattern of sin, oppression, repentance, and deliverance found throughout the Book of Judges.

until Othniel son of Kenaz died
Othniel, the first judge of Israel, was a nephew of Caleb, a prominent figure known for his faithfulness (Joshua 14:6-14). His leadership brought about the deliverance of Israel from the oppression of Cushan-Rishathaim, king of Mesopotamia (Judges 3:8-10). The mention of his death marks the end of the period of peace, suggesting that the stability of Israel was closely tied to the presence of a godly leader. This pattern is seen throughout Judges, where the death of a judge often leads to a return to idolatry and chaos. Othniel's role as a deliverer can be seen as a type of Christ, who brings ultimate deliverance and peace to His people.

Once again the Israelites did evil in the sight of the LORD.
This phrase indicates a recurring cycle of disobedience among the Israelites, a theme prevalent throughout the Book of Judges. The Israelites' actions are measured against God's standards, highlighting their failure to uphold the covenant. This cycle of sin, oppression, repentance, and deliverance is a central motif in Judges. The phrase "in the sight of the LORD" underscores the omniscience of God, who sees and judges the actions of His people. This pattern of behavior is reminiscent of the warnings given in Deuteronomy 28, where blessings and curses are outlined based on Israel's obedience or disobedience.

So He gave Eglon king of Moab power over Israel,
God's sovereignty is evident as He allows Eglon, the king of Moab, to subjugate Israel. This act of divine judgment serves as a consequence of Israel's sin. Moab, located east of the Dead Sea, was historically an enemy of Israel, and its oppression is a fulfillment of the curses for disobedience mentioned in Deuteronomy. The Moabites were descendants of Lot (Genesis 19:37), and their enmity with Israel is a recurring theme in the Old Testament. This oppression is a tool used by God to bring Israel to repentance, demonstrating His control over nations and history.

because they had done evil in the sight of the LORD.
The repetition of this phrase emphasizes the direct correlation between Israel's sin and their subjugation. It serves as a reminder of the covenant relationship between God and Israel, where blessings are contingent upon obedience. The phrase also highlights the moral and spiritual decline of the Israelites, who repeatedly turn away from God despite His past deliverances. This cycle of sin and judgment is a precursor to the need for a more permanent solution to sin, ultimately fulfilled in the person of Jesus Christ, who offers redemption and restoration.

After enlisting the Ammonites and Amalekites to join forces with him
Eglon, the king of Moab, strategically allied with the Ammonites and Amalekites, two groups historically hostile to Israel. The Ammonites, descendants of Lot, often conflicted with Israel (Genesis 19:36-38). The Amalekites, descendants of Esau, were known for their persistent enmity against Israel, first attacking them in Exodus 17:8-16. This alliance highlights the recurring theme of Israel's neighbors uniting against them, a pattern seen throughout the Old Testament.

Eglon attacked and defeated Israel
Eglon's attack represents a period of judgment upon Israel due to their disobedience and idolatry, as outlined earlier in Judges 3:12. The defeat signifies God's allowance of foreign oppression as a means to bring Israel to repentance. This cycle of sin, oppression, repentance, and deliverance is a central theme in the Book of Judges.

taking possession of the City of Palms
The "City of Palms" refers to Jericho, a city with significant biblical history. Jericho was the first city conquered by Israel under Joshua's leadership (Joshua 6). Its capture by Eglon symbolizes a reversal of Israel's earlier victories and a loss of the blessings they had received. Jericho's strategic location made it a valuable asset for controlling trade routes and exerting influence in the region. The city's palm trees were a notable feature, contributing to its description and its economic importance.

The Israelites served
This phrase indicates a period of subjugation and oppression. The Israelites, who were meant to serve God alone, found themselves serving a foreign king due to their disobedience and idolatry. This pattern of sin, oppression, repentance, and deliverance is a recurring theme in the Book of Judges. It highlights the consequences of turning away from God and the need for divine intervention.

Eglon king of Moab
Eglon was the king of Moab, a nation descended from Lot, Abraham's nephew. The Moabites were often in conflict with Israel. Eglon's rule over Israel signifies a reversal of fortunes, as Moab had previously been subdued by Israel under Moses (Numbers 21:26-30). This subjugation serves as a reminder of the Israelites' failure to fully conquer and maintain control over the Promised Land as commanded by God.

eighteen years
The duration of eighteen years signifies a significant period of suffering and oppression. It reflects the severity of Israel's disobedience and the patience of God, who allows His people to experience the consequences of their actions before raising a deliverer. This time frame also sets the stage for the rise of Ehud, the judge who would deliver Israel from Moabite control, demonstrating God's faithfulness in responding to the cries of His people.

And again they cried out to the LORD
This phrase indicates a recurring cycle in the Book of Judges where the Israelites fall into sin, face oppression, cry out to God, and are delivered by a judge. This cycle reflects the Israelites' dependence on God and their tendency to turn away from Him, only to return in times of distress. The act of crying out signifies repentance and acknowledgment of their need for divine intervention.

and He raised up Ehud son of Gera
God's response to the Israelites' cry is to raise up a deliverer, demonstrating His mercy and faithfulness. Ehud, the son of Gera, is chosen by God to lead and deliver Israel. This highlights the divine initiative in the deliverance process, emphasizing that salvation comes from God, not human effort.

a left-handed Benjamite
Ehud's left-handedness is significant, as it is mentioned specifically. In the tribe of Benjamin, which means "son of the right hand," being left-handed is unusual and noteworthy. This characteristic plays a crucial role in Ehud's ability to deliver Israel, as it allows him to conceal a weapon and surprise Eglon. It also illustrates how God uses unexpected means and people to accomplish His purposes.

as their deliverer
Ehud is appointed as a deliverer, a role similar to that of a judge, tasked with leading Israel out of oppression. This foreshadows the ultimate deliverance through Jesus Christ, who delivers humanity from sin. The concept of a deliverer is central to the narrative of Judges, where God raises leaders to rescue His people.

So they sent him with tribute to Eglon king of Moab
The Israelites are under the subjugation of Eglon, king of Moab, and are required to pay tribute, indicating their oppressed state. The tribute is a symbol of their servitude and the political dynamics of the time. Ehud's mission to deliver the tribute sets the stage for his plan to assassinate Eglon, which leads to Israel's liberation. This reflects the political and military strategies employed in ancient Near Eastern cultures.

Now Ehud had made for himself a double-edged sword
Ehud, a judge of Israel, crafted a weapon specifically for his mission. The double-edged sword symbolizes the Word of God, which is described as sharper than any two-edged sword in Hebrews 4:12. This weapon was designed for effectiveness in close combat, reflecting the need for precision and decisiveness in spiritual battles. The act of making the sword himself indicates personal preparation and commitment to God's calling.

a cubit long
A cubit is an ancient measurement roughly equivalent to 18 inches or 45 centimeters. This length suggests a weapon that is easily concealable yet effective for its intended purpose. The specific measurement indicates careful planning and forethought, as Ehud needed a weapon that could be hidden yet still lethal. The size also implies a personal and direct approach to confronting evil, as opposed to relying on larger, more impersonal weapons.

He strapped it to his right thigh
Strapping the sword to his right thigh was strategic, as Ehud was left-handed (Judges 3:15). This unusual placement would have been unexpected, allowing him to bypass security checks that would typically focus on the left side, where a right-handed person would draw a weapon. This detail highlights the importance of using one's unique abilities and perspectives in service to God. It also underscores the theme of God using the unexpected and the weak to accomplish His purposes, as seen throughout Scripture.

under his cloak
Concealing the sword under his cloak allowed Ehud to approach King Eglon without arousing suspicion. This act of concealment can be seen as a metaphor for the hidden nature of God's plans, which are often not immediately apparent to human understanding. It also reflects the wisdom of being "wise as serpents and innocent as doves" (Matthew 10:16) in carrying out God's work. The cloak serves as a reminder of the need for discretion and discernment in fulfilling divine missions.

and brought the tribute to Eglon king of Moab
In the time of the Judges, Israel was often oppressed by neighboring nations due to their disobedience to God. Eglon, the king of Moab, had subjugated Israel, and they were required to pay tribute, a common practice in the ancient Near East where a vassal state paid goods or money to a dominant power. This tribute was a symbol of Israel's subjugation and a reminder of their need for deliverance. Moab, located east of the Dead Sea, was a frequent adversary of Israel. The act of bringing tribute highlights the political and economic control Eglon had over Israel, reflecting the consequences of Israel's disobedience to God.

who was an obese man
Eglon's obesity is noted specifically, which is unusual in biblical descriptions, suggesting it has significance. In ancient cultures, obesity could symbolize wealth, power, and indulgence, as only those with abundant resources could afford to be overweight. This detail may also serve to emphasize the decadence and corruption of Eglon's rule. Additionally, it sets the stage for the narrative of Ehud's assassination of Eglon, where his physical size plays a crucial role in the story's outcome. The mention of Eglon's obesity could also be seen as a form of divine irony, where the seemingly powerful and imposing king is ultimately vulnerable and defeated by God's chosen deliverer, Ehud.

After Ehud had finished presenting the tribute
Ehud, a left-handed Benjamite, was chosen by God to deliver Israel from Moabite oppression. The tribute was a form of tax or offering paid by a subjugated people to their conqueror, in this case, Eglon, the king of Moab. This act of presenting tribute was common in ancient Near Eastern cultures as a sign of submission and servitude. The tribute likely consisted of agricultural produce or precious metals, reflecting the economic burden placed on Israel. This moment sets the stage for Ehud's cunning plan to deliver Israel, highlighting the theme of God using unexpected means and people to achieve His purposes.

he ushered out those who had carried it
Ehud's action of sending away the carriers of the tribute indicates his strategic planning. By dismissing them, he ensured that he would be alone with King Eglon, facilitating his assassination plan. This reflects Ehud's wisdom and courage, as he took a significant risk to fulfill God's deliverance of Israel. The carriers were likely fellow Israelites, and their departure signifies Ehud's solitary role in the upcoming act of deliverance. This moment foreshadows the individual responsibility and bravery required to confront evil, a theme echoed throughout Scripture, including in the life of Jesus Christ, who faced His mission alone at critical moments.

But upon reaching the idols near Gilgal
The mention of "idols" indicates the presence of pagan worship, which was prevalent in Canaanite culture and often a snare for the Israelites. Gilgal is significant as the first campsite of the Israelites after crossing the Jordan River (Joshua 4:19-20). It was a place of covenant renewal and circumcision (Joshua 5:2-9), symbolizing Israel's commitment to God. The presence of idols here highlights the spiritual decline and syncretism that had infiltrated Israelite society.

he himself turned back
Ehud's decision to turn back suggests a deliberate and strategic plan. This action demonstrates his courage and cunning, as he risks returning to the enemy's presence. It reflects the biblical theme of God using unexpected means and people to deliver His people, as seen with other judges like Gideon and Deborah.

and said, “I have a secret message for you, O king.”
The phrase "secret message" implies a sense of urgency and importance. In the ancient Near East, secret messages were often associated with divine or prophetic revelations. Ehud's approach to the king under the guise of delivering a confidential message shows his shrewdness and ability to exploit the king's curiosity and desire for exclusive knowledge.

“Silence,” said the king,
The king's command for silence indicates his interest and willingness to hear the message privately. This reflects the cultural practice of kings valuing secret counsel and the potential for divine communication. It also sets the stage for Ehud's plan to isolate the king, making it easier to carry out his mission.

and all his attendants left him.
The departure of the attendants signifies the king's trust in Ehud and his expectation of receiving a significant message. This moment of isolation is crucial for Ehud's plan to succeed. It highlights the vulnerability of the king and the providential circumstances that allow Ehud to act. This scenario echoes the biblical theme of God orchestrating events to fulfill His purposes, as seen in the stories of Joseph and Esther.

Then Ehud approached him
Ehud, a left-handed man from the tribe of Benjamin, was chosen by God to deliver Israel from Moabite oppression. His approach signifies a divinely orchestrated mission. The act of approaching a king required courage and divine assurance, reflecting God's empowerment of His chosen deliverers.

while he was sitting alone
The king's solitude indicates a moment of vulnerability, both physically and spiritually. In ancient Near Eastern culture, kings often had private quarters for rest and reflection, which were considered secure. This setting underscores the element of surprise and divine intervention in Ehud's mission.

in the coolness of his upper room
Upper rooms were typically used for privacy and comfort, often built to catch the breeze. This detail highlights the king's complacency and false sense of security. The "coolness" may symbolize a false peace, contrasting with the impending judgment.

“I have a word from God for you,”
Ehud's declaration is a bold proclamation of divine authority. In biblical narratives, a "word from God" often precedes significant events or judgments. This phrase connects to the prophetic tradition where God's messengers deliver His will, as seen with prophets like Samuel and Nathan.

Ehud said, and the king rose from his seat.
The king's rising signifies respect and attention to a divine message, a common cultural response to perceived divine communication. This action sets the stage for the unfolding of God's deliverance plan through Ehud, reminiscent of how God uses unexpected means to fulfill His purposes, foreshadowing the ultimate deliverance through Christ.

And Ehud reached with his left hand
Ehud's use of his left hand is significant. In ancient Israel, being left-handed was less common and often seen as unusual. This detail highlights God's use of unexpected means to achieve His purposes. The tribe of Benjamin, to which Ehud belonged, is noted for having many left-handed warriors (Judges 20:16). This characteristic allowed Ehud to surprise Eglon, as guards would typically expect a weapon to be drawn with the right hand.

pulled the sword from his right thigh
The placement of the sword on Ehud's right thigh was strategic. In ancient times, a right-handed person would typically carry a weapon on the left side for ease of access. Ehud's left-handedness allowed him to conceal the weapon on his right thigh, avoiding detection. This act of concealment and surprise is a recurring theme in biblical narratives, where God often uses the element of surprise to deliver His people (e.g., David and Goliath, Gideon's army).

and plunged it into Eglon’s belly
The act of plunging the sword into Eglon's belly is a vivid depiction of divine judgment against the oppressors of Israel. Eglon, the Moabite king, had subjugated Israel for eighteen years. This act of deliverance is reminiscent of other instances where God raises a deliverer to free His people, such as Moses leading the Israelites out of Egypt. The graphic nature of the act underscores the seriousness of God's judgment and the lengths to which He will go to rescue His people. This event foreshadows the ultimate deliverance through Jesus Christ, who defeats sin and death through His sacrificial act on the cross.

Even the handle sank in after the blade
This phrase highlights the depth and force with which Ehud thrust the sword into King Eglon. The detail emphasizes the completeness of the act, suggesting Ehud's determination and the divine empowerment behind his mission. The act of the handle sinking in signifies the totality of the judgment against Eglon, a Moabite king oppressing Israel. This event is a turning point, symbolizing the deliverance of Israel from Moabite domination.

and Eglon’s fat closed in over it
Eglon's obesity is mentioned to underscore the decadence and corruption of his reign. In ancient Near Eastern culture, obesity in a ruler could symbolize excess and indulgence, contrasting with the lean, oppressed Israelites. This detail also serves to highlight the miraculous nature of Ehud's victory, as it was not through conventional strength or military might but through cunning and divine intervention.

so that Ehud did not withdraw the sword from his belly
Ehud's decision not to retrieve the sword may indicate the urgency of his escape or the completeness of his mission. It also reflects the irreversible nature of God's judgment on Eglon. This act can be seen as a foreshadowing of the finality of divine justice, where once God's will is enacted, it is absolute and unchangeable.

And Eglon’s bowels emptied
This graphic detail serves to underscore the humiliation and total defeat of Eglon. In the cultural context, such a description would highlight the disgrace of the king, as bodily functions were often associated with shame. This moment also signifies the purging of evil and corruption from Israel, as Eglon's death leads to the liberation of the Israelites. Theologically, it can be seen as a type of Christ's ultimate victory over sin and death, where the enemies of God's people are utterly defeated.

Then Ehud went out through the porch
Ehud, a judge of Israel, had just assassinated Eglon, the Moabite king. The porch likely refers to a private chamber or antechamber leading out from the upper room where the assassination took place. This action signifies Ehud's strategic planning and stealth, as he needed to escape without arousing suspicion. The porch may have been part of a larger palace complex, indicating the wealth and power of Eglon. Ehud's escape through the porch highlights his cunning and resourcefulness, qualities that were essential for a leader chosen by God to deliver Israel from oppression.

closing and locking the doors of the upper room behind him
Ehud's act of closing and locking the doors was a tactical move to delay the discovery of Eglon's death. The upper room was a place of privacy and security, often used for important meetings or personal retreats. By locking the doors, Ehud ensured that Eglon's servants would assume the king was occupied, buying him time to escape. This action reflects the wisdom and foresight that God often grants to those He appoints for His purposes. The locked doors also symbolize the finality of Eglon's judgment and the deliverance of Israel from Moabite domination. This event foreshadows the ultimate deliverance through Jesus Christ, who, like Ehud, was an unexpected savior who brought freedom through unconventional means.

After Ehud was gone
Ehud, the left-handed judge of Israel, had just assassinated King Eglon of Moab. This act was part of God's deliverance of Israel from Moabite oppression. Ehud's departure signifies the completion of his mission and the beginning of Israel's liberation. The narrative highlights God's use of unexpected means and people to achieve His purposes, as seen throughout the book of Judges.

Eglon’s servants came in
The servants of King Eglon, who were likely accustomed to attending to his needs, entered the scene. Their presence underscores the normalcy of court life and the routine duties of servants in ancient Near Eastern palaces. This moment sets the stage for the discovery of Eglon's death, which would have been shocking and disruptive to the Moabite court.

and found the doors of the upper room locked
The locked doors indicate Ehud's careful planning and execution of his plan to escape undetected. The upper room, often used for private meetings or rest, suggests a place of vulnerability for Eglon. The locked doors also symbolize the temporary concealment of the king's death, allowing Ehud time to escape and rally Israel.

“He must be relieving himself in the cool room,” they said
The servants' assumption reflects cultural norms regarding privacy and modesty. The "cool room" likely refers to a private chamber designed for comfort, possibly with ventilation to provide relief from the heat. This assumption delayed their discovery of Eglon's death, illustrating how God orchestrated events to ensure Ehud's successful escape. The delay also emphasizes the irony and humiliation of Eglon's demise, contrasting the king's perceived dignity with the reality of his situation.

So they waited until they became worried
The servants of King Eglon waited outside the locked doors, initially assuming he was attending to personal matters. This delay highlights the cultural norms of privacy and respect for a king's personal space. The growing concern reflects the tension and suspense in the narrative, emphasizing the unexpected nature of divine deliverance through Ehud's actions.

and saw that he had still not opened the doors of the upper room.
The upper room, often used for private meetings or rest, signifies a place of vulnerability for Eglon. The locked doors symbolize a false sense of security, which is a recurring theme in Scripture where human defenses are inadequate against God's plans. The delay in opening the doors underscores the servants' hesitation and the dramatic irony of the situation.

Then they took the key and opened the doors—
Keys in ancient times were large and cumbersome, often a symbol of authority and control. The act of taking the key and opening the doors signifies a shift from passive waiting to active investigation. This moment marks the transition from ignorance to the revelation of Eglon's fate, paralleling moments in Scripture where hidden truths are unveiled.

and there was their lord lying dead on the floor.
The discovery of Eglon's body fulfills Ehud's mission and God's deliverance of Israel from Moabite oppression. The phrase "lying dead on the floor" starkly contrasts the king's former power and authority, illustrating the theme of divine justice. This scene foreshadows the ultimate victory over sin and death through Christ, who, unlike Eglon, conquers through His own death and resurrection.

Ehud, however, had escaped while the servants waited.
Ehud's escape highlights his cunning and the providence of God in delivering Israel. The servants' delay suggests a divine intervention, allowing Ehud to complete his mission. This moment reflects the recurring theme in Judges of God raising up deliverers for Israel. Ehud's left-handedness, mentioned earlier in the chapter, was unusual and played a crucial role in his ability to conceal his weapon and execute his plan. This escape can be seen as a foreshadowing of the ultimate deliverance through Christ, who also used unexpected means to achieve victory.

He passed by the idols
The mention of idols indicates the pervasive idolatry in the land, which was a constant snare for Israel. These idols, likely representing Canaanite deities, were a physical manifestation of the spiritual battle Israel faced. The fact that Ehud passed by them without incident suggests his focus on God's mission rather than the false gods of the land. This can be seen as a call for believers to remain steadfast in their faith amidst a world filled with distractions and false idols.

and escaped to Seirah.
Seirah, though not extensively detailed in biblical records, is understood to be a wooded or mountainous region, providing Ehud with a strategic advantage for concealment and regrouping. This location underscores the importance of geography in biblical narratives, where natural features often play a role in God's deliverance. Ehud's successful escape to Seirah allowed him to rally the Israelites and lead them to victory over the Moabites, demonstrating God's faithfulness in using unlikely individuals and circumstances to fulfill His purposes.

On arriving in Seirah
Seirah is a location mentioned in the context of Ehud's story, though its exact location is not definitively known. It is likely in the hill country of Ephraim, which was a central region in Israel. This area was significant in Israel's history, often serving as a strategic location for military and religious activities. The arrival in Seirah marks a pivotal moment in Ehud's mission, as it is here that he begins to rally the Israelites for battle.

he blew the ram’s horn throughout the hill country of Ephraim
The blowing of the ram's horn, or shofar, was a traditional call to arms or a signal for gathering. It was used in various contexts in the Bible, such as in Joshua 6:4-5 during the fall of Jericho. The hill country of Ephraim was a rugged and elevated region, providing a natural defense and a strategic advantage for military operations. The use of the shofar here signifies a divine call to action, rallying the Israelites to rise against their oppressors.

The Israelites came down with him from the hills
This phrase indicates a mobilization of the Israelite forces. The hills provided a natural stronghold, and descending from them suggests a readiness to engage in battle. The Israelites' response to Ehud's call reflects their trust in his leadership and their desire for deliverance from Moabite oppression. This collective movement underscores the unity and determination of the people in response to God's deliverance.

and he became their leader
Ehud's leadership is affirmed as he takes command of the Israelite forces. His role as a judge is solidified through this act of deliverance. In the broader biblical narrative, judges were raised by God to deliver Israel from oppression and lead them back to faithfulness. Ehud's leadership is a type of Christ, who is the ultimate deliverer and leader of God's people. This moment marks a turning point where Ehud transitions from a solitary figure to a recognized leader, guiding Israel to victory.

“Follow me,” he told them
Ehud, the judge of Israel, calls the Israelites to action. This phrase signifies leadership and the call to unity among the people of God. In the context of the Judges, leaders were often raised by God to deliver Israel from oppression. This call to follow is reminiscent of other biblical leaders like Moses and Joshua, who also led the people in times of need. It foreshadows the ultimate call to follow Christ, who invites His disciples to follow Him.

“for the LORD has delivered your enemies the Moabites into your hand.”
This statement reflects the belief in divine intervention and the fulfillment of God's promises to Israel. The Moabites, descendants of Lot, were often in conflict with Israel. The phrase underscores the recurring theme in Judges of God delivering His people despite their unfaithfulness. It also highlights the sovereignty of God in battles, as seen in other scriptures like 1 Samuel 17:47, where David acknowledges that the battle is the Lord's.

So they followed him down
The Israelites respond to Ehud's call, demonstrating trust in his leadership and faith in God's deliverance. This action signifies obedience and courage, essential qualities for God's people. The act of following a leader chosen by God is a recurring theme in the Bible, seen in the followers of Moses, Joshua, and ultimately Jesus Christ.

and seized the fords of the Jordan leading to Moab
The fords of the Jordan were strategic locations, as they were the crossing points of the river. Controlling these fords meant cutting off the Moabites' escape and reinforcements. This strategic move reflects the importance of geography in biblical narratives and the tactical wisdom given by God to His leaders. The Jordan River often symbolizes transitions and new beginnings, as seen in the Israelites' crossing into the Promised Land under Joshua.

and they did not allow anyone to cross over.
This decisive action ensured the complete victory over the Moabites. It demonstrates the thoroughness of God's deliverance and the importance of obedience to His commands. The phrase also highlights the finality of God's judgment against His enemies, a theme that resonates throughout scripture, pointing to the ultimate victory over sin and death through Jesus Christ.

At that time
This phrase situates the event within the broader narrative of the Book of Judges, a period characterized by cycles of Israel's disobedience, oppression by foreign powers, cries for deliverance, and subsequent rescue by judges raised by God. The timing is crucial as it follows Ehud's assassination of Eglon, the Moabite king, which was a turning point for Israel's deliverance.

they struck down about ten thousand Moabites
The Moabites were descendants of Lot and often in conflict with Israel. The number "ten thousand" signifies a complete and decisive victory, emphasizing the totality of the defeat. This victory was significant as it marked the liberation of Israel from Moabite oppression. The Moabites were located east of the Dead Sea, and their defeat here underscores the fulfillment of God's promise to deliver Israel from their enemies.

all robust and valiant men
This description highlights the strength and capability of the Moabite forces, making Israel's victory even more remarkable. The Moabite warriors were not weak or unprepared; they were formidable opponents. This emphasizes the divine intervention and empowerment of Israel's forces, as such a victory against strong adversaries would have been unlikely without God's aid.

Not one of them escaped
This phrase underscores the completeness of the victory. It reflects the thoroughness of God's deliverance and judgment against the Moabites. The total annihilation of the enemy is reminiscent of other biblical battles where God ensures victory for His people, such as the defeat of the Amalekites by Saul (1 Samuel 15) and the destruction of the Canaanite cities during Joshua's conquest. It also foreshadows the ultimate victory over sin and death through Jesus Christ, where no remnant of the enemy remains.

So Moab was subdued under the hand of Israel that day
This phrase marks the conclusion of a significant victory for Israel over Moab, a nation that had oppressed them. The subjugation of Moab is a direct result of God's deliverance through Ehud, the judge He raised up. Historically, Moab was located east of the Dead Sea, and its subjugation signifies a reversal of fortunes for Israel, who had been under Moabite control for eighteen years. The phrase "under the hand of Israel" indicates a complete defeat and domination, suggesting that Israel had regained control and authority over Moab. This victory is a testament to God's faithfulness in delivering His people when they repent and cry out to Him, as seen throughout the cyclical pattern in the Book of Judges.

and the land had rest for eighty years
The "rest" mentioned here refers to a period of peace and stability following the turmoil of oppression. This rest is a divine blessing, a time when Israel could live without the threat of foreign domination. The duration of eighty years is significant, as it represents one of the longest periods of peace recorded in the Book of Judges. This extended period of rest underscores the effectiveness of Ehud's leadership and the completeness of the victory over Moab. It also highlights the cyclical nature of Israel's history during the time of the judges, where periods of peace follow deliverance, only to be disrupted by subsequent disobedience. Theologically, this rest can be seen as a foreshadowing of the ultimate rest promised in Christ, who offers eternal peace and deliverance from sin.

After Ehud came Shamgar son of Anath.
Shamgar's introduction follows the account of Ehud, a judge who delivered Israel from Moabite oppression. The transition suggests a period of continued unrest and the need for deliverance. Shamgar's name is of non-Israelite origin, possibly indicating a foreign or mixed heritage. "Son of Anath" may refer to a Canaanite goddess, suggesting cultural assimilation or influence. This highlights the diverse backgrounds of those God used to deliver Israel, emphasizing His sovereignty and the unexpected ways He raises leaders.

And he too saved Israel,
Shamgar's role as a savior aligns him with the judges who preceded and followed him, each raised by God to deliver Israel from oppression. His deliverance is a testament to God's faithfulness in responding to the cries of His people, despite their recurring disobedience. This phrase underscores the cyclical pattern of sin, oppression, repentance, and deliverance that characterizes the Book of Judges.

striking down six hundred Philistines
The Philistines were a significant threat to Israel, often depicted as formidable enemies due to their military prowess and advanced weaponry. Shamgar's feat of killing six hundred Philistines is remarkable, suggesting divine empowerment. This act of deliverance prefigures later conflicts with the Philistines, notably during the time of Samson and David. It also foreshadows the ultimate victory over sin and death through Christ, who delivers His people from spiritual oppression.

with an oxgoad.
An oxgoad is a long, pointed stick used to drive oxen, indicating Shamgar's humble status as a farmer. His use of an agricultural tool as a weapon highlights God's ability to use ordinary means and people for extraordinary purposes. This mirrors other biblical instances where God uses the weak to confound the strong, such as David with his sling or Moses with his staff. It points to the theme of divine empowerment and the sufficiency of God's provision in the face of overwhelming odds.