Introduction

The concept of authority is a central theme in the Bible, where the tension between human authority and divine authority is explored throughout the scriptures. This entry examines the biblical perspective on the relationship between human governance and God's ultimate sovereignty, highlighting key passages and principles that illustrate this dynamic.

Divine Authority

Divine authority is the ultimate power and sovereignty of God over all creation. The Bible consistently affirms that God is the supreme ruler, whose authority surpasses all earthly powers. In the book of Daniel, God's sovereignty is declared: "He changes the times and seasons; He removes kings and establishes them. He gives wisdom to the wise and knowledge to the discerning" (Daniel 2:21). This passage underscores God's control over human history and leadership.

The New Testament further emphasizes divine authority through the person of Jesus Christ. In Matthew 28:18, Jesus proclaims, "All authority in heaven and on earth has been given to Me." This statement affirms that Christ, as the Son of God, holds ultimate authority, which is derived from the Father.

Human Authority

Human authority, as established in the Bible, is the power and governance exercised by individuals or institutions over others. This authority is often seen in the context of government, family, and religious leadership. Romans 13:1-2 instructs believers to submit to governing authorities, stating, "Let every soul be subject to the governing authorities. For there is no authority except that which is from God. The authorities that exist have been appointed by God. Consequently, whoever resists authority is opposing what God has set in place, and those who do so will bring judgment on themselves."

This passage highlights the belief that human authority is instituted by God and serves a purpose within His divine plan. However, it also implies that such authority is limited and accountable to God's higher law.

Tension Between Human and Divine Authority

The Bible presents numerous instances where human authority conflicts with divine authority, requiring believers to discern and prioritize their allegiance to God. In Acts 5:29, Peter and the apostles respond to the Sanhedrin's command to cease preaching in Jesus' name by stating, "We must obey God rather than men." This declaration illustrates the principle that divine authority takes precedence when human commands contradict God's will.

The Old Testament provides examples of individuals who faced the challenge of choosing between human and divine authority. The account of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego in Daniel 3 demonstrates their refusal to bow to King Nebuchadnezzar's golden image, choosing instead to remain faithful to God. Their actions reflect the conviction that divine authority is paramount, even in the face of severe consequences.

Role of Conscience and Discernment

The Bible encourages believers to exercise discernment and conscience when navigating the complexities of human and divine authority. In 1 Peter 2:13-17, Christians are urged to "submit yourselves for the Lord’s sake to every human institution," while also living as "servants of God." This dual responsibility requires a careful balance between respecting human authority and maintaining fidelity to God's commands.

Conclusion

The biblical narrative presents a nuanced view of authority, where human governance is recognized as part of God's order, yet always subordinate to His supreme rule. Believers are called to respect and submit to human authorities, while remaining vigilant to uphold divine authority as the ultimate guide for faith and conduct.