Genesis 15:6
Abram believed the LORD, and it was credited to him as righteousness. This is the foundational scripture that Paul references in Romans 4.

Galatians 3:6-9
Paul reiterates the message of faith and righteousness, emphasizing that those who have faith are children of Abraham.

Hebrews 11:8-12
The faith of Abraham is celebrated in the Hall of Faith, highlighting his trust in God's promises.Faith Over Works
Romans 4:2-3 states, If Abraham was indeed justified by works, he had something to boast about, but not before God. For what does the Scripture say? 'Abraham believed God, and it was credited to him as righteousness.' This highlights that righteousness comes through faith, not works.

Grace and Promise
Verses 13-16 emphasize that the promise to Abraham and his descendants was through the righteousness of faith, not the law. For the promise to Abraham and his offspring that he would be heir of the world was not given through the law, but through the righteousness that comes by faith.

Universal Application
Romans 4:16-17 explains that the promise is guaranteed to all Abraham's offspring, not only to those who are of the law but also to those who share the faith of Abraham. This underscores the inclusivity of God's promise.

Faith in the Impossible
Abraham's faith was remarkable because he believed in God's promise despite his and Sarah's old age. Romans 4:19-21 illustrates this: Without weakening in his faith, he acknowledged the decrepitness of his body... yet he did not waver through unbelief regarding the promise of God.Trust in God's Promises
Like Abraham, we are called to trust in God's promises, even when circumstances seem impossible.

Rely on Faith, Not Works
Evaluate areas in your life where you might be relying on works rather than faith for righteousness.

Embrace Grace
Accept that righteousness is a gift from God, not something we can earn, and live in the freedom that grace provides.

Inclusive Faith
Recognize that the promise of faith is available to all, and share this truth with others.1. Abraham
Abraham is the central figure in Romans 4, presented as the exemplar of faith. Paul emphasizes that Abraham was justified by faith before the law was given and before he was circumcised. This underscores the principle that righteousness comes through faith, not works. The Greek term used for "faith" (πίστις, pistis) highlights trust and belief in God's promises. Romans 4:3 states, "Abraham believed God, and it was credited to him as righteousness."

2. David
King David is referenced to support the argument that righteousness is apart from works. Paul quotes David's words from the Psalms to illustrate the blessedness of the person whose sins are forgiven and whose transgressions are covered. This is seen in Romans 4:6-8, where Paul cites Psalm 32:1-2, emphasizing the Hebrew concept of "blessed" (אַשְׁרֵי, ashrei), which conveys a state of happiness and divine favor.1. Faith of Abraham
Romans 4 discusses the faith of Abraham as a foundational example of righteousness apart from works. The chapter emphasizes that Abraham was justified by faith before the law was given, highlighting the universality of faith for both Jews and Gentiles.

2. Promise to Abraham
The chapter refers to the promise made to Abraham and his descendants, which was not through the law but through the righteousness of faith. This promise is central to understanding the continuity of God's plan from the Old Testament to the New Testament.

3. Justification by Faith
A key theme in Romans 4 is the doctrine of justification by faith, which is rooted in the Greek word "δικαιοσύνη" (dikaiosynē), meaning righteousness. This concept is pivotal in Pauline theology and underscores the belief that righteousness is credited to those who believe, not based on their works.

4. Blessing of Forgiveness
Romans 4 also touches on the blessing of forgiveness, quoting David in verses 7-8. This highlights the joy and blessedness of having sins forgiven and not counted against the believer, a theme that resonates with the Hebrew understanding of atonement and grace.

5. Circumcision as a Sign
The chapter discusses circumcision as a sign and seal of the righteousness that Abraham had by faith while he was still uncircumcised. This serves to illustrate that the physical act of circumcision is not what justifies, but rather the faith that precedes it.

6. Inheritance of the World
Paul speaks of Abraham as the heir of the world, which is a theological "place" that signifies the expansive nature of God's promise, extending beyond the physical land of Canaan to encompass all who share in the faith of Abraham.1. Abraham's Justification by Faith
Romans 4:1-3 discusses how Abraham was justified by faith, not by works. The scripture states, "For what does the Scripture say? 'Abraham believed God, and it was credited to him as righteousness.'" The Greek word for "credited" (λογίζομαι, logizomai) implies a reckoning or accounting, emphasizing that righteousness was accounted to Abraham due to his faith.

2. The Principle of Grace Over Works
In Romans 4:4-5, Paul explains that if righteousness were based on works, it would be a debt, not grace. "Now to the one who works, his wages are not credited as a gift, but as an obligation. However, to the one who does not work, but believes in Him who justifies the wicked, his faith is credited as righteousness."

3. David's Affirmation of Justification by Faith
Romans 4:6-8 references King David, who also speaks of the blessedness of the person to whom God credits righteousness apart from works. "Blessed are they whose lawless acts are forgiven, whose sins are covered. Blessed is the man whose sin the Lord will never count against him."

4. Faith Before Circumcision
Romans 4:9-12 highlights that Abraham's faith was credited as righteousness before he was circumcised, making him the father of all who believe without being circumcised. This underscores that righteousness by faith is available to both Jews and Gentiles.

5. The Promise Through Faith
Romans 4:13-15 explains that the promise to Abraham and his descendants was through the righteousness of faith, not through the law. "For the promise to Abraham and his offspring that he would be heir of the world was not through the law, but through the righteousness that comes by faith."

6. Faith in God's Promise
Romans 4:16-17 emphasizes that the promise comes by faith so that it may be by grace and guaranteed to all Abraham's offspring. "As it is written: 'I have made you a father of many nations.' He is our father in the presence of God, in whom he believed—the God who gives life to the dead and calls into being what does not yet exist."

7. Abraham's Faith in God's Power
Romans 4:18-22 describes Abraham's unwavering faith in God's promise, despite his and Sarah's old age. "Against all hope, Abraham in hope believed and so became the father of many nations, just as it had been said to him, 'So shall your offspring be.'"

8. Application to Believers
Romans 4:23-25 concludes by applying Abraham's example to all believers. "Now the words 'it was credited to him' were written not only for Abraham, but also for us, to whom God will credit righteousness—for us who believe in Him who raised Jesus our Lord from the dead. He was delivered over to death for our trespasses and was raised to life for our justification."1. Justification by Faith, Not Works
Romans 4:1-5 discusses how Abraham was justified by faith and not by works. The passage emphasizes that if Abraham was justified by works, he would have something to boast about, but not before God. Verse 3 states, "Abraham believed God, and it was credited to him as righteousness." The Greek word for "credited" (λογίζομαι, logizomai) implies an accounting term, meaning to reckon or consider.

2. David Celebrates the Blessing of Righteousness Apart from Works
In Romans 4:6-8, Paul references King David, who speaks of the blessedness of the person to whom God credits righteousness apart from works. This is a citation from Psalm 32:1-2, highlighting the forgiveness and covering of sins.

3. Faith Before Circumcision
Romans 4:9-12 addresses the timing of Abraham's faith and circumcision. Paul argues that Abraham's faith was credited as righteousness before he was circumcised, making him the father of all who believe, whether circumcised or not. This underscores the universality of faith over the Jewish law.

4. The Promise Comes by Faith
In Romans 4:13-17, Paul explains that the promise to Abraham and his offspring was not through the law but through the righteousness of faith. The promise is guaranteed to all Abraham's offspring, not only to those who are of the law but also to those who share the faith of Abraham. The Greek term for "promise" (ἐπαγγελία, epangelia) signifies a divine assurance.

5. Abraham's Faith in God's Promise
Romans 4:18-22 describes Abraham's unwavering faith in God's promise, despite his and Sarah's old age. Abraham believed that God could fulfill what He had promised, and this faith was "credited to him as righteousness." The passage highlights the nature of true faith as trusting in God's power and promises.

6. Application to Believers
Finally, Romans 4:23-25 applies the principles of Abraham's faith to believers. It states that the words "it was credited to him" were written not only for Abraham but also for us, who believe in Him who raised Jesus our Lord from the dead. This underscores the continuity of faith from the Old Testament to the New Testament believers.1. Justification by Faith, Not Works
Romans 4 emphasizes that Abraham was justified by faith, not by works. The chapter begins by asking, "What then shall we say that Abraham, our forefather, has discovered?" (Romans 4:1). The Greek word for "justified" (δικαιόω, dikaioō) underscores the legal declaration of righteousness that comes through faith, not human effort.

2. Faith Credited as Righteousness
The theme of faith being credited as righteousness is central, as seen in Romans 4:3: "Abraham believed God, and it was credited to him as righteousness." The Greek term for "credited" (λογίζομαι, logizomai) indicates an accounting term, meaning to reckon or consider, highlighting the imputation of righteousness through faith.

3. The Blessing of Forgiveness
Paul references David to illustrate the blessing of forgiveness, stating, "Blessed are those whose lawless acts are forgiven, whose sins are covered" (Romans 4:7). This theme underscores the grace and mercy of God in forgiving sins, aligning with the Hebrew concept of atonement (כָּפַר, kaphar).

4. Faith Apart from Circumcision
Romans 4:9-12 discusses how Abraham's faith was credited as righteousness before he was circumcised, emphasizing that righteousness comes through faith, not ritual. This theme highlights the universality of the gospel, transcending Jewish customs and extending to all who believe.

5. The Promise Through Faith
The promise to Abraham and his offspring is received through faith, not the law, as stated in Romans 4:13: "For the promise to Abraham and his offspring that he would be heir of the world was not through the law, but through the righteousness that comes by faith." This theme underscores the continuity of God's promise, rooted in faith.

6. Faith in the God Who Gives Life
Abraham's faith in God's power to give life to the dead and call into existence things that do not exist is highlighted in Romans 4:17. This theme reflects the omnipotence of God and the nature of faith as trusting in God's creative and life-giving power.

7. Hope Against Hope
Abraham's faith is described as "hope against hope" in Romans 4:18, illustrating the perseverance of faith even when circumstances seem impossible. This theme emphasizes the steadfastness and resilience of true faith.

8. Strengthened in Faith
Romans 4:20-21 describes how Abraham "did not waver through unbelief regarding the promise of God, but was strengthened in his faith and gave glory to God." This theme highlights the growth and strengthening of faith through reliance on God's promises.

9. Righteousness for All Who Believe
The chapter concludes by affirming that righteousness will be credited to all who believe in God, who raised Jesus from the dead (Romans 4:24). This theme underscores the inclusivity of the gospel message, extending the promise of righteousness to all believers.1. In Romans 4:3, how can Abraham’s faith be considered “righteousness” when James 2:21–24 suggests a different view of his justification?

2. In Romans 4:17, how does the claim that God can call “into existence the things that do not exist” align with scientific understanding of matter and origins?

3. In Romans 4:19, how do we reconcile the portrayal of Abraham’s body being “as good as dead” with historical accounts of longevity and childbearing in ancient times?

4. In Romans 4:6–8, does the idea of sin not being counted against believers conflict with other biblical passages that emphasize judgment and accountability?

5. In Romans 4:16, how can Paul unite faith, grace, and law under Abraham’s example without dismissing the importance of the Mosaic Law elsewhere in Scripture?

1. How does Romans 4 reshape your understanding of faith and works?

2. In what ways does the faith of Abraham inspire you?

3. How can you apply the principle of righteousness through faith in your daily life?

4. What does the passage teach about the relationship between the law and the promises of God?

5. How does Paul's teaching in Romans 4 provide assurance for both Jews and Gentiles?

6. How does Romans 4 affect your understanding of the Old Testament characters like Abraham and David?

7. What does it mean to you personally that Abraham is the father of all who believe?

8. In your own words, explain the significance of the promise received through faith.

9. How can the account of Abraham's faith help you in your current circumstances?

10. How does Paul's explanation of faith as credited righteousness impact your perception of salvation?

11. What aspects of your life require 'faith against hope', and how can you cultivate such faith?

12. How does Paul's teaching on the faith of Abraham challenge your faith journey?

13. In what ways does Romans 4 confirm or challenge your understanding of grace?

14. How can you apply the faith of Abraham in your current life situations?

15. How does Romans 4 impact your understanding of God’s promises to you?

16. How does the concept of righteousness through faith challenge religious practices that focus on works?

17. How does Romans 4 encourage you in moments of doubt or unbelief?

18. What practical steps can you take to develop faith like Abraham’s?

19. In what ways does Paul's discussion on faith and works affect your interactions with others who hold different beliefs?

20. How does the lesson of righteousness through faith shape your personal relationship with God?