In the twenty-third year of the reign of Joash son of Ahaziah over Judah
This phrase sets the chronological context for the events described. Joash, also known as Jehoash, was a king of Judah who began his reign as a child after being hidden from Athaliah's massacre. His reign is noted for the restoration of the temple in Jerusalem (2 Kings 12:4-16). The mention of Joash's reign provides a timeline for Jehoahaz's ascension in Israel, highlighting the divided kingdom period when Israel and Judah were separate entities. This division followed the reign of Solomon and was a result of the people's rebellion and God's judgment (1 Kings 11:11-13).

Jehoahaz son of Jehu became king of Israel
Jehoahaz was the son of Jehu, who was anointed by the prophet Elisha to destroy the house of Ahab and eradicate Baal worship from Israel (2 Kings 9-10). Jehu's dynasty was promised a four-generation rule over Israel as a reward for his zeal (2 Kings 10:30). Jehoahaz's reign is marked by continued idolatry and oppression by the Arameans, reflecting the spiritual decline of Israel despite Jehu's initial reforms. This highlights the recurring theme of Israel's unfaithfulness and the consequences of turning away from God.

and he reigned in Samaria seventeen years
Samaria was the capital of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, established by Omri (1 Kings 16:24). It served as the political and religious center of the northern tribes. Jehoahaz's seventeen-year reign in Samaria was characterized by military defeats and subjugation by Hazael and Ben-Hadad of Aram (2 Kings 13:3). This period of oppression was a direct result of Israel's idolatry and disobedience to God's covenant. The mention of Samaria also foreshadows its eventual fall to the Assyrians in 722 BC, as prophesied by Amos and Hosea, due to persistent sin and rebellion.

And he did evil in the sight of the LORD
This phrase indicates a moral and spiritual evaluation from God's perspective, emphasizing that the actions of the king were contrary to God's commandments. In the biblical narrative, "evil in the sight of the LORD" often refers to idolatry and disobedience to God's laws. This phrase is a recurring theme in the books of Kings, highlighting the spiritual decline of Israel and Judah. It serves as a reminder of the covenant relationship between God and Israel, where obedience brings blessings and disobedience leads to judgment.

and followed the sins that Jeroboam son of Nebat had caused Israel to commit;
Jeroboam, the first king of the northern kingdom of Israel, established a pattern of idolatry by setting up golden calves in Bethel and Dan (1 Kings 12:28-30). This act was a direct violation of the first two commandments and led Israel into sin. The phrase indicates that the king continued in this idolatrous tradition, perpetuating the spiritual corruption initiated by Jeroboam. This historical context underscores the long-lasting impact of leadership and the difficulty of breaking away from established sinful practices.

he did not turn away from them.
This phrase highlights the king's persistence in sin and refusal to repent. The lack of repentance is a significant theme in the prophetic literature, where prophets often called for a return to the LORD and His commandments. The king's failure to turn away from these sins suggests a hardened heart and a rejection of God's call to righteousness. This refusal to repent is contrasted with the biblical examples of kings like Josiah, who sought to reform and restore true worship (2 Kings 22-23). Theologically, this phrase serves as a warning about the consequences of unrepentant sin and the importance of aligning one's actions with God's will.

So the anger of the LORD burned against Israel
This phrase indicates God's righteous indignation towards Israel due to their persistent idolatry and disobedience. The anger of the LORD is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, often resulting from Israel's failure to uphold the covenant established at Sinai (Exodus 19-24). The burning anger signifies not just displeasure but an active response to sin, reflecting God's holiness and justice. This divine anger is not arbitrary but a consequence of Israel's actions, as seen in Deuteronomy 29:24-28, where the covenant curses are outlined.

and He delivered them continually into the hands of Hazael king of Aram
The phrase "delivered them continually" suggests a prolonged period of subjugation and suffering. Hazael, king of Aram (modern-day Syria), was a formidable adversary of Israel. His rise to power was foretold by the prophet Elisha in 2 Kings 8:12-13, indicating God's sovereignty over nations and leaders. The historical context shows that Hazael's campaigns against Israel were part of a broader geopolitical struggle in the region, with Aram frequently clashing with Israel over territory and influence. This delivery into Hazael's hands is a fulfillment of the covenant curses for disobedience (Leviticus 26:17).

and his son Ben-hadad
Ben-hadad, the son of Hazael, continued his father's aggressive policies against Israel. The name Ben-hadad was a dynastic title used by several Aramean kings, similar to the use of "Pharaoh" in Egypt. This continuity of oppression under both Hazael and Ben-hadad underscores the severity of Israel's plight and the enduring consequences of their sin. The historical records, including the Assyrian inscriptions, corroborate the existence of these kings and their military campaigns, providing archaeological evidence of the biblical narrative. The ongoing conflict with Aram serves as a backdrop for God's eventual deliverance of Israel, highlighting His mercy and faithfulness despite their unfaithfulness.

Then Jehoahaz sought the favor of the LORD
Jehoahaz, the son of Jehu, was the king of Israel who reigned during a time of great distress due to the oppression by the Arameans. Seeking the favor of the LORD indicates a turning point where Jehoahaz acknowledges the need for divine intervention. This act of seeking God’s favor is reminiscent of other biblical figures who turned to God in times of trouble, such as King Hezekiah (2 Kings 19:1-4) and King David (1 Samuel 23:2). It reflects a moment of humility and recognition of God’s sovereignty, which is a recurring theme throughout the Old Testament.

and the LORD listened to him
The LORD’s response to Jehoahaz’s plea demonstrates God’s mercy and willingness to listen to those who earnestly seek Him, even when they have previously turned away. This is consistent with God’s character as described in passages like Psalm 34:15, which states that the eyes of the LORD are on the righteous and His ears are attentive to their cry. It underscores the biblical principle that God is compassionate and responsive to repentance and genuine prayer.

because He saw the oppression
God’s awareness of the oppression faced by Israel highlights His omniscience and concern for His people. The oppression by the Arameans was severe, reducing Israel’s military strength significantly (2 Kings 13:7). This phrase emphasizes God’s justice and His role as a deliverer for those who are suffering, aligning with His actions throughout the history of Israel, such as the deliverance from Egypt (Exodus 3:7-8).

that the king of Aram had inflicted on Israel
The king of Aram, likely Hazael or his son Ben-Hadad III, was a formidable adversary of Israel during this period. The Arameans were a constant threat, and their oppression was part of the divine judgment on Israel for their idolatry and disobedience (2 Kings 13:3). This historical context is crucial for understanding the cyclical nature of Israel’s relationship with God, characterized by periods of sin, oppression, repentance, and deliverance. The oppression serves as a backdrop for God’s redemptive work and foreshadows the ultimate deliverance through Jesus Christ, who frees humanity from the oppression of sin.

So the LORD gave Israel a deliverer
In the context of 2 Kings 13, Israel was suffering under the oppression of the Arameans due to their disobedience to God. The "deliverer" mentioned here is not named, but it is understood to be a leader or a series of leaders who were raised by God to rescue Israel from their enemies. This reflects a recurring theme in the Old Testament where God raises deliverers, such as the judges in the Book of Judges, to save His people. This deliverance is a foreshadowing of the ultimate deliverer, Jesus Christ, who delivers humanity from sin.

and they escaped the power of the Arameans
The Arameans, also known as the Syrians, were a significant threat to Israel during this period. Their power and influence were substantial, and they frequently clashed with Israel. The escape from their power signifies a temporary reprieve and a return to peace, which was a direct result of divine intervention. This deliverance underscores God's sovereignty and His ability to rescue His people from seemingly insurmountable odds.

Then the people of Israel lived in their own homes as they had before
This phrase indicates a restoration of normalcy and peace for the Israelites. Living in their own homes suggests a return to stability and security, which had been disrupted by the Aramean oppression. This restoration is reminiscent of the peace and prosperity promised to Israel when they obeyed God, as seen in Deuteronomy 28. It also serves as a reminder of God's faithfulness to His covenant, providing for His people when they turn back to Him.

Nevertheless, they did not turn away from the sins that the house of Jeroboam had caused Israel to commit
This phrase highlights the persistent idolatry in Israel, initiated by Jeroboam I, the first king of the northern kingdom after the division of Israel. Jeroboam established golden calves at Bethel and Dan (1 Kings 12:28-30) to prevent the Israelites from worshiping in Jerusalem, leading them into sin. This idolatry became a recurring theme and a stumbling block for subsequent kings and the people of Israel. The phrase underscores the spiritual stubbornness and rebellion against God's commandments, as the Israelites continued in practices that were explicitly condemned in the Mosaic Law (Exodus 20:3-4).

but they continued to walk in them
The continuation in sin indicates a deliberate choice to persist in idolatrous practices despite the prophetic warnings and judgments that had come upon Israel. This reflects a cultural and spiritual entrenchment in idolatry, showing the difficulty of breaking free from established sinful traditions. The phrase suggests a lack of repentance and a failure to heed the messages of prophets like Elijah and Elisha, who called Israel back to covenant faithfulness. This persistence in sin is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, illustrating the human tendency to resist divine correction.

The Asherah pole even remained standing in Samaria
The Asherah pole was a symbol of the Canaanite goddess Asherah, often associated with fertility and worshiped alongside Baal. Its presence in Samaria, the capital of the northern kingdom, signifies the official endorsement of idolatry by the ruling authorities. This pole's continued existence indicates the depth of syncretism in Israelite worship, blending pagan practices with the worship of Yahweh. The Asherah pole's presence in Samaria is a testament to the failure of Israel's leaders to uphold the covenant and eradicate idolatry, as commanded in Deuteronomy 12:3. This idolatry would eventually lead to the downfall and exile of the northern kingdom, fulfilling the warnings given by the prophets.

Jehoahaz had no army left
Jehoahaz, the son of Jehu, reigned over Israel during a time of significant decline. His lack of a substantial army reflects the weakened state of Israel due to ongoing conflicts and divine judgment. This situation fulfills the warnings given in Deuteronomy 28:25, where disobedience to God would lead to military defeat.

except fifty horsemen, ten chariots, and ten thousand foot soldiers
The remnants of Jehoahaz's army are strikingly small, especially compared to the military might of other nations at the time. Chariots and horsemen were crucial for warfare in the ancient Near East, and having only fifty horsemen and ten chariots indicates a severely diminished capacity for defense and offense. This small number highlights Israel's vulnerability and dependence on God for deliverance, as seen in other biblical accounts like Gideon's victory with a small force in Judges 7.

because the king of Aram had destroyed them
The king of Aram, likely Hazael or his son Ben-Hadad, was a persistent adversary of Israel. The Arameans' success against Israel can be seen as a consequence of Israel's idolatry and failure to follow God's commandments. This reflects the cyclical pattern of sin, oppression, repentance, and deliverance found throughout the book of Judges.

and made them like the dust at threshing
This simile emphasizes the totality of the destruction. Threshing was a process of separating grain from chaff, and the imagery of dust suggests complete obliteration and humiliation. This phrase echoes the language of judgment found in other scriptures, such as Psalm 1:4, where the wicked are compared to chaff blown away by the wind. It underscores the severity of Israel's plight and the need for divine intervention.

As for the rest of the acts of Jehoahaz
Jehoahaz was the son of Jehu and reigned over Israel for 17 years. His reign is characterized by a period of spiritual decline and oppression by the Arameans. The phrase suggests that there were additional deeds and events during his reign that are not detailed in the biblical narrative, indicating a broader historical context.

along with all his accomplishments and his might
This phrase acknowledges that Jehoahaz had achievements and demonstrated strength, despite the challenges faced during his reign. Historically, kings were often judged by their military successes and ability to maintain control over their territories. The mention of his might suggests that he had some military or political successes, even if they were not enough to deliver Israel from its troubles.

are they not written in the Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Israel?
This rhetorical question points to a now-lost historical record that chronicled the reigns of the kings of Israel. It implies that a more detailed account of Jehoahaz's reign was available to the original audience. The reference to this book highlights the practice of keeping royal annals, a common practice in the ancient Near East, which served as official records of a king's reign. This also underscores the biblical authors' reliance on existing historical documents to compile their narratives.

And Jehoahaz rested with his fathers
This phrase indicates the death of Jehoahaz, the king of Israel. The expression "rested with his fathers" is a common biblical euphemism for death, suggesting a continuation of existence beyond this life, often implying burial in a family tomb. Jehoahaz was the son of Jehu, and his reign was marked by conflict with the Arameans. His death signifies the end of his rule and the transition of leadership. The phrase also reflects the biblical theme of generational continuity and the importance of family lineage in Israel's history.

and was buried in Samaria.
Samaria was the capital of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, established by King Omri. It served as a political and religious center. The burial of Jehoahaz in Samaria indicates his status as a king and his connection to the royal lineage. Archaeological excavations in Samaria have uncovered significant remains from the period, providing insights into the city's importance and the lifestyle of its inhabitants. The burial in Samaria also underscores the division between the Northern and Southern Kingdoms, with Samaria being a central location for the former.

And his son Jehoash reigned in his place.
Jehoash, also known as Joash, succeeded his father Jehoahaz as king of Israel. This transition of power highlights the hereditary monarchy system in ancient Israel. Jehoash's reign continued the struggles against the Arameans, but he also experienced victories, as prophesied by Elisha. The succession of Jehoash is part of the broader narrative of the kings of Israel, where each king's actions are evaluated in light of their faithfulness to God. This phrase also connects to the biblical theme of divine sovereignty over the rise and fall of leaders, as seen throughout the books of Kings.

In the thirty-seventh year of the reign of Joash over Judah
This phrase sets the historical context, indicating the timeline within the divided monarchy of Israel and Judah. Joash, also known as Jehoash, was a king of Judah who reigned from approximately 835 to 796 BC. His reign is noted for the restoration of the Temple in Jerusalem. The synchronization of reigns between the kings of Judah and Israel helps establish a chronological framework for the events described in the books of Kings.

Jehoash son of Jehoahaz became king of Israel
Jehoash, also referred to as Joash in some translations, was the son of Jehoahaz and became king of the northern kingdom of Israel. His ascension to the throne marks a continuation of the Jehu dynasty, which was characterized by a mixture of political stability and spiritual decline. The name Jehoash means "Yahweh has given," reflecting the theophoric element common in Hebrew names, indicating a cultural emphasis on divine providence.

in Samaria
Samaria was the capital of the northern kingdom of Israel, established by King Omri. It served as the political and religious center of the northern kingdom. Archaeological excavations have uncovered significant findings in Samaria, including ivory carvings and inscriptions, which provide insight into the wealth and cultural influences of the period. The city's strategic location made it a focal point for trade and military campaigns.

and he reigned sixteen years
Jehoash's sixteen-year reign is noted for its military engagements and interactions with the prophet Elisha. His reign is marked by a partial recovery of Israel's fortunes, as he was able to reclaim some territories lost to the Arameans. The duration of his reign suggests a period of relative stability, although the spiritual state of the nation continued to decline, as indicated by the ongoing worship of golden calves and other idolatrous practices.

And he did evil in the sight of the LORD
This phrase indicates a moral and spiritual evaluation from God's perspective, emphasizing divine judgment rather than human opinion. The "evil" refers to actions contrary to God's commandments, often involving idolatry and injustice. In the context of 2 Kings, this phrase is frequently used to describe the kings of Israel and Judah who failed to uphold the covenant with God. The "sight of the LORD" underscores God's omniscience and the accountability of leaders to divine standards.

and did not turn away from all the sins that Jeroboam son of Nebat had caused Israel to commit
Jeroboam, the first king of the northern kingdom of Israel, established a pattern of idolatry by setting up golden calves in Bethel and Dan (1 Kings 12:28-30). This act was a direct violation of the first two commandments and led Israel into sin. The phrase "did not turn away" indicates a stubborn persistence in these sinful practices, highlighting the failure of subsequent kings to repent and lead the nation back to true worship. This continuity of sin reflects the deep-rooted nature of idolatry and its pervasive influence on the nation.

but he walked in them
"Walked in them" is a metaphor for living according to a particular set of beliefs or practices. In this context, it signifies the king's active participation and endorsement of Jeroboam's idolatrous practices. This phrase suggests a deliberate choice to follow a path contrary to God's will, reinforcing the idea of personal and national responsibility. The use of "walked" implies a lifestyle or habitual conduct, indicating that the king's reign was characterized by these sins. This continued disobedience serves as a warning of the consequences of straying from God's commandments and the importance of righteous leadership.

As for the rest of the acts of Jehoash
Jehoash, also known as Joash, was a king of Israel who reigned during a tumultuous period marked by conflict with neighboring Judah. His reign is documented in the biblical narrative, highlighting his political and military activities. The phrase suggests that there were additional deeds and events associated with Jehoash that were significant but not detailed in this particular passage. This reflects the common biblical practice of summarizing a king's reign while pointing to other sources for a fuller account.

along with all his accomplishments and his might
This phrase emphasizes Jehoash's achievements and strength as a ruler. His accomplishments likely included military victories, administrative reforms, and possibly construction projects. The mention of his might underscores his capability as a leader, which was crucial for maintaining stability and power in the Northern Kingdom of Israel during a time of frequent conflicts and threats from surrounding nations.

including his war against Amaziah king of Judah
The conflict between Jehoash and Amaziah, king of Judah, is a significant historical event. This war is detailed in 2 Kings 14 and 2 Chronicles 25, where Amaziah challenges Jehoash, leading to a battle at Beth Shemesh. Jehoash's victory over Amaziah resulted in the capture of Jerusalem and the plundering of the temple and royal palace. This conflict illustrates the ongoing strife between the divided kingdoms of Israel and Judah, highlighting the political and military tensions of the era.

are they not written in the Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Israel?
This rhetorical question points to an external source, the "Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Israel," which is not part of the biblical canon but was likely a historical record of the reigns of Israel's kings. This reference suggests that the biblical account is selective and that additional details about Jehoash's reign could be found in this now-lost document. The mention of such a source underscores the historical nature of the biblical narrative and the practice of recording royal annals in the ancient Near East.

And Jehoash rested with his fathers
This phrase indicates the death of Jehoash, the king of Israel. The expression "rested with his fathers" is a common biblical euphemism for death, suggesting a peaceful transition and continuity with the ancestors. It reflects the belief in an afterlife or a continued existence beyond death, which was a common understanding in ancient Israel. This phrase also implies a sense of honor and respect, as being gathered to one's ancestors was considered a dignified end.

and Jeroboam succeeded him on the throne
Jeroboam here refers to Jeroboam II, who became king after Jehoash. This succession marks a continuation of the Jehu dynasty, which was significant in the history of the Northern Kingdom of Israel. Jeroboam II's reign was marked by territorial expansion and relative prosperity, as noted in 2 Kings 14:23-29. The mention of Jeroboam succeeding Jehoash highlights the dynastic nature of Israel's monarchy, where the throne was typically passed from father to son, maintaining political stability.

Jehoash was buried in Samaria with the kings of Israel
Samaria was the capital of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, established by King Omri. It served as the political and cultural center of the kingdom. The burial of Jehoash in Samaria signifies his status as a legitimate king of Israel, as it was customary for kings to be buried in the capital city. This burial location also underscores the division between the Northern Kingdom (Israel) and the Southern Kingdom (Judah), as the kings of Judah were buried in Jerusalem. The phrase "with the kings of Israel" indicates that Jehoash was laid to rest among his royal predecessors, affirming his place in the lineage of Israelite kings.

When Elisha had fallen sick with the illness from which he would die
Elisha, the prophet who succeeded Elijah, is now at the end of his life. His illness signifies the natural end of his earthly ministry, highlighting the mortality of even God's chosen servants. Elisha's life was marked by numerous miracles, and his impending death marks the end of an era for Israel. This moment underscores the transition from one prophetic voice to another, as God’s work continues beyond individual lifespans. The illness also serves as a reminder of the human condition and the inevitability of death, even for those who are close to God.

Jehoash king of Israel came down to him
Jehoash, also known as Joash, was the king of the northern kingdom of Israel. His visit to Elisha indicates the prophet's significant influence and respect, even among the monarchy. Despite the often strained relationship between Israel's kings and God's prophets, Jehoash's action shows a recognition of Elisha's authority and the divine power associated with him. This visit also reflects the political and spiritual climate of Israel, where the king seeks guidance and reassurance from the prophet during a time of national distress.

and wept over him
The king's weeping demonstrates a deep respect and perhaps a sense of loss for the guidance and protection Elisha provided. It reflects the human emotion and vulnerability of a leader facing the loss of a spiritual mentor. This act of mourning can be seen as an acknowledgment of the void that Elisha's death would create in the spiritual and political landscape of Israel.

saying, “My father, my father, the chariots and horsemen of Israel!”
This phrase echoes the words Elisha himself used when Elijah was taken up to heaven (2 Kings 2:12). It signifies the recognition of Elisha as a spiritual father and protector of Israel, akin to a military force. The "chariots and horsemen" symbolize divine protection and strength, suggesting that Elisha's presence was seen as a source of security for the nation. This expression highlights the belief that the true power and defense of Israel lie not in military might but in the presence and guidance of God's prophets. It also foreshadows the continued need for divine intervention and leadership in Israel's future.

Elisha told him,
Elisha, the prophet and successor of Elijah, is a central figure in the narrative of 2 Kings. Known for his miracles and guidance to the kings of Israel, Elisha's role here is as a divine messenger. His instructions are not merely personal advice but carry the weight of God's will. This reflects the biblical theme of prophets as intermediaries between God and His people, as seen throughout the Old Testament.

“Take a bow and some arrows.”
The bow and arrows symbolize warfare and deliverance. In the ancient Near East, these were common weapons, representing military strength and readiness. The act of taking them signifies preparation for battle, both physically and spiritually. This instruction foreshadows the impending conflict with Aram (Syria) and serves as a prophetic act, similar to other symbolic actions performed by prophets, such as Jeremiah's yoke (Jeremiah 27:2).

So Jehoash took a bow and some arrows.
Jehoash, also known as Joash, was the king of Israel at this time. His compliance with Elisha's command indicates his recognition of the prophet's authority and the seriousness of the situation. This act of obedience is crucial, as it sets the stage for the subsequent prophetic declaration. The narrative highlights the importance of following divine instructions, a recurring theme in the Bible, where obedience often leads to divine intervention and victory, as seen in the story of Joshua at Jericho (Joshua 6).

Then Elisha said to the king of Israel
Elisha, the prophet and successor of Elijah, is speaking to Jehoash (Joash), the king of Israel. This interaction occurs during a time when Israel is under threat from the Arameans. Elisha's role as a prophet is to convey God's will and guidance to the king, emphasizing the importance of divine intervention in Israel's military affairs. Prophets often served as God's mouthpiece, providing counsel to kings and leaders.

“Put your hand on the bow.”
The bow symbolizes warfare and military strength. By instructing the king to take the bow, Elisha is preparing him for an act of symbolic warfare. This action signifies readiness and willingness to engage in battle, underlining the importance of obedience to prophetic instruction as a means of securing victory. The bow is also a common weapon in ancient Near Eastern warfare, highlighting the historical context of military conflict during this period.

So the king put his hand on the bow,
The king's compliance with Elisha's command demonstrates his recognition of the prophet's authority and the need for divine guidance in military matters. This act of obedience is crucial, as it sets the stage for the subsequent prophetic action and blessing. It reflects the biblical theme of leaders seeking God's direction through His prophets.

and Elisha put his hands on the king’s hands.
Elisha placing his hands on the king's hands symbolizes the transfer of divine power and blessing. This gesture indicates that the forthcoming victory is not by the king's might alone but through God's intervention. It also represents the unity between divine will and human action, a recurring theme in Scripture where God's power works through human agents. This act can be seen as a type of Christ, where Jesus empowers and guides believers in their spiritual battles.

“Open the east window,” said Elisha.
Elisha, the prophet, instructs the king of Israel to open the east window. The east direction is significant as it faces Aram (modern-day Syria), the enemy of Israel at the time. This act symbolizes preparation for battle and divine intervention. In biblical symbolism, the east often represents the direction from which God's glory appears (Ezekiel 43:2).

So he opened it and Elisha said, “Shoot!”
The king obeys Elisha's command, demonstrating faith and submission to God's prophetic word. Shooting an arrow was a common ancient practice to symbolize the commencement of war. This act signifies the beginning of God's deliverance for Israel from their enemies.

So he shot.
The king's action of shooting the arrow represents his active participation in God's plan. It is a physical manifestation of faith, similar to other biblical instances where actions accompany faith, such as Moses lifting his staff over the Red Sea (Exodus 14:16).

And Elisha declared: “This is the LORD’s arrow of victory,
Elisha interprets the act as a prophetic sign. The arrow symbolizes God's promise of victory. The phrase "LORD's arrow" emphasizes that the victory will be divinely orchestrated, not by human might, aligning with passages like Zechariah 4:6, which states that victory comes by God's Spirit.

the arrow of victory over Aram,
The specific mention of Aram identifies the immediate enemy. Historically, Aram was a persistent adversary of Israel, often engaging in warfare. This prophecy assures Israel of triumph over a formidable foe, reflecting God's ongoing protection and fulfillment of His covenant promises.

for you shall strike the Arameans in Aphek
Aphek was a strategic location in Israel's military history, previously a site of conflict with the Philistines (1 Samuel 4:1). The prophecy indicates a decisive battle at Aphek, suggesting a complete and significant victory, reminiscent of past deliverances.

until you have put an end to them.”
This phrase promises total victory, implying the complete subjugation of Aram. It reflects God's power to deliver His people fully, as seen in other biblical narratives where God grants overwhelming victory to Israel, such as in the conquest of Canaan (Joshua 10:40). This assurance of victory also prefigures the ultimate triumph of Christ over sin and death.

Then Elisha said, “Take the arrows!”
Elisha, the prophet, is speaking to King Jehoash of Israel. This command is part of a prophetic act, a common practice in the Old Testament where physical actions symbolize spiritual truths or future events. Arrows in ancient warfare were symbols of power and victory. Elisha's instruction to take the arrows signifies preparation for battle and the potential for victory over enemies.

So he took them,
The king's compliance with Elisha's command demonstrates a willingness to follow prophetic guidance. This act of obedience is crucial, as it sets the stage for the subsequent prophetic message. In biblical narratives, obedience to God's prophets often leads to divine intervention or blessing.

and Elisha said to the king of Israel, “Strike the ground!”
Elisha's command to strike the ground is symbolic, representing an act of aggression against Israel's enemies, particularly the Arameans. The ground here can be seen as a metaphor for the battlefield. This action is a prophetic gesture, indicating that the number of strikes will correlate with the number of victories granted by God.

So he struck the ground three times and stopped.
The king's decision to strike the ground only three times reflects a lack of full commitment or understanding of the prophetic act's significance. In the context of the narrative, this limited action results in a limited victory over the Arameans. This moment highlights the importance of faith and complete trust in God's promises. The number three, while often significant in Scripture, here indicates incompleteness, as the king's actions fall short of the full potential victory God intended.

But the man of God was angry with him
The "man of God" refers to Elisha, a prominent prophet in Israel. His anger reflects a deep disappointment in King Jehoash's lack of faith and understanding. Prophets often served as God's mouthpiece, and their emotions could reflect divine displeasure. Elisha's anger underscores the seriousness of the king's failure to fully grasp the opportunity God was providing. Prophets like Elisha were instrumental in guiding the kings of Israel, often confronting them with their shortcomings.

and said, “You should have struck the ground five or six times.
Striking the ground symbolizes an act of faith and determination. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, physical actions often accompanied prophetic words to symbolize or enact a prophecy. The number of times Jehoash was expected to strike the ground indicates the completeness and thoroughness of victory God intended for Israel over Aram. The number five or six suggests a more complete victory, aligning with biblical numerology where numbers often have symbolic meanings.

Then you would have struck down Aram until you had put an end to it.
Aram, a neighboring kingdom, was a frequent adversary of Israel. The promise of putting an end to Aram signifies a total victory, which was within reach had Jehoash demonstrated greater faith. This reflects God's willingness to deliver His people completely from their enemies, contingent upon their faith and obedience. Historically, Aram was a significant power, and its defeat would have been a major relief for Israel.

But now you will strike down Aram only three times.”
The limitation to three victories indicates a partial fulfillment of what could have been a complete deliverance. This serves as a lesson on the consequences of half-hearted faith and incomplete obedience. The number three, while often representing completeness in other contexts, here signifies a limited success due to the king's lack of full commitment. This partial victory foreshadows the ongoing struggles Israel would face due to their leaders' failures to fully trust in God's promises.

And Elisha died and was buried.
Elisha, the successor of Elijah, was a prominent prophet in Israel known for his miracles and guidance to the kings of Israel. His death marks the end of an era of prophetic leadership that was characterized by direct divine intervention. Elisha's burial signifies the honor given to him, as burial was an important cultural practice in ancient Israel, reflecting respect and remembrance. His death also fulfills the natural course of life, even for a man of God, reminding us of the mortality of all humans. Elisha's ministry is often seen as a type of Christ, as he performed miracles that foreshadowed those of Jesus, such as raising the dead and multiplying food.

Now the Moabite raiders used to come into the land every spring.
The Moabites were descendants of Lot and often in conflict with Israel. Their raids into Israelite territory during the spring were strategic, as this was the time of harvest when resources were plentiful. This historical context highlights the constant threat and instability faced by Israel due to surrounding nations. The Moabite incursions are a reminder of the consequences of Israel's disobedience to God, as foreign oppression was often a result of their turning away from Him. The cyclical nature of these raids underscores the persistent challenges Israel faced, which were often addressed by the prophets. The mention of Moabites also connects to other biblical narratives, such as the story of Ruth, a Moabite who became an ancestor of David and ultimately Jesus, illustrating God's redemptive plan through all nations.

Once, as the Israelites were burying a man,
This phrase sets the scene during a time of instability and frequent conflict in Israel. The act of burying the dead was a significant cultural and religious practice, reflecting the Israelites' respect for the deceased. The burial customs of ancient Israel often involved placing the body in a tomb or grave, which was a communal and familial responsibility.

suddenly they saw a band of raiders,
The presence of raiders indicates a period of insecurity and threat, likely from neighboring nations such as the Moabites, who frequently invaded Israelite territory. This reflects the historical context of the divided kingdom, where Israel faced constant threats from surrounding enemies.

so they threw the man’s body into Elisha’s tomb.
Elisha was a prominent prophet in Israel, and his tomb would have been a place of reverence. The act of throwing the body into Elisha's tomb was likely a hasty decision made out of fear of the raiders. This reflects the urgency and desperation of the situation, as well as the belief in the sanctity of the prophet's resting place.

And as soon as his body touched the bones of Elisha,
This phrase highlights the miraculous nature of the event. Elisha, known for his many miracles during his lifetime, continues to be a vessel of God's power even in death. The touching of Elisha's bones signifies a direct contact with the divine power that resided with the prophet.

the man was revived and stood up on his feet.
The revival of the man is a testament to the power of God working through His prophets. This miracle serves as a sign of God's continued presence and power in Israel, even during times of turmoil. It also prefigures the resurrection power seen in the New Testament, drawing a parallel to the resurrection of Jesus Christ and the promise of eternal life for believers. This event underscores the theme of life triumphing over death, a central tenet of Christian faith.

And Hazael king of Aram
Hazael was a significant figure in the history of Israel and Aram (modern-day Syria). He became king after assassinating Ben-Hadad II, as prophesied by Elisha (2 Kings 8:7-15). Hazael's reign marked a period of Aramean expansion and aggression. His actions fulfilled part of God's judgment against Israel for their idolatry and disobedience. The Arameans were a Semitic people, and their interactions with Israel were often hostile, as seen in various biblical accounts.

oppressed Israel
The oppression by Hazael was a form of divine discipline for Israel's persistent idolatry and failure to follow God's commandments. This oppression included military invasions, economic hardship, and loss of territory. The term "oppressed" indicates severe pressure and suffering, which was a common consequence for Israel when they turned away from God. This period of oppression is a reminder of the covenantal relationship between God and Israel, where blessings were contingent on obedience (Deuteronomy 28).

throughout the reign of Jehoahaz
Jehoahaz was the son of Jehu and reigned over Israel for 17 years. His reign is characterized by continued idolatry and evil in the sight of the Lord (2 Kings 13:1-2). Despite his failures, Jehoahaz sought the Lord's favor, and God provided a deliverer for Israel, though the nation remained weakened (2 Kings 13:4-5). This period highlights the cyclical nature of Israel's history, where periods of sin and oppression were followed by repentance and deliverance. Jehoahaz's reign serves as a backdrop for understanding the spiritual and political climate of Israel during Hazael's oppression.

But the LORD was gracious to Israel
This phrase highlights God's unmerited favor towards Israel, despite their repeated disobedience. The Hebrew word for "gracious" implies a deep, compassionate love. This grace is a recurring theme throughout the Old Testament, as seen in Exodus 34:6, where God describes Himself as "compassionate and gracious." It underscores the idea that God's relationship with Israel is based on His character rather than their actions.

and had compassion on them
Compassion here indicates a deep emotional response, akin to a parent's love for a child. This reflects God's enduring love and patience, as seen in passages like Hosea 11:8-9, where God struggles with the idea of giving up on Israel. It emphasizes that God's actions are motivated by love and mercy, not merely obligation.

and He turned toward them
This phrase suggests a deliberate action by God to restore His favor and presence to Israel. It implies a change in relationship status, from one of potential judgment to one of renewed fellowship. This turning is reminiscent of the prodigal son's return in Luke 15, where the father runs to meet his son, symbolizing God's readiness to forgive and restore.

because of His covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob
The covenant mentioned is foundational to Israel's identity and God's dealings with them. It refers to the promises made in Genesis 12:1-3, 26:3-5, and 28:13-15, where God promises land, descendants, and blessing. This covenant is unconditional, based on God's faithfulness rather than human merit, and is a precursor to the New Covenant through Christ, as seen in Galatians 3:16.

And to this day, the LORD has been unwilling to destroy them
This phrase indicates the enduring nature of God's promises and His patience. Despite Israel's failures, God remains committed to His covenant. This is echoed in Jeremiah 31:35-37, where God promises that Israel will never cease to be a nation before Him. It highlights God's sovereignty and faithfulness over time.

or cast them from His presence
Being in God's presence is a sign of favor and blessing. The threat of being cast away is a serious one, as seen in the exile narratives. However, God's reluctance to do so underscores His desire for relationship and redemption. This is fulfilled in the New Testament through Jesus, who reconciles humanity to God, as seen in Ephesians 2:13-18.

When Hazael king of Aram died
Hazael was a significant figure in the history of Aram (modern-day Syria) and Israel. He became king after assassinating Ben-hadad I, as prophesied by Elisha (2 Kings 8:7-15). Hazael's reign was marked by military campaigns against Israel and Judah, fulfilling God's judgment against Israel for their idolatry (2 Kings 10:32-33). His death marks the end of a period of oppression for Israel, as Hazael was a formidable adversary. Historically, Hazael is also mentioned in Assyrian records, confirming his prominence and the threat he posed to neighboring nations.

his son Ben-hadad reigned in his place
Ben-hadad, likely Ben-hadad III, succeeded Hazael. The name "Ben-hadad" was a dynastic title used by Aramean kings, similar to "Pharaoh" in Egypt. This transition of power is significant as it marks a shift in the political landscape. Ben-hadad's reign is noted for the weakening of Aram's power, which allowed Israel to regain territories lost during Hazael's campaigns (2 Kings 13:25). This change in leadership fulfilled Elisha's prophecy that Israel would recover cities from Aram (2 Kings 13:17-19). The cyclical nature of Israel's oppression and deliverance is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, illustrating God's sovereignty and faithfulness despite Israel's unfaithfulness.

Then Jehoash son of Jehoahaz
Jehoash, also known as Joash, was the king of Israel who reigned after his father Jehoahaz. His reign is noted for the partial restoration of Israel's territories. The lineage here is significant as it highlights the continuation of the Jehu dynasty, which was marked by a mix of faithfulness and idolatry. Jehoash's actions are seen as a fulfillment of God's promise to Jehu that his descendants would sit on the throne of Israel to the fourth generation (2 Kings 10:30).

took back from Ben-hadad son of Hazael
Ben-hadad was the king of Aram (Syria), succeeding his father Hazael. The Arameans were long-time adversaries of Israel, often engaging in battles for territorial control. The mention of Ben-hadad and Hazael connects to the broader narrative of conflict between Israel and Aram, which is a recurring theme in the books of Kings. This conflict is also a backdrop for the prophetic ministries of Elijah and Elisha.

the cities that Hazael had taken in battle from his father Jehoahaz
Hazael, a powerful king of Aram, had previously captured several Israelite cities during the reign of Jehoahaz, Jehoash's father. This loss was a result of Israel's disobedience to God, as described in 2 Kings 13:3, where the Lord allowed Hazael to oppress Israel. The recovery of these cities signifies a reversal of Israel's fortunes and a partial restoration of its former strength.

Jehoash defeated Ben-hadad three times
The three victories of Jehoash over Ben-hadad are significant as they fulfill the prophecy given by Elisha to Jehoash in 2 Kings 13:18-19. Elisha instructed Jehoash to strike the ground with arrows, symbolizing the number of victories he would achieve. Jehoash's limited response resulted in only three victories, highlighting the importance of faith and obedience in receiving God's full blessing.

and so recovered the cities of Israel
The recovery of the cities marks a period of national restoration and is a testament to God's mercy and faithfulness to Israel despite their repeated disobedience. This restoration is a partial fulfillment of God's covenant promises to Israel, demonstrating His willingness to deliver and restore His people when they turn back to Him. The recovery also prefigures the ultimate restoration and redemption found in Jesus Christ, who restores what was lost through sin.