O that you were to me like a brother
In ancient Near Eastern culture, familial relationships, especially those between siblings, were characterized by openness and public affection. The longing expressed here reflects a desire for a socially acceptable way to express love and affection. In the context of the Song of Solomon, this phrase highlights the deep yearning for intimacy and closeness without societal constraints. The reference to a brother suggests a bond that is both natural and enduring, echoing the familial love seen in other biblical relationships, such as that of Joseph and his brothers (Genesis 37).

who nursed at my mother’s breasts!
This phrase emphasizes the shared maternal bond, which in ancient times was a significant aspect of identity and relationship. The mention of nursing at the same mother's breasts underscores a deep, intrinsic connection, suggesting unity and equality. This imagery can be seen as a metaphor for spiritual kinship and unity in the body of Christ, where believers are nurtured by the same spiritual source (1 Peter 2:2).

If I found you outdoors
The setting of "outdoors" implies a public space, contrasting with the private, intimate settings often depicted in the Song of Solomon. In biblical times, public encounters were subject to social scrutiny, and the desire to find the beloved outdoors suggests a wish for freedom from societal judgment. This can be paralleled with the freedom believers seek in expressing their faith openly, as seen in the boldness of the apostles in Acts 4:13.

I would kiss you
A kiss in biblical times was a common expression of affection and greeting, as seen in the New Testament with the "holy kiss" (Romans 16:16). Here, the kiss symbolizes a desire for open and unashamed affection. It reflects the purity and sincerity of love that transcends societal norms, akin to the love Christ has for His church, which is both intimate and public.

and no one would despise me.
The concern for societal judgment is evident here, as public displays of affection between non-familial individuals could lead to scorn or misunderstanding. This reflects the tension between personal desire and social expectations. In a broader spiritual sense, it echoes the believer's struggle to live out their faith in a world that may not understand or accept it, as Jesus warned in John 15:18-19. The longing for acceptance without despise can also be seen as a foreshadowing of the ultimate acceptance believers find in Christ, who removes shame and condemnation (Romans 8:1).

I would lead you and bring you
This phrase suggests a sense of guidance and intimacy. In the context of the Song of Solomon, it reflects the deep desire of the bride to be with her beloved. The act of leading and bringing indicates a proactive role, emphasizing the bride's longing to be united with her lover. This can be seen as a metaphor for the believer's desire to lead others to Christ, reflecting the spiritual journey of guiding others to a place of deeper relationship with God.

to the house of my mother who taught me.
The reference to the "house of my mother" signifies a place of origin, nurturing, and instruction. In ancient Israelite culture, the mother's house was often a place of safety and familial bonding. It also represents a place of learning and wisdom, as mothers were primary educators in the home. This can be seen as a symbol of the church, where believers are nurtured and taught in the faith. The mention of teaching highlights the importance of spiritual education and discipleship within the Christian community.

I would give you spiced wine to drink,
Spiced wine was a luxurious and celebratory drink in ancient times, often associated with feasting and special occasions. It symbolizes abundance, joy, and the richness of love. In a spiritual sense, it can represent the joy and fulfillment found in a relationship with God. The offering of spiced wine can be seen as an act of hospitality and generosity, reflecting the believer's call to share the joy of the Gospel with others.

the nectar of my pomegranates.
Pomegranates were a symbol of fertility, love, and prosperity in the ancient Near East. The fruit's numerous seeds made it a symbol of abundance and blessing. In the context of the Song of Solomon, it represents the sweetness and richness of love. Spiritually, it can be seen as a type of the blessings and spiritual fruitfulness that come from a life in Christ. The imagery of nectar suggests something precious and delightful, echoing the believer's experience of the sweetness of God's presence and the blessings of a life lived in communion with Him.

His left hand is under my head
This phrase suggests a posture of support and protection. In the context of the Song of Solomon, which is a poetic dialogue celebrating love, this imagery conveys intimacy and care. The left hand under the head symbolizes a foundation or support, indicating the beloved's trust and reliance on her lover. In biblical times, such gestures were common expressions of affection and security within a relationship. This can be seen as a metaphor for God's protective nature over His people, as seen in passages like Psalm 91:4, where God is described as a refuge and fortress.

and his right arm embraces me
The right arm is often associated with strength and action in biblical literature. Here, it signifies a powerful and encompassing embrace, suggesting both love and protection. This imagery of embrace is a recurring theme in Scripture, symbolizing God's love and closeness to His people. For instance, Isaiah 40:11 describes God as a shepherd who gathers the lambs in His arms, highlighting His care and compassion. In a broader theological context, this embrace can be seen as a type of Christ's love for the Church, as described in Ephesians 5:25, where Christ's sacrificial love for His bride, the Church, is emphasized.

O daughters of Jerusalem, I adjure you:
This phrase addresses the "daughters of Jerusalem," a recurring group in the Song of Solomon, often seen as a chorus or audience within the narrative. They represent the women of the city, possibly symbolizing the collective community of Israel. The term "adjure" indicates a solemn charge or oath, suggesting the seriousness of the speaker's request. This reflects the cultural importance of oaths in ancient Israel, where words held significant power and were binding. The speaker, likely the Shulammite woman, emphasizes the gravity of her message, underscoring the importance of restraint and wisdom in matters of love.

Do not arouse or awaken love
This part of the verse serves as a caution against prematurely stirring up romantic or sexual desires. In the context of the Song of Solomon, which celebrates marital love, this warning highlights the need for patience and timing in relationships. The imagery of "arousing" or "awakening" love suggests that love has a natural course and should not be forced. This aligns with biblical teachings on purity and the sanctity of marriage, as seen in passages like 1 Corinthians 6:18-20, which emphasize honoring God with one's body. The advice here is to allow love to develop naturally, in its own time, rather than rushing into it.

until the time is right.
The phrase "until the time is right" underscores the importance of timing in love and relationships. It suggests that there is an appropriate season for love to flourish, echoing the wisdom literature of the Bible, such as Ecclesiastes 3:1, which speaks of a time for every purpose under heaven. This concept of divine timing is crucial in understanding God's plan for relationships, where patience and discernment are valued. Theologically, it can be seen as a call to trust in God's timing and provision, waiting for His perfect will to unfold in one's life. This principle is also reflected in the life of Jesus Christ, who often spoke of His "hour" or "time" in the Gospels, indicating a divine schedule for His earthly ministry and sacrifice.

Who is this coming up from the wilderness,
This phrase evokes imagery of the Israelites' journey through the wilderness, symbolizing a transition from desolation to promise. The wilderness often represents a place of testing and transformation in Scripture, as seen in the Israelites' exodus (Exodus 16:1) and Jesus' temptation (Matthew 4:1). The question "Who is this" suggests a sense of wonder and admiration, possibly indicating a transformation or revelation of the beloved's identity.

leaning on her beloved?
The image of leaning signifies dependence and intimacy, reflecting the deep trust and love between the bride and her beloved. This can be seen as a metaphor for the believer's reliance on Christ, echoing themes of divine support and companionship found in passages like Psalm 23:4 and John 15:5. The beloved here is often interpreted as a type of Christ, highlighting the close relationship between Christ and the Church.

I roused you under the apple tree;
The apple tree may symbolize love and desire, as apples are often associated with beauty and romance in ancient literature. This setting could also suggest a place of awakening or realization of love, reminiscent of the Garden of Eden where life and knowledge began (Genesis 2:9). The act of rousing implies an awakening or stirring of emotions, possibly indicating a moment of spiritual awakening or renewal.

there your mother conceived you;
This phrase points to origins and lineage, emphasizing the continuity of life and love. It may also reflect the cultural importance of family and heritage in ancient Israel. The mention of conception underlines the idea of birth and new beginnings, which can be seen as a metaphor for spiritual rebirth, akin to the new birth in Christ (John 3:3).

there she travailed and brought you forth.
The imagery of travail and birth highlights the pain and effort involved in bringing forth new life, paralleling the spiritual labor and growth in a believer's life. This can be connected to the concept of spiritual birth pains mentioned in Romans 8:22, where creation groans for redemption. The process of being brought forth can symbolize the believer's journey to maturity and the fulfillment of God's promises.

Set me as a seal over your heart, as a seal upon your arm.
In ancient times, seals were used as symbols of ownership and authenticity. A seal over the heart suggests an intimate and personal commitment, while a seal upon the arm indicates a public declaration of belonging. This dual imagery reflects the depth and visibility of love. Biblically, seals are also associated with protection and covenant (e.g., Revelation 7:3, Ephesians 1:13). The heart and arm together symbolize both internal devotion and external action, paralleling the Shema in Deuteronomy 6:5-8, which calls for love of God with all one's heart, soul, and strength.

For love is as strong as death,
Death is often seen as the ultimate power, inevitable and inescapable. Comparing love to death emphasizes its overwhelming and binding nature. In the biblical context, love's strength is seen in God's covenantal love for His people, which is unwavering and eternal (Jeremiah 31:3). This phrase underscores the idea that true love is enduring and unyielding, much like the certainty of death.

its jealousy as unrelenting as Sheol.
Sheol, the Hebrew term for the realm of the dead, is depicted as insatiable and ever-consuming (Proverbs 27:20). Jealousy here is not petty envy but a zealous, protective love that tolerates no rivals, akin to God's jealousy for His people (Exodus 34:14). This reflects the exclusivity and intensity of genuine love, which demands total commitment and fidelity.

Its sparks are fiery flames, the fiercest blaze of all.
Fire is a common biblical metaphor for passion and purification (Malachi 3:2-3, 1 Corinthians 3:13). The imagery of fiery flames suggests love's consuming and transformative power. The fiercest blaze indicates the intensity and purity of love, which can refine and purify like a refiner's fire. This can be seen as a type of Christ's love for the Church, which is passionate, purifying, and sacrificial (Ephesians 5:25-27).

Mighty waters cannot quench love;
This phrase emphasizes the enduring and powerful nature of true love. In biblical times, water was often seen as a force of destruction, as seen in the story of Noah's flood (Genesis 6-9) and the parting of the Red Sea (Exodus 14). The imagery of "mighty waters" suggests overwhelming challenges or adversities. Yet, love is portrayed as invincible, unable to be extinguished by even the most formidable forces. This reflects the steadfast love of God, which is a recurring theme throughout Scripture, such as in Romans 8:38-39, where Paul speaks of nothing being able to separate us from the love of God.

rivers cannot sweep it away.
Rivers, often representing chaos or danger in ancient literature, are depicted as unable to carry away true love. This imagery reinforces the idea of love's resilience and permanence. In the cultural context of the ancient Near East, rivers could be unpredictable and destructive, yet love remains unyielding. This can be seen as a metaphor for God's covenant love with His people, which remains constant despite the tumultuous events of history, as seen in the promises made to Israel in Isaiah 43:2.

If a man were to give all the wealth of his house for love,
This phrase highlights the inestimable value of love, suggesting that it cannot be bought or sold. In the ancient world, wealth was often measured in terms of land, livestock, and precious metals. The idea that all of one's material possessions could not purchase love underscores its priceless nature. This echoes the sentiment found in Proverbs 8:11, where wisdom, often associated with love, is said to be more valuable than rubies.

his offer would be utterly scorned.
The rejection of such an offer indicates that love is not a commodity to be traded. This reflects the biblical principle that true love is selfless and sacrificial, not transactional. The scorn for attempting to buy love can be paralleled with the story of Simon the Sorcerer in Acts 8:18-20, who tried to purchase the power of the Holy Spirit and was rebuked by Peter. This underscores the idea that spiritual and relational truths cannot be acquired through material means.

We have a little sister
This phrase introduces a familial relationship, indicating a sense of responsibility and care. In the cultural context of ancient Israel, family bonds were strong, and siblings often played significant roles in each other's lives. The mention of a "little sister" suggests youth and innocence, highlighting the protective nature of the family. This can be seen as a metaphor for the church or believers who are young in faith, needing guidance and protection.

and her breasts are not yet grown.
This phrase symbolizes immaturity and the process of coming of age. In the historical context, physical maturity was often linked to readiness for marriage. The imagery here suggests that the sister is not yet ready for the responsibilities and commitments of adult life. Spiritually, this can be seen as a representation of believers who are still growing in their faith and understanding, not yet ready for deeper spiritual responsibilities.

What shall we do for our sister
This question reflects a proactive concern for the sister's future. It implies a desire to prepare and protect her, ensuring she is ready for the next stage of life. In biblical terms, this can be seen as the responsibility of the church to nurture and prepare young believers for spiritual maturity. It echoes the biblical principle of discipleship and mentorship found in passages like Titus 2:4-5, where older women are encouraged to teach and guide younger women.

on the day she is spoken for?
This phrase refers to the time when the sister will be betrothed or married. In ancient Israel, marriage was a significant event, often arranged by families, and marked the transition to adulthood. The "day she is spoken for" signifies a future commitment and the need for readiness. Prophetically, this can be seen as a type of the church being prepared as the bride of Christ, as described in Revelation 19:7-8, where the church is made ready for the marriage supper of the Lamb.

If she is a wall
In the context of ancient Israel, a "wall" symbolizes strength, stability, and protection. A wall was essential for the defense of a city, representing security and integrity. In this verse, the metaphor of a wall may refer to a young woman's chastity and moral fortitude. The imagery suggests that if the woman is steadfast and virtuous, she is like a wall that stands firm against external pressures. This aligns with biblical teachings on purity and the importance of maintaining one's moral boundaries, as seen in Proverbs 31:10-31, which describes the virtues of a noble woman.

we will build a tower of silver upon her
Silver in the Bible often symbolizes redemption and value. Building a "tower of silver" upon the wall suggests enhancing and honoring the woman's virtue and strength. Towers were used for watchfulness and added protection, indicating that her virtue will be celebrated and safeguarded. This can be seen as a promise of reward and honor for maintaining purity, akin to the rewards of wisdom and righteousness described in Proverbs 3:13-18. The use of silver also points to the preciousness of her character, reminiscent of the bride of Christ, the Church, being adorned and valued (Ephesians 5:25-27).

If she is a door
A "door" in biblical terms often represents access, openness, and vulnerability. Unlike a wall, a door can be opened or closed, suggesting a level of choice or susceptibility. In this context, the metaphor may imply a young woman who is more open or less guarded in her interactions. The imagery of a door can also relate to opportunities and decisions, as seen in Revelation 3:20, where Christ stands at the door and knocks, symbolizing the invitation to relationship and choice.

we will enclose her with panels of cedar
Cedar wood is known for its durability and pleasant aroma, often used in the construction of temples and palaces, such as Solomon's Temple (1 Kings 6:9-10). Enclosing a door with panels of cedar suggests providing protection and strength to someone who may be more vulnerable. This act of enclosing can be seen as a commitment to safeguard and preserve the integrity of the individual. The use of cedar implies a transformation from vulnerability to strength, much like the protective and sanctifying work of Christ in the believer's life (Philippians 1:6).

I am a wall
This phrase symbolizes strength, stability, and purity. In the context of the Song of Solomon, the speaker, likely the Shulammite woman, asserts her chastity and moral integrity. The imagery of a wall suggests protection and separation from impurity, aligning with biblical themes of holiness and sanctification (e.g., Isaiah 26:1). Walls in ancient cities were crucial for defense, indicating the speaker's resolve to maintain her virtue. This metaphor can also be seen as a type of the Church, which is called to be set apart and holy (Ephesians 5:27).

and my breasts are like towers
The comparison of breasts to towers conveys maturity and readiness for love, as well as dignity and honor. Towers in ancient times were symbols of strength and watchfulness, often used for protection and vigilance. This imagery may reflect the woman's confidence in her own worth and beauty, as well as her preparedness for a committed relationship. The use of towers can also be seen as a metaphor for the nurturing and protective aspects of love, akin to the nurturing nature of Christ's love for the Church (Ephesians 5:29).

So I have become in his eyes like one who brings peace
This phrase indicates the fulfillment and contentment found in a loving relationship. The speaker's purity and maturity have led to a harmonious and peaceful union with her beloved. In biblical terms, peace (shalom) encompasses wholeness, well-being, and reconciliation. This can be seen as a reflection of the peace that Christ brings to believers, reconciling them to God (Romans 5:1). The imagery of bringing peace also connects to the prophetic role of Christ as the Prince of Peace (Isaiah 9:6), who establishes a new covenant of love and unity.

Solomon had a vineyard in Baal-hamon.
This phrase introduces Solomon as the owner of a vineyard, a common metaphor in the Bible for abundance, prosperity, and sometimes Israel itself (Isaiah 5:1-7). Baal-hamon is a location not specifically identified in other biblical texts, but its name suggests a place of great wealth or multitude, as "Baal" can mean "lord" or "owner," and "hamon" means "multitude" or "abundance." This vineyard symbolizes Solomon's extensive wealth and influence, reflecting his reign's prosperity (1 Kings 4:20-25). The vineyard can also be seen as a metaphor for the beloved in the Song of Solomon, representing beauty and fertility.

He leased it to the tenants.
The leasing of the vineyard to tenants indicates a system of stewardship and responsibility. In ancient Israel, landowners often leased their land to tenants who would cultivate it and share the produce. This reflects the economic practices of the time, where land was a primary source of wealth and sustenance. The tenants' role can be seen as a parallel to the stewardship God expects from His people, as seen in the parable of the tenants in Matthew 21:33-41, where the vineyard represents God's kingdom.

For its fruit, each was to bring a thousand shekels of silver.
The requirement for each tenant to bring a thousand shekels of silver for the vineyard's fruit underscores the value and productivity of the vineyard. A shekel was a standard unit of weight and currency in ancient Israel, and a thousand shekels would represent a significant sum, indicating the vineyard's high yield and worth. This can be seen as a reflection of the covenant relationship between God and His people, where God provides abundantly, and in return, He expects faithfulness and dedication. The number "thousand" often symbolizes completeness or abundance in biblical numerology, further emphasizing the vineyard's prosperity.

But my own vineyard is mine to give;
This phrase emphasizes personal ownership and autonomy. In the context of the Song of Solomon, the vineyard is often seen as a metaphor for the beloved's body or her love. The speaker asserts her right to control and give her love freely, which reflects the biblical theme of free will and personal responsibility. The vineyard imagery is consistent with other biblical references, such as Isaiah 5:1-7, where Israel is depicted as a vineyard. This metaphor underscores the importance of stewardship and the personal nature of love and commitment.

the thousand shekels are for you, O Solomon,
The mention of "thousand shekels" indicates a significant sum, suggesting the value and worth of the vineyard. Solomon, known for his wealth and wisdom, is addressed directly, which may symbolize the ultimate authority or the ideal king. This could also be seen as a reference to the bride's acknowledgment of Solomon's role or status. The number "thousand" often symbolizes completeness or abundance in biblical literature, indicating the fullness of the offering or dedication.

and two hundred are for those who tend its fruit.
This part of the verse acknowledges the labor and care provided by those who tend the vineyard. It reflects the biblical principle of fair compensation for work, as seen in passages like 1 Timothy 5:18, which states that a worker deserves his wages. The division of the shekels suggests a structured and just distribution of resources, highlighting the importance of community and shared responsibility. This can also be seen as a type of Christ, where the care and nurturing of the vineyard (or the Church) are rewarded and valued.

You who dwell in the gardens
This phrase suggests a setting of peace and beauty, often associated with the imagery of a garden in biblical literature. Gardens in ancient Israel were places of cultivation and care, symbolizing intimacy and growth. The "gardens" may represent the church or the community of believers, where the beloved (often interpreted as Christ) dwells among His people. This imagery can be connected to the Garden of Eden, a place of original communion with God, and the future restoration in the New Jerusalem, where God will dwell with His people (Revelation 21:3).

my companions are listening for your voice
The "companions" could refer to fellow believers or the heavenly host, eager to hear the voice of the beloved. This reflects the communal aspect of faith, where the voice of the beloved is not only desired by the individual but also by the community. The voice of the beloved is often seen as the Word of God, which is eagerly awaited and cherished by those who follow Him. This can be linked to John 10:27, where Jesus says, "My sheep hear my voice, and I know them, and they follow me."

Let me hear it!
This is a plea for communication and intimacy, emphasizing the desire for a personal relationship with the beloved. It reflects the longing for divine revelation and guidance, a theme prevalent throughout Scripture. The request to "hear" can be seen as a call for prayer and worship, where the believer seeks to connect with God. This echoes the sentiment found in Psalm 27:8, "My heart says of you, 'Seek his face!' Your face, Lord, I will seek." The desire to hear the beloved's voice underscores the importance of spiritual attentiveness and the joy found in communion with God.

Come away, my beloved
This phrase is a call to intimacy and union, reflecting the deep love and desire between the bride and her beloved. In the context of the Song of Solomon, it symbolizes the longing for closeness and the fulfillment of love. Theologically, it can be seen as an invitation from Christ to the Church, His bride, to draw near to Him. This echoes the call in Revelation 22:17, where the Spirit and the bride say, "Come." The invitation to "come away" suggests leaving behind distractions and entering into a deeper relationship.

and be like a gazelle or a young stag
The imagery of a gazelle or a young stag is often used in the Song of Solomon to depict swiftness, grace, and beauty. These animals are known for their agility and ability to navigate difficult terrain, symbolizing the beloved's ability to overcome obstacles to be with the bride. In a spiritual sense, this can represent Christ's readiness and eagerness to come to His people. The gazelle and stag are also symbols of vitality and strength, qualities attributed to the beloved, reflecting the vigor and passion of true love.

on the mountains of spices
The "mountains of spices" evoke a sense of abundance, richness, and delight. In the ancient Near Eastern context, spices were valuable and often associated with wealth and luxury. This imagery suggests a place of beauty and pleasure, a fitting setting for the consummation of love. Spiritually, it can be seen as a metaphor for the heavenly realms or the ultimate fulfillment of love in the presence of God. The mountains may also symbolize challenges or heights to be reached, indicating that true love involves both effort and reward. The reference to spices connects to the anointing and fragrance associated with Christ, as seen in passages like John 12:3, where Mary anoints Jesus with costly perfume.