Later, Solomon formed an alliance with Pharaoh king of Egypt by marrying his daughter.
Solomon's marriage to Pharaoh's daughter signifies a political alliance, a common practice among ancient Near Eastern monarchs to secure peace and strengthen ties between nations. Egypt, a powerful and influential nation, was a significant ally. This alliance reflects Solomon's diplomatic acumen but also raises concerns about the influence of foreign cultures and religions on Israel, as warned in Deuteronomy 7:3-4. The marriage foreshadows future issues with idolatry, as Solomon's foreign wives later lead him astray (1 Kings 11:1-4). This union also prefigures the broader theme of Israel's struggle with maintaining covenant faithfulness amidst external influences.

Solomon brought her to the City of David until he had finished building his palace and the house of the LORD, as well as the wall around Jerusalem.
The City of David, located in Jerusalem, was the original stronghold captured by David and became the political and spiritual center of Israel. Bringing Pharaoh's daughter here indicates her importance and the significance of the alliance. Solomon's construction projects, including his palace, the temple (house of the LORD), and the fortification of Jerusalem, highlight his role as a builder and consolidator of the kingdom. These projects fulfill David's vision for a permanent dwelling place for the Ark of the Covenant (2 Samuel 7:1-13) and establish Jerusalem as the enduring capital of Israel. The building of the temple is a type of Christ, who is the true temple (John 2:19-21), and the wall signifies protection and separation, themes echoed in the New Jerusalem (Revelation 21:10-27). Solomon's extensive building activities also reflect the prosperity and peace during his reign, fulfilling the promises made to David regarding his son (1 Chronicles 22:9-10).

The people, however, were still sacrificing on the high places
In ancient Israel, high places were elevated sites often used for worship. These locations were common in Canaanite religious practices, and the Israelites adopted them for their own sacrifices. Despite God's instructions to worship at a central sanctuary, the people continued using these sites, reflecting a syncretism with local customs. This practice was a point of contention throughout Israel's history, as seen in 2 Kings 17:10-11, where high places are associated with idolatry. The use of high places indicates a period of transition and incomplete obedience to God's commands.

because a house for the Name of the LORD had not yet been built
This phrase refers to the temple in Jerusalem, which Solomon would later construct. Until the temple's completion, there was no permanent dwelling for God's presence among His people, as described in Deuteronomy 12:5-14, where God commands a central place of worship. The absence of the temple meant that the Israelites lacked a unified location for sacrifices, leading to the continued use of high places. The temple's construction was a fulfillment of God's promise to David in 2 Samuel 7:12-13, establishing a permanent place for His Name and foreshadowing the ultimate dwelling of God with humanity through Jesus Christ, as seen in John 1:14, where Christ is described as the Word made flesh, dwelling among us.

And Solomon loved the LORD
Solomon's love for the LORD is foundational to his reign. This love is not merely emotional but is demonstrated through his actions and decisions. In the Hebrew context, love for God is often expressed through obedience and devotion. Solomon's love reflects the covenant relationship established between God and Israel, as seen in Deuteronomy 6:5, which commands love for God with all one's heart, soul, and strength. This love sets the stage for Solomon's request for wisdom and his initial faithfulness in leading Israel.

and walked in the statutes of his father David
Walking in the statutes of David implies that Solomon followed the godly example set by his father. David, despite his flaws, was a man after God's own heart (1 Samuel 13:14). The statutes refer to the laws and decrees given by God, which David upheld. Solomon's adherence to these statutes indicates his commitment to maintaining the spiritual and moral standards established by David. This continuity is crucial for the stability and prosperity of the kingdom, as it aligns with the promises made to David in 2 Samuel 7:12-16.

except that he sacrificed and burned incense on the high places
The high places were sites of worship located on elevated ground, often associated with Canaanite religious practices. While these places were initially used for worshiping Yahweh, they later became centers for idolatry. Solomon's use of high places reveals a compromise in his devotion. Although he loved the LORD, his actions here show a deviation from the centralized worship that God desired, as outlined in Deuteronomy 12:2-5. This practice foreshadows Solomon's later spiritual decline, as he eventually builds high places for foreign gods (1 Kings 11:7-8), leading to the division of the kingdom. Solomon's actions serve as a warning about the dangers of syncretism and the importance of pure worship.

Now the king went to Gibeon to sacrifice there
Gibeon was a significant location in ancient Israel, known for its high place, which was a site of worship before the temple in Jerusalem was built. The king referred to here is Solomon, who had recently ascended to the throne. This act of going to Gibeon to sacrifice demonstrates Solomon's devotion and desire to seek God's favor at the beginning of his reign. Gibeon was about six miles northwest of Jerusalem, and it was a central place of worship during this period. The tabernacle, which housed the altar of burnt offering, was located there, making it a legitimate place for sacrifices. This act of worship at Gibeon reflects the transitional period in Israel's religious practices before the centralization of worship in Jerusalem.

for it was the great high place
High places were elevated sites used for worship, often associated with altars and sacred rituals. The term "great high place" indicates that Gibeon was the most prominent of these sites at the time. Before the construction of the temple, high places were common for worship, although they later became associated with idolatry. The use of high places was a holdover from Canaanite practices, but in this context, it was still an acceptable form of worship to Yahweh. The significance of Gibeon as the great high place underscores its importance as a religious center during Solomon's early reign.

Solomon offered a thousand burnt offerings on the altar there
The offering of a thousand burnt offerings signifies Solomon's immense dedication and the seriousness with which he approached his relationship with God. Burnt offerings were a form of sacrifice that symbolized atonement and dedication to God, as the entire animal was consumed by fire. This act of offering such a large number of sacrifices demonstrates Solomon's desire to honor God and seek His guidance. It also reflects the wealth and resources available to Solomon as king. This event precedes God's appearance to Solomon in a dream, where He grants Solomon wisdom, indicating that Solomon's worship was pleasing to God and set the stage for his wise and prosperous reign.

One night at Gibeon
Gibeon was an important city located northwest of Jerusalem. It was known for its high place, where Solomon offered sacrifices. The significance of Gibeon in this context is tied to its role as a central worship site before the temple was built in Jerusalem. Historically, Gibeon was a Canaanite city that made a treaty with Israel during Joshua's conquest (Joshua 9). The choice of Gibeon as the location for this divine encounter underscores its religious importance at the time.

the LORD appeared to Solomon in a dream
Dreams were a common means of divine communication in the ancient Near East, and the Bible records several instances where God spoke to individuals through dreams (e.g., Jacob in Genesis 28:12, Joseph in Genesis 37:5-10). This appearance to Solomon highlights the personal relationship between God and the king, emphasizing God's willingness to guide and direct those in leadership. The use of a dream also indicates the supernatural nature of the encounter, setting the stage for the significant request Solomon is about to make.

and God said, “Ask, and I will give it to you!”
This invitation from God is a pivotal moment in Solomon's life and reign. It reflects God's grace and willingness to bless Solomon, offering him a unique opportunity to request anything he desires. This moment is reminiscent of God's covenant promises to David, Solomon's father, where God assured David of His steadfast love and support for his descendants (2 Samuel 7:12-16). Solomon's response to this offer, asking for wisdom, is a key moment that defines his reign and is often seen as a foreshadowing of Christ, who is described as the wisdom of God (1 Corinthians 1:24). Solomon's request and God's subsequent granting of wisdom also fulfill the prophetic and typological role of a wise and discerning king, pointing to the ultimate fulfillment in Jesus Christ, the King of Kings.

Solomon replied, "You have shown much loving devotion to Your servant, my father David,"
Solomon acknowledges God's steadfast love and kindness towards David, his father. This loving devotion, often translated as "chesed" in Hebrew, signifies a covenantal loyalty and mercy. David, despite his flaws, was a man after God's own heart (1 Samuel 13:14), and God's promises to him were rooted in this divine love. The Davidic Covenant (2 Samuel 7:12-16) is a key context here, where God promised David that his lineage would endure forever, ultimately fulfilled in Jesus Christ (Luke 1:32-33).

because he walked before You in faithfulness, righteousness, and uprightness of heart.
David's life, though marked by sin, was characterized by a sincere commitment to God. His faithfulness is seen in his reliance on God throughout his reign, his righteousness in his pursuit of justice, and his uprightness in his genuine repentance (Psalm 51). This phrase highlights the biblical principle that God values the heart's intentions and integrity (1 Samuel 16:7). David's life serves as a type of Christ, who perfectly embodied these qualities (Hebrews 4:15).

And You have maintained this loving devotion by giving him a son to sit on his throne this very day.
God's faithfulness to His promises is evident in Solomon's ascension to the throne. This continuation of David's lineage is a testament to God's unwavering commitment to His covenant. Solomon's reign marks a period of peace and prosperity, fulfilling part of God's promise to David. The throne of David is a prophetic symbol pointing to the eternal reign of Jesus Christ, the Son of David, whose kingdom will have no end (Isaiah 9:7, Matthew 1:1). Solomon's wisdom and temple-building foreshadow Christ's ultimate wisdom and the establishment of a spiritual temple (John 2:19-21).

And now, O LORD my God,
This phrase reflects Solomon's acknowledgment of a personal relationship with God, emphasizing the covenantal bond between God and the Israelites. The use of "O LORD" (Yahweh) signifies the sacred name of God, highlighting His eternal and unchanging nature. This invocation is a common feature in Hebrew prayers, showing reverence and dependence on God.

You have made Your servant king
Solomon recognizes that his kingship is not by his own doing but by divine appointment. This reflects the biblical theme of God's sovereignty in establishing leaders, as seen in 1 Samuel 16:1 when God chose David. The term "servant" indicates humility and submission to God's will, a key characteristic expected of Israel's leaders.

in my father David’s place.
Solomon acknowledges the dynastic succession promised to David in 2 Samuel 7:12-16, where God assures David that his lineage will continue to rule. This continuity underscores the fulfillment of God's promises and the importance of Davidic lineage, which is central to messianic prophecies pointing to Jesus Christ as the ultimate fulfillment of the Davidic covenant.

But I am only a little child,
Solomon's self-description as "a little child" is metaphorical, expressing his sense of inadequacy and inexperience. Although Solomon was likely in his early twenties, this phrase conveys humility and a recognition of the immense responsibility of ruling a nation. It echoes the biblical principle that God often chooses the humble and seemingly weak to accomplish His purposes, as seen in 1 Corinthians 1:27.

not knowing how to go out or come in.
This expression is an idiom for lacking the wisdom and experience necessary for leadership, particularly in governance and military matters. It reflects the need for divine guidance, as seen in Deuteronomy 31:2, where Moses uses similar language. Solomon's request for wisdom in the following verses highlights the biblical theme that true wisdom comes from God, a theme echoed in James 1:5.

Your servant is here among the people You have chosen
This phrase highlights Solomon's acknowledgment of his role as a servant leader among God's chosen people, Israel. The concept of being "chosen" is deeply rooted in the Abrahamic covenant, where God promised Abraham that his descendants would be a great nation (Genesis 12:2). This covenantal relationship is central to Israel's identity and mission. Solomon's use of "Your servant" reflects humility and recognition of his dependence on God, a theme echoed in the New Testament where Jesus emphasizes servanthood (Mark 10:45). The idea of being among the people also suggests a sense of solidarity and responsibility, reminiscent of Moses' leadership and intercession for Israel (Exodus 32:11-14).

a people too numerous to count or number
This phrase recalls the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham that his descendants would be as numerous as the stars in the sky and the sand on the seashore (Genesis 22:17). It signifies the growth and prosperity of Israel under God's blessing. The hyperbolic language underscores the vastness of the nation, which had expanded significantly during the reigns of David and Solomon. This growth is both a blessing and a challenge, as it requires wise governance and justice, themes Solomon addresses in his request for wisdom (1 Kings 3:9). The phrase also connects to the eschatological vision in Revelation, where a great multitude from every nation stands before the throne of God, too numerous to count (Revelation 7:9), symbolizing the ultimate fulfillment of God's promise through Christ.

Therefore give Your servant an understanding heart
Solomon, newly anointed king, acknowledges his need for divine wisdom. The phrase "understanding heart" implies a deep, discerning mind, not just intellectual knowledge. In Hebrew culture, the heart is the center of thought and will. Solomon's request reflects humility and a recognition of his own limitations. This request aligns with the biblical principle that true wisdom comes from God (Proverbs 2:6).

to judge Your people
Solomon's role as king involves making judicial decisions for the nation of Israel. The term "judge" here is not merely about legal matters but encompasses leadership and governance. The historical context shows that Israel was a theocratic nation, where the king was expected to rule according to God's laws. This request highlights Solomon's desire to lead justly, reminiscent of the judges who led Israel before the monarchy was established (Judges 2:16).

and to discern between good and evil
This phrase echoes the moral discernment that was lost in the Garden of Eden (Genesis 3:22). Solomon seeks the ability to distinguish right from wrong, a crucial quality for a ruler. This request is prophetic of the Messianic King, Jesus Christ, who embodies perfect wisdom and justice (Isaiah 11:2-4). The ability to discern is a gift of the Spirit, as seen in the New Testament (1 Corinthians 12:10).

For who is able to govern this great people of Yours?
Solomon acknowledges the magnitude of his responsibility. The phrase "this great people" reflects the covenant relationship between God and Israel, emphasizing their chosen status (Deuteronomy 7:6). Solomon's rhetorical question underscores his dependence on God for the task of leadership. This humility is a model for all leaders, pointing to the ultimate governance of Christ, who shepherds His people with perfect wisdom and care (John 10:14).

Now it pleased the Lord
This phrase indicates God's approval and delight in Solomon's request. In the biblical context, God's pleasure often signifies alignment with His will and purposes. The Lord's pleasure is a recurring theme in Scripture, seen in passages like Psalm 147:11, where God delights in those who fear Him and hope in His steadfast love. This approval underscores the importance of seeking wisdom and understanding over personal gain or power, reflecting God's values.

that Solomon
Solomon, the son of King David and Bathsheba, was the third king of Israel. His reign is noted for peace, prosperity, and the building of the Temple in Jerusalem. Solomon's request for wisdom is significant because it sets the tone for his rule and highlights his initial humility and desire to govern justly. Solomon's life is a type of Christ in that he is a king of peace and wisdom, prefiguring the ultimate wisdom and peace found in Jesus.

had made this request.
Solomon's request for wisdom, rather than long life, riches, or the death of his enemies, demonstrates a heart aligned with God's priorities. This request is made during a dream at Gibeon, where Solomon had gone to offer sacrifices. The cultural context of the time valued wisdom highly, as seen in the wisdom literature of the ancient Near East. Solomon's request is reminiscent of James 1:5, which encourages believers to ask God for wisdom. This moment is pivotal in Solomon's life, setting the stage for his renowned wisdom and the subsequent prosperity of Israel under his rule.

So God said to him
This phrase indicates a direct communication from God to Solomon, highlighting the personal relationship between God and the king. In the context of the Old Testament, God often communicated directly with key figures, such as Moses and David, to guide His people. This divine interaction underscores the importance of Solomon's request and God's approval of it.

Since you have asked for this
Solomon's request was for wisdom, specifically discernment to govern the people. This reflects his humility and recognition of the immense responsibility of leading Israel. It aligns with the biblical principle that God values a heart that seeks wisdom and understanding over material wealth or personal gain.

instead of requesting long life or wealth for yourself
In ancient Near Eastern cultures, kings often sought longevity and prosperity as signs of divine favor and successful reign. Solomon's choice to prioritize wisdom over these common desires demonstrates a selfless approach to leadership, valuing the well-being of his people over personal gain. This choice is reminiscent of Jesus' teaching in Matthew 6:33, where seeking God's kingdom and righteousness is prioritized over worldly concerns.

or death for your enemies
In the historical context of Israel, surrounded by hostile nations, a king might naturally desire the defeat of his enemies to secure peace and stability. Solomon's decision not to ask for the death of his enemies reflects a commitment to peace and justice, aligning with the biblical theme of loving one's enemies and seeking reconciliation, as later taught by Jesus in the New Testament.

but you have asked for discernment to administer justice
This request highlights Solomon's desire to be a just ruler, which is central to the biblical understanding of a good king. The Hebrew concept of justice (mishpat) involves fairness, righteousness, and the protection of the vulnerable. Solomon's request is a foreshadowing of the messianic king, Jesus Christ, who embodies perfect wisdom and justice. Solomon's wisdom is later demonstrated in the famous judgment involving two women claiming to be the mother of a child, showcasing his God-given ability to discern truth and administer justice.

behold, I will do what you have asked.
This phrase highlights God's response to Solomon's request for wisdom. In the context of 1 Kings 3, Solomon had just become king and was aware of the immense responsibility he had in leading Israel. His request for wisdom rather than wealth or long life pleased God, demonstrating Solomon's humility and prioritization of God's will. This reflects the biblical principle found in James 1:5, where believers are encouraged to ask God for wisdom, and He will give generously.

I will give you a wise and discerning heart,
The granting of a "wise and discerning heart" signifies more than just intellectual knowledge; it encompasses moral insight and the ability to govern justly. In the ancient Near Eastern context, wisdom was highly valued, often associated with the ability to make sound judgments and lead effectively. This wisdom is a type of Christ, who is described in 1 Corinthians 1:24 as the "wisdom of God." Solomon's wisdom foreshadows the perfect wisdom found in Jesus.

so that there will never have been another like you,
This phrase underscores the uniqueness of Solomon's wisdom. Historically, Solomon's reign is marked by unprecedented peace and prosperity, attributed to his God-given wisdom. His ability to make wise decisions, such as the famous judgment involving two women claiming to be the mother of a child (1 Kings 3:16-28), set him apart from other rulers. This uniqueness also points to the singular nature of Christ, who is unparalleled in His wisdom and understanding.

nor will there ever be.
The promise that no one will ever match Solomon's wisdom highlights the extraordinary nature of this divine gift. While others may possess wisdom, Solomon's was divinely bestowed in a manner that was unparalleled. This can be seen as a foreshadowing of the ultimate wisdom found in Christ, who is described in Colossians 2:3 as having "all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge." Solomon's wisdom serves as a type, pointing to the greater wisdom and understanding found in Jesus.

Moreover, I will give you what you did not request—
This phrase highlights God's generosity and grace. Solomon asked for wisdom to govern the people, but God chose to bless him with more than he requested. This reflects the biblical principle found in Ephesians 3:20, where God is described as able to do "immeasurably more than all we ask or imagine." It underscores the idea that God knows our needs and desires even before we express them, and He often provides beyond our expectations.

both riches and honor—
Riches and honor were significant in the ancient Near Eastern context, often seen as signs of divine favor and blessing. Solomon's wealth and reputation became legendary, as seen in 1 Kings 10:23-25, where his wealth and wisdom attracted visitors from all over the world, including the Queen of Sheba. This also prefigures the ultimate honor and riches found in Christ, who, though He was rich, became poor for our sake (2 Corinthians 8:9).

so that during all your days no man in any kingdom will be your equal.
This promise of unparalleled status is a testament to Solomon's unique role in Israel's history. His reign is often considered the golden age of Israel, marked by peace, prosperity, and extensive building projects, including the construction of the Temple in Jerusalem. This phrase also foreshadows the coming of Jesus Christ, who is described in Philippians 2:9-11 as having a name above every name, with every knee bowing to Him. Solomon's unparalleled status is a type of the ultimate kingship of Christ, who reigns supreme over all creation.

So if you walk in My ways
This phrase emphasizes the conditional nature of God's promise to Solomon. Walking in God's ways implies living a life in accordance with His will and guidance. Biblically, "walking" often symbolizes one's conduct or lifestyle (Psalm 1:1; Micah 6:8). It suggests a continuous, active relationship with God, requiring obedience and faithfulness.

and keep My statutes and commandments,
The statutes and commandments refer to the laws given by God, primarily through Moses, which are found in the Torah. These laws were central to the covenant relationship between God and Israel (Deuteronomy 6:1-3). Keeping them was a sign of loyalty and devotion to God. This requirement underscores the importance of adherence to divine law as a measure of faithfulness.

just as your father David did,
David is presented as a model of faithfulness, despite his moral failings. His heart was devoted to God, and he sought forgiveness and restoration when he sinned (1 Samuel 13:14; Psalm 51). This reference to David highlights the importance of a repentant heart and a sincere commitment to God. It also establishes a dynastic continuity, linking Solomon's reign to the promises made to David (2 Samuel 7:12-16).

I will prolong your days.”
The promise of prolonged life is a common biblical blessing associated with obedience (Deuteronomy 5:33; Proverbs 3:1-2). In the context of Solomon, it implies not only a long life but also a prosperous and stable reign. This promise is conditional, reflecting the broader biblical theme that blessings are often contingent upon faithfulness to God's covenant. Solomon's eventual failure to fully adhere to God's commands (1 Kings 11:1-13) serves as a cautionary tale about the consequences of disobedience.

Then Solomon awoke, and indeed it had been a dream.
This phrase marks the conclusion of Solomon's divine encounter at Gibeon, where God appeared to him in a dream, offering him wisdom. Dreams were a common means of divine communication in the ancient Near East, as seen with figures like Joseph (Genesis 37) and Daniel (Daniel 2). Solomon's realization that it was a dream underscores the supernatural nature of the experience, affirming the authenticity of God's promise.

So he returned to Jerusalem,
Jerusalem was the political and spiritual center of Israel, housing the Ark of the Covenant. Solomon's return signifies a transition from the high place at Gibeon to the established center of worship. This move highlights the importance of Jerusalem in God's plan, as it would later be the site of the Temple, a type of Christ as the ultimate meeting place between God and humanity.

stood before the ark of the covenant of the Lord,
The Ark represented God's presence and covenant with Israel. By standing before it, Solomon acknowledges God's sovereignty and the centrality of the covenant. The Ark's location in Jerusalem foreshadows the coming of Christ, who fulfills the law and the prophets, embodying God's presence among His people (John 1:14).

and offered burnt offerings and peace offerings.
Burnt offerings symbolized atonement and dedication to God, while peace offerings expressed fellowship and gratitude. Solomon's offerings demonstrate his commitment to God and his gratitude for the wisdom granted. These sacrifices prefigure Christ's ultimate sacrifice, which brings atonement and peace between God and humanity (Hebrews 10:10).

Then he held a feast for all his servants.
Feasting was a common way to celebrate significant events and express communal joy. By holding a feast, Solomon not only celebrates God's blessing but also unites his servants in shared gratitude. This act of communal celebration reflects the future Messianic banquet, where believers will partake in eternal fellowship with Christ (Revelation 19:9).

At that time
This phrase indicates a specific period in the narrative of Solomon's reign. It follows Solomon's request for wisdom from God, which is granted, setting the stage for the demonstration of his divinely-given discernment. The timing is crucial as it showcases the immediate application of Solomon's wisdom.

two prostitutes
The mention of prostitutes highlights the inclusivity of Solomon's justice system, where even those marginalized in society had access to the king. In ancient Israel, prostitution was often linked to economic necessity rather than moral failure. This context underscores the impartiality of Solomon's judgment, reflecting God's concern for justice for all, regardless of social status.

came to the king
Approaching the king directly was a privilege, indicating the seriousness of their case. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, the king was the highest judicial authority. This access suggests Solomon's openness to hear cases personally, a practice that would later be institutionalized in the wisdom literature as a model for righteous leadership.

and stood before him
Standing before the king signifies a formal legal proceeding. In biblical times, standing was a posture of respect and readiness to present one's case. This setting emphasizes the gravity of the situation and the expectation of a fair hearing. It also foreshadows the wisdom Solomon would display, which would become renowned throughout Israel and beyond.

One woman said,
This phrase introduces one of the two women involved in the famous judgment of Solomon. The identity of the woman is not specified, highlighting the universality of the story's moral lesson. The anonymity of the women emphasizes the focus on wisdom and justice rather than social status or personal identity.

“Please, my lord,
The term "my lord" is a respectful address to King Solomon, acknowledging his authority and role as judge. This reflects the cultural norms of ancient Israel, where kings were seen as divinely appointed leaders responsible for maintaining justice and order.

this woman and I live in the same house,
The shared living arrangement suggests a close, possibly economic relationship between the two women, likely indicating they were both of lower social status. In ancient Israel, communal living was common among those who were not wealthy, and it underscores the domestic setting of the conflict.

and I gave birth while she was in the house.
The timing of the birth is crucial to the narrative, as it sets the stage for the ensuing dispute. The mention of childbirth connects to themes of life, motherhood, and the vulnerability of infants, which are significant in biblical narratives. This detail also highlights the intimate and immediate nature of the conflict, as both women were present during the critical events that followed.

On the third day after I gave birth
The timing of the third day is significant in biblical narratives, often symbolizing a period of trial followed by deliverance or revelation. In the context of childbirth, it reflects the vulnerability and recovery period for a mother. The third day is also a recurring motif in Scripture, such as in Genesis 22:4 with Abraham and Isaac, and most notably in the resurrection of Jesus Christ, symbolizing new life and hope.

this woman also had a baby
The mention of another woman having a baby highlights the shared experience and potential for conflict. In ancient Israel, childbirth was a significant event, often involving midwives and community support. The absence of others in this narrative sets the stage for the ensuing dispute. The parallel births also serve to emphasize the theme of life and the preciousness of children, a recurring theme in the Bible.

We were alone
The isolation of the two women is crucial to the story, as it underscores the lack of witnesses to verify their claims. This setting creates a scenario where truth must be discerned through wisdom rather than evidence. The theme of being alone can also be seen in other biblical narratives where individuals face trials or decisions without external support, such as Elijah in 1 Kings 19.

with no one in the house but the two of us
The absence of others in the house emphasizes the personal and intimate nature of the conflict. It also reflects the societal structure where women, especially those of lower status, might find themselves without the protection or advocacy of a male figure. This setting allows for a direct appeal to King Solomon's wisdom, showcasing his role as a divinely appointed judge. The lack of witnesses parallels other biblical stories where truth is revealed through divine insight, such as the judgment of Daniel in Susanna (an apocryphal addition to the Book of Daniel).

During the night
In ancient times, nighttime was often associated with vulnerability and danger, as it was a period when people were most defenseless. The setting of night in this narrative highlights the unexpected and tragic nature of the event. Biblically, night can symbolize a time of trial or testing, as seen in other scriptures like Psalm 91:5, which speaks of the terror of night.

this woman’s son died
The death of a child is a profound tragedy, and in the context of 1 Kings 3, it sets the stage for Solomon's wise judgment. The death of the son is central to the narrative, illustrating the fragility of life and the deep sorrow that accompanies such loss. This event also serves as a catalyst for the demonstration of Solomon's God-given wisdom, as he discerns the truth between the two women claiming to be the mother of the living child.

because she rolled over on him
This phrase indicates an accidental death, a common concern in ancient times when families often shared sleeping spaces. The cultural practice of co-sleeping with infants was widespread, and the risk of such accidents was well-known. This detail adds authenticity to the narrative, as it reflects a realistic scenario of the time. Theologically, it underscores human fallibility and the unforeseen consequences of everyday actions, reminding readers of the need for divine wisdom and guidance in all aspects of life.

So she got up in the middle of the night
This phrase highlights the setting of the event, occurring at night, a time often associated with vulnerability and deceit in biblical narratives. The darkness of night can symbolize the moral darkness of the act being committed. In biblical times, night was a time when people were most vulnerable, as there was no artificial lighting to provide security. This act of deception is reminiscent of other biblical stories where significant events occur at night, such as Jacob's wrestling with God (Genesis 32:22-31).

and took my son from my side while I was asleep.
The act of taking the child from the mother's side while she was asleep underscores the betrayal and violation of trust. Sleep is often used in the Bible to symbolize a state of unawareness or vulnerability, as seen in the parable of the ten virgins (Matthew 25:1-13). The mother’s vulnerability is exploited, reflecting the broader theme of innocence being taken advantage of by deceitful actions. This also echoes the story of Rachel and Leah, where deception occurs while one party is unaware (Genesis 29:23-25).

She laid him in her bosom
The bosom is a place of intimacy and care, often used in Scripture to denote a close and nurturing relationship, as seen in the imagery of being in Abraham's bosom (Luke 16:22-23). By placing the living child in her bosom, the woman attempts to claim a relationship and bond that is not rightfully hers. This act of deception is a perversion of the natural maternal bond, highlighting the depth of her deceit.

and put her dead son at my bosom.
This final act of switching the children is the culmination of the deceit, symbolizing the exchange of life for death. The dead son represents the consequences of sin and deception, as death is often a result of sin in biblical theology (Romans 6:23). The switch also serves as a test of true motherhood, which Solomon later discerns through his wisdom. This narrative foreshadows the ultimate discernment and justice that will be perfectly fulfilled in Christ, who is the true judge and discerner of hearts (Hebrews 4:12-13).

The next morning, when I got up to nurse my son,
This phrase sets the scene in the early morning, a time often associated with new beginnings and revelations in the Bible. The act of nursing highlights the maternal bond and responsibility, reflecting the nurturing role of a mother. In ancient Israel, breastfeeding was a critical part of child-rearing, emphasizing the dependency of the child on the mother. This moment underscores the natural routine disrupted by an unexpected tragedy.

I discovered he was dead.
The discovery of the child's death introduces a dramatic and emotional turning point. In the cultural context of ancient Israel, the death of a child was a profound loss, often seen as a tragedy affecting the entire family and community. This moment of realization is pivotal, as it sets the stage for the ensuing conflict and the need for King Solomon's wisdom. The death also symbolizes the fragility of life and the suddenness with which circumstances can change.

But when I examined him,
The act of examination indicates a closer inspection, suggesting that the mother was attentive and discerning. This careful observation is crucial in the narrative, as it leads to the revelation of the truth. In biblical terms, examination often implies a search for truth or understanding, paralleling the spiritual discernment encouraged throughout Scripture.

I realized that he was not the son I had borne.”
This realization is the climax of the mother's discovery, highlighting her intimate knowledge of her child. The phrase underscores the theme of identity and truth, as the mother recognizes the deception. This moment foreshadows the wisdom of Solomon, who later discerns the true mother through a test of love and sacrifice. The narrative reflects the broader biblical theme of truth prevailing over deceit, and the importance of wisdom in discerning right from wrong.

“No,” said the other woman,
This phrase introduces the dispute between two women, highlighting the tension and conflict. In the ancient Near Eastern context, women often had limited legal rights, making their appeal to King Solomon significant. The narrative sets the stage for Solomon's wisdom to be demonstrated.

“the living one is my son and the dead one is your son.”
The claim of the second woman reflects the deep maternal bond and the desperation of a mother to protect her child. This situation underscores the value of life and the maternal instinct, which is a recurring theme in Scripture, as seen in the story of Hagar and Ishmael (Genesis 21:16).

But the first woman insisted,
The persistence of the first woman indicates her determination and belief in her claim. This reflects the biblical theme of perseverance in seeking justice, as seen in the parable of the persistent widow (Luke 18:1-8).

“No, the dead one is yours and the living one is mine.”
The repetition of the claim by the first woman emphasizes the conflict and the challenge faced by Solomon. This mirrors the biblical principle of truth being established by multiple witnesses (Deuteronomy 19:15), though here it is complicated by the lack of witnesses.

So they argued before the king.
The setting before the king highlights the role of the monarch as a judge and arbiter of justice, a common role for kings in the ancient world. This scene foreshadows Solomon's renowned wisdom, which is a fulfillment of God's promise to him (1 Kings 3:12). Solomon's judgment in this case is a type of Christ, who is the ultimate judge and source of wisdom (Isaiah 11:2-4).

Then the king replied
This phrase introduces King Solomon, who is renowned for his wisdom, a gift from God as described earlier in 1 Kings 3:5-14. Solomon's role as king is significant, as he is the son of David and Bathsheba, and his reign marks a period of peace and prosperity for Israel. His wisdom is a fulfillment of God's promise to David that his son would build the temple and establish a lasting kingdom (2 Samuel 7:12-13).

“This woman says, ‘My son is alive and yours is dead,’
The context here is a dispute between two women, both claiming to be the mother of a living child. This reflects the social and legal challenges of the time, where the king often served as the highest judge in the land. The situation underscores the importance of justice and truth in leadership, themes prevalent throughout the Old Testament. The phrase also highlights the maternal instinct and the deep bond between a mother and her child, a recurring theme in biblical narratives.

but that woman says, ‘No, your son is dead and mine is alive.’”
This part of the verse illustrates the conflict and the challenge of discerning truth in a situation with no witnesses or evidence. It sets the stage for Solomon's wise judgment, which would later become a testament to his God-given wisdom. The narrative foreshadows the wisdom of Christ, who often discerned the hearts and intentions of people (John 2:24-25). The story also emphasizes the value of life and the lengths to which a mother will go to protect her child, resonating with the biblical theme of sacrificial love.

The king continued,
This phrase refers to King Solomon, who was the son of King David and Bathsheba. Solomon is known for his wisdom, which he famously requested from God at the beginning of his reign. This particular narrative is part of a larger story demonstrating Solomon's God-given wisdom. The context is a legal dispute between two women claiming to be the mother of the same child. Solomon's role as king included being the supreme judge of Israel, a role that required discernment and wisdom.

“Bring me a sword.”
The request for a sword is significant as it symbolizes authority and judgment. In ancient Israel, the king had the power to execute justice, and the sword was a common symbol of this power. The sword here is not intended for violence but as a tool to reveal the truth. This moment foreshadows the wisdom of Solomon, as he uses the threat of dividing the child to discern the true mother. The sword also has broader biblical symbolism, often representing the Word of God, which discerns truth and falsehood (Hebrews 4:12).

So they brought him a sword,
The obedience of Solomon's servants in bringing the sword reflects the respect and authority Solomon commanded as king. It also sets the stage for the resolution of the conflict, highlighting the trust placed in Solomon's judgment. This act of bringing the sword is a pivotal moment in the narrative, leading to the revelation of the true mother. The story illustrates the fulfillment of Solomon's request for wisdom from God, as he is able to administer justice in a way that reveals the truth and restores order.

and the king declared
This phrase introduces King Solomon, the son of David and Bathsheba, who was known for his wisdom. Solomon's reign is marked by peace and prosperity, and he is often remembered for his request to God for wisdom to govern the people (1 Kings 3:9). This declaration is part of a judicial decision, showcasing his role as a judge and leader of Israel. The king's authority in ancient Israel was both political and spiritual, as he was seen as God's appointed ruler.

“Cut the living child in two
This shocking command is part of Solomon's test to reveal the true mother of the child. The wisdom of Solomon is demonstrated through his understanding of human nature and his ability to discern truth. The command is not meant to be carried out but serves as a means to provoke a reaction. This reflects the judicial practices of the time, where wise rulers would use creative methods to uncover the truth. The living child symbolizes the value of life and the importance of justice in the kingdom.

and give half to one and half to the other.”
The division of the child is a metaphor for the division of truth and falsehood. Solomon's proposal is designed to elicit a response that will reveal the genuine mother, who would rather give up her claim than see her child harmed. This story is often seen as a foreshadowing of Christ's role as the ultimate judge, who discerns the thoughts and intentions of the heart (Hebrews 4:12). The resolution of this case highlights the importance of wisdom and justice in leadership, themes that are prevalent throughout the Bible.

Then the woman whose son was alive spoke to the king
This phrase highlights the setting of a royal court where King Solomon is presiding. The woman whose son was alive is directly appealing to the king, demonstrating the practice of seeking justice from the highest authority. This reflects the biblical principle of seeking wisdom and justice from God-appointed leaders, as seen in Deuteronomy 17:8-13, where difficult cases are brought before the priests and judges.

because she yearned with compassion for her son.
The phrase underscores the natural maternal instinct and deep compassion a mother has for her child. This compassion is a reflection of God's own compassion for His children, as seen in Isaiah 49:15, where God compares His love to that of a mother's. The Hebrew word for compassion here is "racham," which is often used to describe God's mercy.

“Please, my lord,” she said,
The woman's plea is respectful and earnest, addressing Solomon as "my lord," which indicates her recognition of his authority and wisdom. This respect for authority is consistent with biblical teachings on honoring leaders, as seen in Romans 13:1-7.

“give her the living baby. Do not kill him!”
Her willingness to give up her child to save his life is a profound act of selflessness and love. This mirrors the sacrificial love that is central to Christian teachings, exemplified by Jesus Christ's sacrifice for humanity (John 15:13). Her plea also reflects the biblical principle of valuing life, as seen in the commandment "You shall not murder" (Exodus 20:13).

But the other woman said,
The introduction of the second woman's response sets up a stark contrast between the two women. This contrast is a literary device used throughout Scripture to highlight moral and ethical differences, similar to the parables of Jesus that contrast the righteous and the wicked (e.g., the parable of the wise and foolish virgins in Matthew 25:1-13).

“He will be neither mine nor yours. Cut him in two!”
This shocking statement reveals the hardness of the second woman's heart and her lack of maternal compassion. Her willingness to see the child killed rather than belong to the other woman illustrates the destructive nature of envy and bitterness, akin to the destructive power of sin described in James 3:14-16. This moment also serves as a test of Solomon's wisdom, as he discerns the true mother through their responses, fulfilling the divine promise of wisdom given to him in 1 Kings 3:12.

Then the king gave his ruling:
This phrase highlights King Solomon's role as a judge, a position of great responsibility in ancient Israel. Solomon's wisdom, granted by God (1 Kings 3:12), is demonstrated in his ability to discern the truth in difficult situations. This moment is a fulfillment of God's promise to give Solomon a wise and discerning heart, setting a precedent for his reign.

“Give the living baby to the first woman:
The context of this ruling involves two women claiming to be the mother of the same child. Solomon's decision to give the baby to the first woman reveals his insight into human nature and maternal instincts. This reflects the cultural importance of motherhood and the value placed on life in ancient Israel. The decision also underscores the biblical principle of justice and mercy.

By no means should you kill him;
This command emphasizes the sanctity of life, a core biblical value. The preservation of the child's life aligns with the broader scriptural theme that life is a gift from God (Genesis 2:7). Solomon's ruling avoids the potential tragedy of infanticide, which was not uncommon in ancient times, and instead upholds the dignity and worth of the child.

she is his mother.”
Solomon's declaration identifies the true mother through her willingness to sacrifice her claim to save her child's life. This reflects the deep, sacrificial love that is often associated with motherhood. The resolution of this case not only demonstrates Solomon's wisdom but also points to the deeper truth of God's love for His children, as seen in the sacrificial nature of Christ (John 3:16). Solomon's wisdom here can be seen as a type of Christ's ultimate wisdom and justice.

When all Israel heard of the judgment the king had given
This phrase refers to the famous judgment of King Solomon involving two women claiming to be the mother of a living child. The story is a demonstration of Solomon's God-given wisdom, which he requested from God in a dream (1 Kings 3:5-12). The phrase "all Israel" indicates the widespread impact and reach of Solomon's decision, suggesting that news of his wisdom traveled quickly throughout the nation. This reflects the centralized nature of Solomon's reign and the unity of Israel under his leadership. The judgment itself is a testament to the king's ability to discern truth and administer justice, a key responsibility of a ruler in ancient Israel.

they stood in awe of him
The reaction of the people, standing in awe, highlights the respect and reverence they had for Solomon as their king. This awe is not merely fear but a recognition of divine wisdom at work through Solomon. In the cultural context of the ancient Near East, a king's ability to render wise judgments was seen as a sign of divine favor and legitimacy. This awe also underscores the importance of justice in maintaining social order and the king's role as God's representative on earth.

for they saw that the wisdom of God was in him
This phrase emphasizes that Solomon's wisdom was not of human origin but was a divine gift. The wisdom of God in Solomon is a fulfillment of God's promise to grant him a wise and discerning heart (1 Kings 3:12). This divine wisdom is a type of Christ, who is described in the New Testament as the wisdom of God (1 Corinthians 1:24). Solomon's wisdom foreshadows the perfect wisdom of Jesus, who would come to administer true justice and righteousness.

to administer justice
Administering justice was a central duty of the king in Israel, as outlined in Deuteronomy 17:18-20, where the king is instructed to read and follow the law to ensure justice. Solomon's ability to administer justice effectively is a reflection of his adherence to God's law and his role as a shepherd of God's people. This phrase also connects to the broader biblical theme of justice, which is a key attribute of God's character (Psalm 89:14). Solomon's reign, marked by peace and prosperity, is a partial fulfillment of the messianic hope for a ruler who would bring justice and righteousness, ultimately realized in Jesus Christ.