Biblical Reference: The account of Darius' sleepless night is found in the Book of Daniel, specifically in Daniel 6:18-24. This event occurs during the reign of Darius the Mede, who is identified as the ruler of the Medo-Persian Empire following the fall of Babylon.

Historical Context: Darius the Mede is a figure mentioned in the Book of Daniel as the ruler who succeeded Belshazzar after the conquest of Babylon by the Medes and Persians. The historical identity of Darius the Mede has been a subject of scholarly debate, with some identifying him with historical figures such as Gubaru or Cyaxares II. The narrative in Daniel 6 takes place during the early period of Darius' rule.

Narrative Summary: The account of Darius' sleepless night is set against the backdrop of Daniel's rise to prominence in the Medo-Persian administration. Daniel, known for his exceptional qualities and faithfulness to God, is appointed as one of the three administrators over the kingdom. His integrity and success provoke jealousy among other officials, who conspire to find grounds for charges against him. Unable to find any fault in his conduct, they resort to targeting his religious practices.

The conspirators persuade King Darius to issue a decree that for thirty days, no one may petition any god or man except the king. Violators of this decree are to be thrown into the lions' den. Despite the decree, Daniel continues his practice of praying to God three times a day. The conspirators report this to Darius, who, though distressed, is bound by the irrevocable law of the Medes and Persians to enforce the decree.

Darius' Sleepless Night: Daniel 6:18 describes the king's reaction after Daniel is cast into the lions' den: "Then the king went to his palace and spent the night fasting; no entertainment was brought before him, and sleep fled from him." Darius' sleepless night reflects his deep concern for Daniel, whom he respects and values. The king's fasting and refusal of entertainment indicate his distress and hope for Daniel's deliverance.

Divine Intervention: At the break of dawn, Darius hurries to the lions' den and calls out to Daniel. To his relief, Daniel responds, affirming that God sent an angel to shut the lions' mouths, sparing his life because he was found blameless before God and the king. Darius orders Daniel to be lifted from the den, and no harm is found on him, "because he had trusted in his God" (Daniel 6:23).

Aftermath: In response to this miraculous deliverance, Darius commands that the men who falsely accused Daniel be thrown into the lions' den, along with their families. The lions overpower them before they reach the floor of the den. Subsequently, Darius issues a decree to all peoples, nations, and languages, extolling the God of Daniel as the living God whose kingdom will not be destroyed.

Theological Significance: Darius' sleepless night underscores the theme of divine sovereignty and protection over those who remain faithful to God. The narrative highlights the power of God to deliver His servants from seemingly impossible situations and serves as a testament to the faithfulness and integrity of Daniel. The event also illustrates the futility of human schemes against God's anointed and the ultimate triumph of divine justice.