The High Priest's Breastplate, also known as the Breastplate of Judgment, is a significant artifact in the religious and ceremonial life of ancient Israel, as described in the Old Testament. It was an essential part of the High Priest's sacred garments, symbolizing divine guidance and the representation of the twelve tribes of Israel before God.

Biblical Description and Construction

The instructions for the construction of the High Priest's Breastplate are detailed in the Book of Exodus. According to Exodus 28:15-30 , the breastplate was to be made by skilled craftsmen using gold, blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and finely spun linen. It was to be square and folded double, measuring a span in length and a span in width.

The breastplate featured four rows of precious stones, each stone representing one of the twelve tribes of Israel. The stones were set in gold filigree and inscribed with the names of the tribes. The first row contained a ruby, a topaz, and an emerald; the second row, a turquoise, a sapphire, and a diamond; the third row, a jacinth, an agate, and an amethyst; and the fourth row, a beryl, an onyx, and a jasper (Exodus 28:17-20).

The breastplate was attached to the ephod, another priestly garment, using gold chains and rings, ensuring it remained securely in place over the High Priest's heart when he entered the Holy Place (Exodus 28:22-28).

Symbolism and Function

The High Priest's Breastplate served both a symbolic and functional role in the religious practices of Israel. Symbolically, it represented the High Priest's role as an intercessor for the people, bearing their names before the Lord. The placement of the breastplate over the heart signified the High Priest's duty to carry the concerns and welfare of the tribes close to his heart.

Functionally, the breastplate was known as the "Breastplate of Judgment" because it contained the Urim and Thummim, mysterious objects used to discern God's will in decision-making (Exodus 28:30). The exact nature and use of the Urim and Thummim remain subjects of scholarly debate, but they were integral to the High Priest's role in seeking divine guidance.

Historical and Theological Significance

The High Priest's Breastplate is a profound symbol of the covenant relationship between God and Israel. It underscores the importance of holiness, representation, and divine guidance in the life of the nation. The breastplate's intricate design and precious materials reflect the sacredness of the High Priest's duties and the reverence due to God.

Throughout Israel's history, the High Priest's Breastplate served as a tangible reminder of God's presence and His ongoing relationship with His chosen people. It emphasized the need for mediation and intercession, foreshadowing the ultimate High Priest, Jesus Christ, who, according to Christian theology, fulfills and transcends the role of the Old Testament priesthood.

In summary, the High Priest's Breastplate is a richly symbolic artifact that played a crucial role in the religious life of ancient Israel, embodying themes of representation, divine guidance, and covenantal faithfulness.