Remind the believers
This phrase emphasizes the importance of continual instruction and reinforcement of Christian teachings. The act of reminding suggests that these teachings are foundational and need to be revisited regularly. In the early church, oral tradition was a primary method of teaching, and repetition helped ensure that believers retained and lived out the teachings of the apostles.

to submit to rulers and authorities
Submission to governing authorities is a recurring theme in the New Testament, reflecting the early Christian understanding of civic responsibility. This aligns with Romans 13:1-7, where Paul instructs believers to be subject to governing authorities, as they are instituted by God. The historical context includes the Roman Empire's rule, which was often oppressive, yet Christians were called to respect and submit to its authority as a testimony of their faith and trust in God's sovereignty.

to be obedient
Obedience here extends beyond mere submission to include a willing and active compliance with laws and regulations, provided they do not contradict God's commands. This obedience is a reflection of a transformed life, demonstrating the believer's commitment to living out their faith in practical ways. It echoes the call to obedience found throughout Scripture, such as in 1 Peter 2:13-17, where believers are urged to submit to every human authority for the Lord's sake.

and ready for every good work
This phrase highlights the proactive nature of the Christian life. Believers are not only to avoid wrongdoing but are also called to actively engage in good deeds. This readiness implies preparation and willingness to serve others, reflecting the teachings of Jesus, who exemplified a life of service. Ephesians 2:10 reinforces this idea, stating that believers are created in Christ Jesus for good works, which God prepared beforehand. The call to good works is a response to God's grace and a demonstration of faith in action.

to malign no one
This phrase emphasizes the importance of refraining from speaking ill of others. In the biblical context, this aligns with the teachings of Jesus in the Sermon on the Mount, where He instructs His followers to love their enemies and pray for those who persecute them (Matthew 5:44). The Greek word used here for "malign" can also be translated as "slander," which is condemned throughout Scripture (James 4:11). The cultural context of the early church involved a diverse group of believers from various backgrounds, making the call to avoid slander crucial for maintaining unity and witness.

to be peaceable and gentle
This phrase calls for believers to embody peace and gentleness, reflecting the character of Christ, who is described as gentle and humble in heart (Matthew 11:29). The historical context of the Roman Empire, where Titus ministered, was often marked by conflict and power struggles. Christians were to stand out by their peaceful demeanor, as Paul also instructs in Romans 12:18, "If it is possible, as far as it depends on you, live at peace with everyone." The call to gentleness is a fruit of the Spirit (Galatians 5:22-23) and is essential for effective ministry and relationships.

showing full consideration to everyone
This phrase underscores the need for believers to demonstrate humility and respect towards all people, regardless of their status or beliefs. The early church was a melting pot of Jews and Gentiles, rich and poor, and this command would have been vital for fostering a community that reflected the inclusive love of Christ. The concept of showing consideration is rooted in the idea of valuing others above oneself, as Paul writes in Philippians 2:3-4. This attitude is a reflection of Jesus' own humility and servant leadership, as seen in His willingness to wash the disciples' feet (John 13:14-15).

For at one time we too were foolish
This phrase acknowledges the past state of believers before their conversion. The term "foolish" in biblical context often refers to a lack of spiritual understanding or discernment (Proverbs 1:7). It highlights the natural human condition apart from God's wisdom, emphasizing the need for divine revelation and transformation.

disobedient
Disobedience here refers to a willful rejection of God's commands and authority. This echoes the broader biblical narrative of humanity's rebellion against God, starting from Adam and Eve's disobedience in Genesis 3. It underscores the universal need for repentance and submission to God's will.

misled
Being misled suggests a state of deception, often by false teachings or worldly philosophies. This aligns with warnings found throughout the New Testament about false prophets and teachers (Matthew 24:24, 2 Peter 2:1). It highlights the importance of discernment and adherence to sound doctrine.

and enslaved to all sorts of desires and pleasures
This phrase speaks to the bondage of sin, where individuals are controlled by their sinful nature and appetites. Romans 6:16-18 discusses how sin can enslave, contrasting it with the freedom found in serving righteousness through Christ. It reflects the biblical theme of liberation from sin through salvation.

living in malice and envy
Malice and envy are attitudes that reflect a corrupt heart. Malice involves ill will or the desire to harm others, while envy is a resentful longing for what others possess. These attitudes are contrary to the fruits of the Spirit (Galatians 5:22-23) and are indicative of a life not transformed by God's love.

being hated and hating one another
This phrase captures the relational breakdown that sin causes. Hatred is a destructive force that opposes the command to love one's neighbor (Matthew 22:39). The mutual animosity described here contrasts sharply with the unity and love that should characterize the Christian community (John 13:34-35).

But when the kindness of God our Savior
This phrase highlights the divine attribute of kindness, which is a central theme throughout the Bible. The term "God our Savior" emphasizes the role of God as the deliverer and redeemer of humanity. In the Old Testament, God's kindness is often associated with His covenant faithfulness (hesed) to Israel, as seen in passages like Psalm 136. The New Testament reveals this kindness more fully through the person and work of Jesus Christ, who embodies God's saving grace. The title "Savior" is significant, as it was used in the Greco-Roman world to describe deities and emperors, but here it is applied to God, underscoring His ultimate authority and benevolence.

and His love for mankind appeared,
The appearance of God's love for mankind is a reference to the incarnation of Jesus Christ. This event is the ultimate demonstration of divine love, as described in John 3:16, where God gives His only Son for the salvation of the world. The Greek word for "appeared" (epiphaneia) suggests a sudden and glorious manifestation, which aligns with the prophetic expectations of the Messiah's coming. This love is not limited to a specific group but extends to all humanity, fulfilling the promise made to Abraham that through his offspring all nations would be blessed (Genesis 12:3). The cultural context of the time, with its divisions and hostilities, makes this universal love even more radical and transformative.

He saved us
This phrase emphasizes the divine initiative in salvation. It reflects the biblical theme that salvation is an act of God, not a human achievement. In the broader context of the New Testament, this aligns with passages like Ephesians 2:8-9, which stress that salvation is a gift from God. The concept of God as Savior is rooted in the Old Testament, where God repeatedly delivers Israel from physical and spiritual bondage.

not by the righteous deeds we had done
This phrase underscores the insufficiency of human works for salvation. It echoes Isaiah 64:6, which describes human righteousness as "filthy rags" before God. The cultural context of the time included a strong emphasis on adherence to the Law among Jewish communities, but this statement clarifies that even the most devout observance cannot earn salvation. This aligns with Paul's broader teaching in Romans and Galatians, where he argues against justification by works of the Law.

but according to His mercy
Mercy is a central attribute of God throughout Scripture, often linked with His covenantal love (hesed) in the Old Testament. This phrase highlights that salvation is an unmerited favor, a theme prevalent in the Psalms and the prophetic writings. The mercy of God is a recurring theme in the New Testament, as seen in passages like 1 Peter 1:3, which speaks of being born again to a living hope through God's mercy.

through the washing of new birth
This phrase likely refers to the concept of spiritual rebirth, which is central to Christian theology. It connects to Jesus' conversation with Nicodemus in John 3:3-5, where He speaks of being "born of water and the Spirit." The imagery of washing may also allude to baptism, a rite symbolizing purification and initiation into the Christian community. In the cultural context, washing was a common metaphor for spiritual cleansing.

and renewal by the Holy Spirit
The Holy Spirit's role in renewal is a key aspect of New Testament teaching. This phrase suggests a transformation that goes beyond mere moral improvement, indicating a fundamental change in nature. The Holy Spirit is depicted as the agent of this renewal, as seen in passages like 2 Corinthians 5:17, which speaks of becoming a new creation in Christ. The concept of renewal ties back to Old Testament prophecies, such as Ezekiel 36:26-27, which promise a new heart and spirit given by God.

This is the Spirit
The reference to "the Spirit" here is the Holy Spirit, the third person of the Trinity. The Holy Spirit's role in the New Testament is to empower, guide, and sanctify believers. In the Old Testament, the Spirit was given selectively and temporarily, but in the New Testament, the Spirit is given to all believers permanently (Acts 2:17-18). The Spirit's work is essential for regeneration and renewal, as seen in John 3:5-8.

He poured out on us abundantly
The imagery of pouring suggests generosity and abundance, indicating that God does not give His Spirit sparingly. This echoes the prophecy in Joel 2:28-29, where God promises to pour out His Spirit on all people. The abundance of the Spirit is also seen in the early church at Pentecost (Acts 2:1-4), where the Spirit was given in a powerful and transformative way.

through Jesus Christ our Savior
Jesus Christ is the mediator through whom the Holy Spirit is given. His death and resurrection made it possible for believers to receive the Holy Spirit. This aligns with John 14:16-17, where Jesus promises to send the Helper, the Holy Spirit, after His ascension. The title "Savior" emphasizes Jesus' role in salvation, highlighting that it is through His redemptive work that believers are reconciled to God and receive the Spirit.

so that
This phrase indicates purpose or result, connecting the previous verses about God's mercy and salvation to the outcome described here. It emphasizes the divine intention behind the act of salvation, highlighting God's sovereign plan.

having been justified by His grace
Justification is a legal term meaning to be declared righteous. In the context of the New Testament, it refers to the believer being declared righteous before God. This justification is not earned by works but is a gift of grace, underscoring the unmerited favor of God. Romans 3:24 and Ephesians 2:8-9 also emphasize salvation by grace through faith, not by works. The concept of grace is central to the gospel message, contrasting with the law and works-based righteousness.

we would become heirs
The idea of becoming heirs is rooted in the cultural and legal practices of inheritance in the ancient world, where sons would inherit their father's estate. Spiritually, believers are considered children of God and co-heirs with Christ, as seen in Romans 8:17. This inheritance includes the promises of God and eternal life, reflecting the believer's new identity and status in God's family.

with the hope of eternal life
Hope in the biblical sense is a confident expectation, not wishful thinking. Eternal life is a central promise of the Christian faith, assured through the resurrection of Jesus Christ. This hope is both a present reality and a future promise, as seen in John 3:16 and 1 John 5:13. It provides assurance and motivation for holy living, as believers anticipate the fulfillment of God's promises in the life to come.

This saying is trustworthy.
The phrase underscores the reliability and truthfulness of the preceding teachings. In the pastoral epistles, Paul often uses this formula to highlight key doctrinal points (1 Timothy 1:15, 1 Timothy 3:1, 1 Timothy 4:9, 2 Timothy 2:11). It serves as an assurance to the reader that the teachings are divinely inspired and worthy of full acceptance. The emphasis on trustworthiness reflects the early church's need for sound doctrine amidst false teachings.

And I want you to emphasize these things,
Paul instructs Titus to stress the importance of the teachings he has shared. This reflects the role of church leaders in ensuring that congregations remain grounded in sound doctrine. The emphasis on "these things" likely refers to the preceding verses, which discuss salvation by grace, regeneration, and renewal by the Holy Spirit (Titus 3:4-7). The repetition of core truths is crucial for spiritual growth and stability.

so that those who have believed God
This phrase identifies the audience as believers, those who have placed their faith in God. The wording suggests a personal relationship and trust in God's promises. The context of belief here is not just intellectual assent but a transformative faith that results in action. This aligns with the broader biblical theme that faith without works is dead (James 2:17).

will take care to devote themselves to good deeds.
The call to action for believers is to be intentional about living out their faith through good works. This reflects the biblical principle that salvation, while by grace, results in a life of service and obedience (Ephesians 2:10). The cultural context of the early church, surrounded by pagan practices, required a distinct Christian witness through ethical living. Good deeds are seen as a natural outflow of a regenerated life.

These things are excellent and profitable for the people.
The teachings and resulting good deeds are described as beneficial, not just for the individual believer but for the community as a whole. This reflects the communal nature of the early church, where the actions of individuals impacted the entire body. The emphasis on what is "excellent and profitable" aligns with the biblical call to pursue what is noble and praiseworthy (Philippians 4:8). The profitability here is both spiritual and practical, contributing to the well-being and witness of the church.

But avoid foolish controversies
In the early church, there were many debates and disputes over interpretations of the law and theological issues. Paul advises Titus to steer clear of these unproductive arguments. This echoes Proverbs 26:4, which warns against engaging with foolishness. The focus should be on edifying discussions that promote unity and growth in faith.

genealogies
Genealogies were significant in Jewish culture, often used to establish one's heritage and authority. However, in the context of the church, they could lead to pride and division. Paul warns against getting caught up in these debates, as they detract from the gospel's message. This is similar to 1 Timothy 1:4, where Paul advises Timothy to avoid myths and endless genealogies.

arguments
The early church faced many internal conflicts, often over interpretations of the law and traditions. Paul emphasizes the importance of avoiding these disputes, as they can lead to division rather than unity. This aligns with 2 Timothy 2:23, where Paul advises against foolish and ignorant controversies that breed quarrels.

and quarrels about the law
Jewish Christians often debated the necessity of following Mosaic Law, which could cause division among believers. Paul stresses that such quarrels are unproductive. This reflects the Jerusalem Council's decision in Acts 15, which determined that Gentile believers were not bound by the full extent of Jewish law.

because these things are pointless and worthless
Paul underscores the futility of engaging in these disputes, as they do not contribute to spiritual growth or the advancement of the gospel. This sentiment is echoed in Ecclesiastes 1:14, where the pursuit of meaningless endeavors is described as "chasing after the wind." The focus should be on what is beneficial for building up the body of Christ.

Reject a divisive man
This phrase emphasizes the importance of unity within the Christian community. In the early church, divisiveness could lead to significant disruptions, as seen in the conflicts addressed in Paul's letters to the Corinthians. The term "divisive" refers to someone causing factions or schisms, which is contrary to the unity Christ prayed for in John 17:21. The Greek word used here, "hairetikos," implies someone who chooses to follow their own opinions over the collective teaching of the church. This instruction aligns with the broader biblical theme of maintaining peace and unity, as seen in Ephesians 4:3.

after a first and second admonition
This part of the verse highlights the process of church discipline, which is rooted in patience and grace. The "first and second admonition" suggests a structured approach to correction, reflecting the principles found in Matthew 18:15-17, where Jesus outlines steps for addressing sin within the community. The use of "admonition" indicates a warning or correction intended to bring about repentance and restoration. This approach underscores the value of giving individuals opportunities to change before taking more drastic measures, reflecting God's patience and desire for reconciliation.

knowing that such a man is corrupt and sinful;
This phrase addresses the recognition of a person who is divisive or heretical, as mentioned in the preceding verses. The term "corrupt" suggests a moral decay or deviation from the truth, aligning with the biblical understanding of sin as a departure from God's will. In the context of the early church, false teachings and divisions were significant issues, as seen in other epistles like Galatians 1:6-9, where Paul warns against different gospels. The use of "sinful" underscores the gravity of the actions, indicating a willful rebellion against God's commandments. This reflects the broader biblical theme of sin as a pervasive problem in humanity, as seen in Romans 3:23.

he is self-condemned.
The phrase "self-condemned" implies that the individual's actions and beliefs inherently lead to their own judgment. This concept is consistent with the biblical principle that one's words and deeds reveal the state of their heart, as Jesus taught in Matthew 12:37, where He states that by one's words, they will be justified or condemned. The self-condemnation here suggests an awareness or acknowledgment of wrongdoing, yet a refusal to repent or change. This aligns with the broader scriptural theme of accountability, where individuals are responsible for their choices, as seen in Ezekiel 18:30, which calls for repentance to avoid iniquity. The phrase also highlights the importance of sound doctrine and unity within the church, as emphasized throughout the pastoral epistles.

As soon as I send Artemas or Tychicus to you
Paul is writing to Titus, a trusted companion and leader in the early church. Artemas is not mentioned elsewhere in the New Testament, suggesting he was a lesser-known but trusted associate of Paul. Tychicus, however, is mentioned in several other letters (Acts 20:4, Ephesians 6:21, Colossians 4:7, 2 Timothy 4:12), indicating his role as a reliable messenger and co-worker. This phrase highlights the importance of teamwork and delegation in ministry, as Paul relies on these men to continue the work in Crete.

make every effort to come to me at Nicopolis
Nicopolis, meaning "City of Victory," was a common name for cities in the Roman Empire. The specific Nicopolis referred to here is likely the one in Epirus, on the western coast of Greece, founded by Augustus to commemorate his victory at the Battle of Actium. This location suggests strategic planning by Paul, as it was a significant city for travel and communication. The phrase underscores the urgency and importance Paul places on Titus's presence, reflecting the need for personal fellowship and collaboration in ministry.

because I have decided to winter there
Wintering in a specific location was a practical consideration in the ancient world due to travel difficulties during the colder months. Paul's decision to winter in Nicopolis indicates his strategic planning for the spread of the Gospel, as well as his desire for Titus's companionship and assistance. This phrase also reflects the broader theme of divine guidance and human planning working together in the mission of the church.

Do your best to equip
This phrase emphasizes the importance of diligence and effort in supporting fellow workers in the ministry. The call to "do your best" reflects a sense of urgency and commitment, suggesting that the work of the gospel requires active participation and support from the Christian community. This aligns with the broader biblical principle of stewardship and generosity, as seen in passages like 2 Corinthians 9:7, which encourages cheerful giving.

Zenas the lawyer
Zenas is mentioned only here in the New Testament, and his designation as "the lawyer" suggests he was likely skilled in Jewish law or possibly Roman law. His inclusion highlights the diversity of backgrounds among early Christian workers and the value of different skills in the service of the gospel. This reflects the broader biblical theme of God using people from various walks of life, as seen in the calling of Matthew, a tax collector, in Matthew 9:9.

and Apollos
Apollos is a more familiar figure in the New Testament, known for his eloquence and knowledge of the Scriptures (Acts 18:24-28). He was a significant leader in the early church, particularly in Corinth, where he worked alongside Paul. His mention here underscores the collaborative nature of early Christian ministry and the importance of equipping leaders to effectively teach and spread the gospel. This collaboration is echoed in 1 Corinthians 3:6, where Paul speaks of planting and Apollos watering, but God giving the growth.

so that they will have everything they need
This phrase indicates the practical aspect of ministry support, ensuring that workers are not hindered by a lack of resources. It reflects the early church's commitment to mutual aid and support, as seen in Acts 2:44-45, where believers shared their possessions to meet each other's needs. This principle of providing for those in ministry is also echoed in 1 Timothy 5:18, which states that "the worker deserves his wages," emphasizing the responsibility of the Christian community to support those who labor in the gospel.

And our people must also learn to devote themselves to good works
This phrase emphasizes the importance of active participation in good works as a reflection of faith. The early Christian community was encouraged to live out their faith through tangible actions, aligning with James 2:17, which states that faith without works is dead. The call to "learn" suggests a process of growth and discipleship, indicating that good works are not innate but cultivated through teaching and practice. This aligns with the broader biblical narrative that emphasizes the transformation of believers into the likeness of Christ, who exemplified a life of service and compassion.

in order to meet the pressing needs of others
The early church was characterized by a strong sense of community and mutual support, as seen in Acts 2:44-45, where believers shared their possessions to ensure no one was in need. This phrase highlights the practical aspect of Christian love, which is not merely theoretical but actively seeks to address the immediate and tangible needs of others. The historical context of the early church, often facing persecution and poverty, made such support crucial for survival and witness. This call to action reflects the teachings of Jesus, who emphasized caring for the "least of these" (Matthew 25:40).

so that they will not be unfruitful
Fruitfulness in the Christian life is a recurring theme in the New Testament, symbolizing spiritual growth and the visible evidence of a transformed life. Jesus spoke of bearing fruit as a sign of true discipleship in John 15:5, where He states that those who abide in Him will bear much fruit. The concept of fruitfulness is also linked to the idea of living a life that glorifies God and advances His kingdom. In the cultural context of the time, fruitfulness was often associated with productivity and blessing, contrasting with the barrenness that symbolized disobedience or judgment. This phrase serves as a reminder that good works are not only beneficial to others but also essential for the spiritual vitality and witness of the believer.

All who are with me send you greetings.
This phrase reflects the communal nature of early Christian ministry. Paul often traveled with companions, indicating the importance of fellowship and support in spreading the Gospel. The mention of "all who are with me" suggests a group of believers, possibly including co-workers like Luke, Timothy, or others who were part of Paul's missionary journeys. This communal aspect is seen throughout Paul's letters, emphasizing the unity and shared mission among early Christians. The practice of sending greetings was common in ancient letters, serving to strengthen bonds between distant communities.

Greet those who love us in the faith.
Here, Paul instructs Titus to extend greetings to those who share a mutual love grounded in their shared faith in Christ. This phrase underscores the deep relational ties within the Christian community, which are based on a common belief and commitment to the teachings of Jesus. The expression "in the faith" highlights the spiritual bond that transcends geographical and cultural boundaries. This greeting serves as a reminder of the love and unity that should characterize the body of Christ, as seen in other passages like John 13:34-35, where Jesus commands His disciples to love one another.

Grace be with all of you.
Paul concludes with a blessing of grace, a common benediction in his letters. Grace, a central theme in Pauline theology, refers to the unmerited favor and empowerment from God. This closing reflects Paul's desire for the recipients to experience God's grace in their lives, enabling them to live out their faith. The inclusive "all of you" indicates that this blessing is meant for the entire community, reinforcing the collective nature of the Christian journey. This echoes other scriptural benedictions, such as in 2 Corinthians 13:14, where Paul speaks of the grace of Jesus Christ being with believers.