When the LORD your God brings you into the land that you are entering to possess
This phrase emphasizes God's sovereignty and faithfulness in fulfilling His promises to the Israelites. The land refers to Canaan, promised to Abraham and his descendants (Genesis 12:7). The entry into the land signifies a new chapter for Israel, transitioning from a nomadic life to settling in a land of their own. This act of God bringing them into the land underscores His role as the divine leader and provider, fulfilling the covenant made with the patriarchs.

and He drives out before you many nations
The driving out of nations is a divine act, indicating that the conquest of Canaan is not merely a military campaign but a fulfillment of divine justice and promise. This reflects God's judgment on the Canaanite nations for their iniquity (Genesis 15:16) and His commitment to establishing Israel as a holy nation. The emphasis on God as the one who drives out these nations highlights the Israelites' dependence on divine power rather than their own strength.

the Hittites, Girgashites, Amorites, Canaanites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites
These seven nations represent the inhabitants of Canaan, each with distinct cultures and practices often contrary to the worship of Yahweh. Archaeological findings have provided insights into these groups, revealing advanced societies with fortified cities. The mention of these specific nations serves as a historical record and a reminder of the spiritual and physical challenges Israel would face. The number seven often symbolizes completeness in the Bible, indicating the totality of the opposition Israel would encounter.

seven nations larger and stronger than you
This phrase highlights the formidable nature of the task ahead for the Israelites, emphasizing their reliance on God's power rather than their own capabilities. The description of these nations as larger and stronger serves to magnify the miraculous nature of Israel's eventual conquest. It also serves as a test of faith, challenging the Israelites to trust in God's promises despite overwhelming odds. This theme of divine strength in the face of human weakness is echoed throughout Scripture, notably in the story of David and Goliath (1 Samuel 17) and in the New Testament teaching that God's power is made perfect in weakness (2 Corinthians 12:9).

and when the LORD your God has delivered them over to you to defeat them
This phrase emphasizes the sovereignty and power of God in the battles Israel faces. The deliverance of enemies into Israel's hands is a fulfillment of God's promises to the patriarchs (Genesis 15:18-21). It underscores the divine initiative in Israel's conquest of Canaan, highlighting that victory is not by their own strength but by God's intervention (Joshua 1:3-5). This reflects the broader biblical theme of God as a warrior who fights for His people (Exodus 14:14). The historical context involves the Israelites entering the Promised Land, a region inhabited by various Canaanite tribes, each with its own fortified cities and armies.

then you must devote them to complete destruction
The command to devote to destruction, or "herem," involves the total annihilation of the Canaanite peoples and their religious practices. This is not merely a military strategy but a theological mandate to purify the land from idolatry and moral corruption (Deuteronomy 20:16-18). The cultural context of the Canaanites included practices such as child sacrifice and temple prostitution, which were abominations to the LORD (Leviticus 18:24-30). This command foreshadows the ultimate judgment of sin and evil, pointing to the eschatological destruction of all that opposes God (Revelation 19:11-21). It also serves as a type of Christ's victory over sin and death, where He completely destroys the power of the enemy (1 Corinthians 15:24-26).

Make no treaty with them
This prohibition against making treaties is a safeguard against syncretism and the dilution of Israel's covenant identity. Treaties in the ancient Near East often involved political alliances and religious syncretism, which could lead Israel away from exclusive worship of Yahweh (Exodus 23:32-33). The command reflects the need for Israel to remain distinct and holy, set apart for God's purposes (Leviticus 20:26). This principle is echoed in the New Testament, where believers are warned against being unequally yoked with unbelievers (2 Corinthians 6:14-18).

and show them no mercy
The instruction to show no mercy is a difficult and often controversial aspect of the text, reflecting the severity of God's judgment against sin. It underscores the holiness of God and the seriousness of idolatry, which can lead to spiritual and moral decay (Deuteronomy 7:4). The historical context involves the need to prevent Israel from adopting Canaanite religious practices, which would lead to their downfall (Judges 2:1-3). This command is not a general principle for all time but specific to the conquest of Canaan, highlighting the unique role of Israel in God's redemptive history. It points to the ultimate justice of God, where mercy is extended through Christ, but judgment remains for those who reject Him (John 3:36).

Do not intermarry with them.
This command is given to the Israelites as they prepare to enter the Promised Land. The "them" refers to the Canaanite nations inhabiting the land. The prohibition against intermarriage is rooted in the concern for religious purity and the prevention of idolatry. Historically, intermarriage with pagan nations often led to the Israelites adopting foreign gods and practices, as seen in the accounts of Solomon (1 Kings 11:1-4) and the period of the Judges (Judges 3:5-6). The command underscores the importance of maintaining a distinct identity as God's chosen people, set apart for His purposes.

Do not give your daughters to their sons
This phrase emphasizes the active role of the Israelite community in preventing intermarriage. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, marriages were often arranged by families, and daughters were given in marriage as part of alliances or social contracts. By prohibiting the giving of daughters to Canaanite sons, the Israelites were to avoid forming alliances that could lead to spiritual compromise. This reflects a broader biblical theme of separation from ungodly influences, as seen in 2 Corinthians 6:14, which warns against being "unequally yoked" with unbelievers.

or take their daughters for your sons,
The reciprocal nature of the command highlights the equal importance of both sides of the marriage equation. Taking Canaanite daughters for Israelite sons would similarly introduce foreign religious practices into Israelite households. This concern for spiritual integrity is echoed in Ezra 9-10 and Nehemiah 13, where the post-exilic community addresses the issue of intermarriage with foreign women. The command serves as a type of Christ's call for His followers to remain pure and devoted, as the Church is often depicted as the bride of Christ, called to be holy and blameless (Ephesians 5:25-27).

because they will turn your sons away from following Me
This phrase highlights the danger of intermarriage with pagan nations, which could lead the Israelites away from their covenant relationship with God. Historically, the Israelites were surrounded by nations with polytheistic beliefs, and intermarriage often resulted in the adoption of these foreign gods. This warning is consistent with the broader biblical narrative, where God repeatedly calls His people to remain separate and holy (Leviticus 20:26). The influence of foreign wives leading to idolatry is exemplified in the life of King Solomon (1 Kings 11:1-4), whose heart was turned away from God due to his marriages with foreign women.

to serve other gods
The service of other gods refers to idolatry, which was a direct violation of the first commandment (Exodus 20:3). In the ancient Near East, idolatry was not just a religious practice but also intertwined with cultural and social life. The gods of the surrounding nations, such as Baal and Asherah, were often associated with fertility and prosperity, making them appealing to the Israelites. This phrase underscores the spiritual adultery that occurs when God's people turn to idols, which is a recurring theme throughout the Old Testament (Jeremiah 2:13).

Then the anger of the LORD will burn against you
The anger of the LORD is a response to covenant unfaithfulness. In the context of Deuteronomy, God's anger is not arbitrary but a just response to the breach of the covenant relationship. The imagery of God's anger "burning" is vivid and conveys the seriousness of idolatry. This divine anger is a theme found throughout the Old Testament, where God's holiness and justice demand a response to sin (Psalm 7:11). It also foreshadows the ultimate judgment and wrath of God against sin, which is fully satisfied in the sacrifice of Jesus Christ (Romans 5:9).

and He will swiftly destroy you
The warning of swift destruction serves as a deterrent against idolatry and unfaithfulness. Historically, the Israelites experienced this destruction during the Babylonian exile, which was a direct consequence of their persistent idolatry and disobedience (2 Kings 17:6-23). The concept of divine retribution is consistent with the blessings and curses outlined in Deuteronomy 28. This phrase also points to the ultimate judgment that awaits those who reject God, emphasizing the need for repentance and faithfulness. In the New Testament, the destruction of sin and death is accomplished through Jesus Christ, who offers salvation and eternal life to those who believe (John 3:16).

Instead, this is what you are to do to them:
This directive comes as part of God's instructions to the Israelites as they prepare to enter the Promised Land. The context is a command to completely destroy the pagan nations inhabiting Canaan. This reflects the covenant relationship between God and Israel, emphasizing holiness and separation from idolatry. The command underscores the importance of obedience to God’s laws and the rejection of pagan practices.

tear down their altars,
Altars in ancient Canaan were used for sacrifices to various deities. By tearing them down, the Israelites were to eliminate the means of worship for these false gods. This act symbolizes the rejection of idolatry and the exclusive worship of Yahweh. It also serves as a physical demonstration of the spiritual cleansing required to maintain purity in worship.

smash their sacred pillars,
Sacred pillars, or standing stones, were often erected as symbols of the presence or power of a deity. Smashing these pillars was a direct attack on the religious symbols of the Canaanites, demonstrating the superiority of the God of Israel. This action is a reminder of the first commandment, which prohibits the worship of other gods.

cut down their Asherah poles,
Asherah poles were wooden symbols associated with the goddess Asherah, a prominent figure in Canaanite religion. Cutting them down was a way to dismantle the infrastructure of pagan worship. This act signifies the removal of temptations that could lead the Israelites away from their covenant with God. It also prefigures the New Testament call to remove anything that hinders one's relationship with Christ.

and burn their idols in the fire.
Burning idols was a method of complete destruction, ensuring that no remnant of the false gods remained. This act of burning signifies purification and the total eradication of idolatry from the land. It reflects the biblical theme of God as a consuming fire, purifying His people and eliminating sin. This also foreshadows the ultimate victory over sin and idolatry through Jesus Christ, who purifies believers and calls them to worship in spirit and truth.

For you are a people holy to the LORD your God.
This phrase emphasizes the concept of holiness, which means being set apart for a special purpose. In the context of ancient Israel, holiness was not just a moral or ethical state but a status conferred by God. The Israelites were to be distinct from the surrounding nations in their worship, lifestyle, and obedience to God's commandments. This idea of being set apart is echoed in the New Testament, where believers are called to be holy (1 Peter 1:15-16). The holiness of Israel was both a privilege and a responsibility, requiring them to live according to God's laws.

The LORD your God has chosen you
The concept of divine election is central here. God's choice of Israel was not based on their merit or size but on His sovereign will and love (Deuteronomy 7:7-8). This election is a recurring theme throughout the Bible, illustrating God's initiative in establishing a covenant relationship with His people. In the New Testament, this theme is expanded to include all who believe in Christ, as seen in Ephesians 1:4-5, where believers are described as chosen before the foundation of the world.

to be a people for His prized possession
The term "prized possession" indicates a special treasure or valued property. In the ancient Near Eastern context, a king's treasured possession was something he valued above all else. This reflects the intimate and cherished relationship God desired with Israel. This concept is mirrored in 1 Peter 2:9, where the church is described as a "chosen people, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, God’s special possession," highlighting the continuity of God's plan from Israel to the church.

out of all peoples on the face of the earth.
This phrase underscores the universal scope of God's sovereignty and His particular choice of Israel among all nations. It highlights the uniqueness of Israel's calling and mission to be a light to the nations (Isaiah 42:6). This selection was not for Israel's benefit alone but was intended to bring blessing to all nations, a promise first given to Abraham in Genesis 12:3. The ultimate fulfillment of this promise is found in Jesus Christ, through whom all nations are blessed (Galatians 3:8).

The LORD did not set His affection on you and choose you
This phrase emphasizes God's sovereign choice and love for Israel, independent of their merits or attributes. In the biblical context, God's election of Israel is rooted in His covenant with Abraham (Genesis 12:1-3). This choice is an act of grace, not based on Israel's actions or qualities. The concept of divine election is echoed in the New Testament, where believers are chosen by grace through faith (Ephesians 1:4-5). This reflects God's unchanging nature and His purpose to establish a people for Himself.

because you were more numerous than the other peoples
This highlights that God's choice was not based on Israel's size or strength. Historically, Israel was a small nation compared to the great empires of Egypt, Assyria, and Babylon. This underscores the miraculous nature of their survival and success, attributed to divine intervention rather than human power. Theologically, it points to the principle that God often chooses the weak and insignificant to accomplish His purposes, as seen in 1 Corinthians 1:27-29, where God uses the foolish things of the world to shame the wise.

for you were the fewest of all peoples
This phrase reinforces the idea of Israel's humble beginnings. Archaeological evidence suggests that the early Israelites were a small, tribal society. Culturally, they were distinct from the surrounding nations, with unique religious practices centered on monotheism. This smallness serves to magnify God's power and faithfulness in fulfilling His promises. It also prefigures the coming of Jesus Christ, who, though born in humble circumstances, became the Savior of the world, fulfilling the prophecy of a ruler from Bethlehem, "though you are small among the clans of Judah" (Micah 5:2).

But because the LORD loved you
This phrase emphasizes God's unconditional love for Israel, which is a recurring theme throughout the Bible. God's love is not based on Israel's merit or size but on His sovereign choice. This love is a reflection of God's character, as seen in 1 John 4:8, which states that "God is love." The love of God for His people is a foundational concept that is echoed in the New Testament, particularly in John 3:16, where God's love for the world is demonstrated through the giving of His Son.

and kept the oath He swore to your fathers
This refers to the covenant God made with the patriarchs—Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The oath is a solemn promise that God would make their descendants a great nation and give them the land of Canaan (Genesis 12:1-3, 15:18-21). This covenant is central to the identity of Israel and is a testament to God's faithfulness. The fulfillment of this oath is seen as a type of the ultimate fulfillment of God's promises through Jesus Christ, who is the seed of Abraham (Galatians 3:16).

He brought you out with a mighty hand
The phrase "mighty hand" signifies God's powerful intervention in history, particularly in the Exodus event. This deliverance from Egypt is a pivotal moment in Israel's history, demonstrating God's power and faithfulness. It serves as a type of the greater deliverance from sin through Jesus Christ, as seen in the New Testament (1 Corinthians 10:1-4). The Exodus is frequently referenced throughout Scripture as a symbol of God's saving power.

and redeemed you from the house of slavery
Redemption here refers to the act of God liberating Israel from bondage in Egypt. The concept of redemption is central to biblical theology, symbolizing the deliverance from sin and death through Christ's sacrifice (Ephesians 1:7). The "house of slavery" underscores the severity of Israel's oppression and the greatness of God's deliverance. This redemption is a precursor to the spiritual redemption offered through Jesus.

from the hand of Pharaoh king of Egypt
Pharaoh represents the oppressive power of sin and the world. Egypt, as a place of bondage, is often used symbolically in Scripture to represent spiritual captivity. The deliverance from Pharaoh's hand is a foreshadowing of Christ's victory over sin and death. This historical event is a testament to God's sovereignty over earthly powers and His ability to save His people, as seen in Romans 8:37-39, where believers are assured of victory through Christ.

Know therefore that the LORD your God is God
This phrase emphasizes the exclusivity and supremacy of the LORD as the one true God. In the context of Deuteronomy, Moses is addressing the Israelites, reminding them of their unique relationship with God. This assertion is foundational to the Shema (Deuteronomy 6:4), which declares the oneness of God. It contrasts with the polytheistic beliefs of surrounding nations, reinforcing the call to monotheism and covenant loyalty.

the faithful God
The faithfulness of God is a recurring theme throughout Scripture, highlighting His reliability and trustworthiness. This attribute assures the Israelites that God will fulfill His promises. In Lamentations 3:22-23, God's faithfulness is described as being renewed every morning, underscoring its constancy. This faithfulness is also a basis for hope and trust in God's unchanging nature.

who keeps His covenant of loving devotion
God's covenant is a binding agreement characterized by "hesed," often translated as loving devotion or steadfast love. This covenantal love is evident in God's dealings with Israel, beginning with Abraham (Genesis 12:1-3) and continuing through the Mosaic covenant. It signifies a deep, committed relationship that God initiates and maintains, despite human unfaithfulness.

for a thousand generations
This phrase signifies the enduring nature of God's covenantal promises. While not a literal number, it conveys the idea of perpetuity and God's long-term commitment to His people. Psalm 105:8 echoes this sentiment, emphasizing God's remembrance of His covenant forever. It reassures believers of the eternal scope of God's promises.

of those who love Him and keep His commandments
This conditional aspect of the covenant highlights the importance of love and obedience in the relationship with God. Love for God is demonstrated through adherence to His commandments, as seen in John 14:15, where Jesus states, "If you love Me, you will keep My commandments." This connection between love and obedience is central to the covenant relationship, reflecting a heart aligned with God's will.

But those who hate Him
This phrase refers to individuals or nations that reject God and His commandments. In the context of Deuteronomy, the Israelites are warned against idolatry and forming alliances with pagan nations. Hatred towards God is demonstrated through disobedience and the worship of other gods. This concept is echoed in the New Testament, where love for God is shown through obedience to His commandments (John 14:15).

He repays to their faces with destruction
The direct repayment signifies God's justice and the certainty of His judgment. In the ancient Near Eastern context, "to their faces" implies a personal and unmistakable confrontation. This reflects the principle of divine retribution found throughout the Bible, where God holds individuals accountable for their actions (Romans 2:6). The destruction mentioned is both physical and spiritual, as seen in the fate of nations like the Canaanites, who were judged for their wickedness.

He will not hesitate to repay
This emphasizes God's unwavering commitment to justice. Unlike human judges who may delay or be swayed, God's judgment is prompt and assured. The certainty of divine retribution is a recurring theme in the prophetic books, where God promises to act against those who oppose Him (Isaiah 13:11). This also serves as a warning to the Israelites to remain faithful and avoid the consequences of disobedience.

to his face the one who hates Him
The repetition underscores the personal nature of God's judgment. It is not an abstract or distant act but a direct response to personal rebellion against Him. This personal accountability is mirrored in the New Testament, where each individual must stand before God (2 Corinthians 5:10). The phrase serves as a reminder of the seriousness of rejecting God and the inevitable consequences that follow.

So keep the commandments and statutes and ordinances
This phrase emphasizes the importance of obedience to God's law. In the context of Deuteronomy, Moses is reiterating the covenantal laws given to the Israelites. The commandments refer to the moral laws, such as the Ten Commandments, which are foundational to Israel's relationship with God. Statutes and ordinances include ceremonial and civil laws that governed Israelite society. The call to "keep" these laws underscores the necessity of not just hearing but actively living out God's instructions. This obedience is a response to God's covenantal love and faithfulness, as seen in Deuteronomy 7:9, which speaks of God's steadfast love to those who love Him and keep His commandments.

that I am giving you
Moses, as the mediator of the covenant, is the one delivering these laws to the people. This reflects the historical context of the Israelites on the brink of entering the Promised Land. The giving of the law is a divine act, with Moses as the mouthpiece of God. This phrase also highlights the continuity of God's revelation, as these laws were first given at Sinai and are now being reiterated on the plains of Moab. The giving of the law is a gift, meant to guide the people in righteousness and holiness.

to follow
The Hebrew word for "follow" implies a continuous action, suggesting that obedience is not a one-time event but a lifelong commitment. This reflects the covenantal relationship between God and Israel, where the people are called to walk in His ways consistently. The concept of following God's law is echoed throughout Scripture, such as in Psalm 119:105, where God's word is described as a lamp to one's feet and a light to one's path. This ongoing obedience is a demonstration of faith and trust in God's wisdom and provision.

this day
The immediacy of "this day" underscores the urgency and relevance of the command. It serves as a reminder that obedience to God is not something to be postponed. In the historical context, the Israelites were about to enter a new phase of their journey, requiring renewed commitment to God's covenant. This phrase also connects to the broader biblical theme of "today" as the time of decision and action, as seen in passages like Joshua 24:15, where Joshua calls the people to choose whom they will serve. The call to obedience is always present and pressing, inviting believers to respond to God's call in the present moment.

If you listen to these ordinances
This phrase emphasizes the importance of obedience to God's laws. In the context of Deuteronomy, Moses is addressing the Israelites as they prepare to enter the Promised Land. The "ordinances" refer to the laws and commandments given by God, which are detailed throughout the Torah. Listening implies not just hearing but understanding and internalizing these laws. This concept of obedience is echoed in the Shema (Deuteronomy 6:4-9), which calls for wholehearted devotion to God.

and keep them carefully
The call to "keep them carefully" underscores the need for diligent observance of God's commandments. This careful keeping is a recurring theme in Deuteronomy, where the Israelites are reminded of the blessings tied to obedience and the curses associated with disobedience (Deuteronomy 28). The Hebrew word for "keep" (shamar) conveys a sense of guarding or watching over, indicating the seriousness with which these laws should be treated.

then the LORD your God will keep His covenant
The covenant mentioned here is the Abrahamic Covenant, which God established with Abraham and reaffirmed with Isaac and Jacob. This covenant includes promises of land, descendants, and blessing (Genesis 12:1-3). The conditional nature of this statement highlights the reciprocal relationship between God and His people, where divine faithfulness is met with human obedience. This covenantal relationship is central to the narrative of the Old Testament and is fulfilled in the New Covenant through Jesus Christ (Jeremiah 31:31-34).

and the loving devotion
"Loving devotion" translates the Hebrew word "chesed," which encompasses love, mercy, and faithfulness. It is a key attribute of God's character, often associated with His covenantal faithfulness. This term is frequently used in the Psalms to describe God's enduring love and kindness (Psalm 136). The concept of "chesed" is foundational to understanding God's relationship with His people, as it reflects His unwavering commitment to them despite their failures.

that He swore to your fathers
This phrase refers to the patriarchs—Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob—to whom God made His covenantal promises. The act of swearing an oath signifies the seriousness and unchangeable nature of God's promises. The historical context of these patriarchal promises is crucial, as they form the basis for Israel's identity and mission. The fulfillment of these promises is seen throughout the biblical narrative, culminating in the coming of Jesus Christ, who is the ultimate fulfillment of God's promises to the patriarchs (Galatians 3:16).

He will love you and bless you and multiply you.
This phrase emphasizes God's covenantal love and faithfulness to Israel. The promise of love, blessing, and multiplication echoes the Abrahamic covenant (Genesis 12:2-3), where God promised to make Abraham's descendants a great nation. The multiplication of the people is a sign of divine favor and fulfillment of God's promises. This reflects the cultural importance of family and progeny in ancient Israel, where large families were seen as a blessing and a sign of God's favor.

He will bless the fruit of your womb and the produce of your land—your grain, new wine, and oil,
The "fruit of your womb" refers to offspring, highlighting the importance of children in Israelite society as a continuation of the family line and as contributors to the community's strength. The "produce of your land" includes essential agricultural products: grain, wine, and oil, which were staples in the diet and economy of ancient Israel. These blessings are tied to the land's fertility, a direct result of God's favor and a fulfillment of the covenant promises. The mention of grain, wine, and oil also connects to the offerings made in the temple, symbolizing God's provision and the people's gratitude.

the young of your herds and the lambs of your flocks—
Livestock was a critical component of Israel's agrarian society, providing food, clothing, and economic stability. The increase in herds and flocks signifies prosperity and security. This promise of abundance is reminiscent of the blessings outlined in Deuteronomy 28:4, where obedience to God's commandments results in material and familial prosperity. The mention of herds and flocks also has sacrificial connotations, as these animals were often used in offerings to God, symbolizing worship and atonement.

in the land that He swore to your fathers to give you.
This phrase underscores the fulfillment of God's promise to the patriarchs—Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob—to give their descendants the land of Canaan (Genesis 15:18-21). The land is not just a physical territory but a symbol of God's faithfulness and the realization of His covenant. The historical context involves the Israelites' journey from slavery in Egypt to the Promised Land, a journey marked by trials and divine intervention. The land is a tangible representation of God's promise and a place where His people can live in obedience and blessing.

You will be blessed above all peoples;
This phrase emphasizes the unique covenant relationship between God and Israel. The promise of blessing is rooted in the Abrahamic covenant (Genesis 12:2-3), where God promised to make Abraham's descendants a great nation. The blessings are contingent upon Israel's obedience to God's commandments, as outlined in Deuteronomy 7:12-13. This promise of being "above all peoples" signifies a special status, not for Israel's own glory, but to be a light to the nations (Isaiah 49:6). The idea of being blessed above others is also echoed in the New Testament, where believers are called to be a "chosen people" (1 Peter 2:9).

among you there will be no barren man or woman
In the ancient Near Eastern context, barrenness was often seen as a curse or a sign of divine displeasure. This promise of fertility is significant, as it directly counters the cultural stigma associated with childlessness. The assurance of no barrenness among the Israelites underscores God's power to bless and His control over life and creation. This promise is reminiscent of God's intervention in the lives of the patriarchs, such as Sarah, Rebekah, and Rachel, who were initially barren but later bore children through divine intervention (Genesis 21:1-2, 25:21, 30:22-23). It also foreshadows the miraculous births in the New Testament, such as that of John the Baptist (Luke 1:7, 13).

or livestock.
The inclusion of livestock in this promise highlights the agrarian nature of Israelite society, where livestock were essential for economic stability and prosperity. Fertility of livestock would ensure food security, wealth, and the ability to perform religious sacrifices, which were central to Israelite worship. This promise reflects God's comprehensive care for His people, extending His blessings to all aspects of their lives. The prosperity of livestock is also seen as a sign of God's favor in other parts of Scripture, such as Job 42:12, where Job's restored fortunes include an abundance of livestock. This holistic blessing points to the future Messianic kingdom, where creation itself will be restored and flourish (Isaiah 11:6-9).

And the LORD will remove from you all sickness.
This promise reflects God's covenantal relationship with Israel, emphasizing His role as healer and protector. In the context of the ancient Near East, where medical knowledge was limited, divine intervention in health was a significant assurance. This phrase echoes Exodus 15:26, where God declares Himself as the healer of Israel. It also foreshadows the New Testament, where Jesus heals the sick, demonstrating God's power over physical ailments (Matthew 8:16-17).

He will not lay upon you any of the terrible diseases you knew in Egypt,
The reference to diseases known in Egypt highlights the plagues that afflicted the Egyptians during the Exodus (Exodus 7-12). These plagues were both physical and symbolic, representing God's judgment against the false gods of Egypt. The Israelites, having witnessed these events, would understand this promise as a reassurance of divine protection. This also serves as a reminder of God's past deliverance and His ability to shield His people from harm, as seen in Psalm 91:3-6.

but He will inflict them on all who hate you.
This phrase underscores the principle of divine retribution, where God promises to protect His people and bring judgment upon their enemies. It reflects the covenantal blessings and curses outlined in Deuteronomy 28. Theologically, this can be seen as a type of Christ's ultimate victory over sin and death, where those who oppose God's kingdom face judgment (Revelation 19:11-21). Historically, this promise would have been a source of comfort and encouragement for Israel as they faced hostile nations in the Promised Land.

You must destroy all the peoples the LORD your God will deliver to you.
This command was given to the Israelites as they prepared to enter the Promised Land. The destruction of these peoples was not an act of unwarranted aggression but a divine judgment against nations that had reached the fullness of their iniquity (Genesis 15:16). The Canaanites were known for practices such as child sacrifice and idolatry, which were abominations to God. This command also served to protect Israel from being led astray by the pagan practices of these nations. Theologically, this reflects God's holiness and justice, as well as His desire for His people to remain pure and devoted to Him alone.

Do not look on them with pity.
This phrase underscores the seriousness of the command. Pity could lead to disobedience, which would result in Israel adopting the detestable practices of the Canaanites. The Israelites were to be instruments of God's judgment, and any deviation from this command could compromise their mission and relationship with God. This reflects the broader biblical theme of the necessity of obedience to God's commands, as seen in the story of Saul's incomplete obedience in 1 Samuel 15.

Do not worship their gods,
The prohibition against worshiping the gods of the conquered peoples is a recurring theme in the Old Testament. The Israelites were to worship Yahweh alone, as stated in the first commandment (Exodus 20:3). The worship of other gods would lead to spiritual adultery and a breach of the covenant relationship with God. This warning is echoed throughout the history of Israel, as seen in the repeated cycles of idolatry and repentance in the Book of Judges.

for that will be a snare to you.
The term "snare" indicates a trap or a source of entanglement. Idolatry would ensnare the Israelites, leading them away from God and into spiritual bondage. This warning is prophetic, as Israel's history shows that they often fell into the trap of idolatry, leading to their eventual exile. The New Testament also warns believers to avoid being ensnared by the world (Hebrews 12:1), emphasizing the need for vigilance in maintaining spiritual purity.

You may say in your heart
This phrase addresses the internal dialogue and doubts that the Israelites might experience. It reflects the human tendency to fear and question God's promises when faced with seemingly insurmountable challenges. The heart, in biblical terms, often represents the center of thought and emotion. This introspective moment is a call to trust in God rather than rely on human understanding, echoing Proverbs 3:5-6, which advises believers to trust in the Lord with all their heart.

“These nations are greater than we are;
The nations referred to are the Canaanite tribes inhabiting the Promised Land. Historically, these nations were known for their fortified cities, advanced military capabilities, and larger populations. The Israelites, having been nomadic and recently freed from slavery, would naturally perceive these nations as more powerful. This mirrors the earlier report of the spies in Numbers 13:31-33, where the Israelites expressed fear of the giants in the land. The phrase highlights the contrast between human perception and divine reality, as God had already promised victory.

how can we drive them out?”
This question underscores the Israelites' doubt in their ability to conquer the land, despite God's assurances. It reflects a lack of faith similar to that seen in the wilderness wanderings, where the Israelites frequently questioned God's provision and protection. The rhetorical nature of the question invites reflection on God's past faithfulness, such as the deliverance from Egypt and victories over other enemies. It also foreshadows the eventual conquest of Canaan under Joshua, where God's power is demonstrated through miraculous victories, such as the fall of Jericho (Joshua 6). This phrase challenges believers to rely on God's strength rather than their own, a theme echoed in Philippians 4:13, which states that believers can do all things through Christ who strengthens them.

But do not be afraid of them.
This phrase is a command to the Israelites as they prepare to enter the Promised Land. The "them" refers to the nations inhabiting Canaan, which were known for their strength and fortified cities. The command not to fear is a recurring theme in Scripture, emphasizing trust in God's power rather than human strength (Joshua 1:9). Fear is often a barrier to faith, and God reassures His people that He is with them, echoing His promise to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.

Be sure to remember what the LORD your God did to Pharaoh and all Egypt:
This phrase calls the Israelites to recall God's past deliverance during the Exodus. The plagues and the parting of the Red Sea were demonstrations of God's sovereignty and power over the mightiest empire of the time. Remembering these acts serves to strengthen faith and trust in God's ability to deliver them again. The Exodus is a foundational event in Israel's history, often referenced throughout the Old Testament (Exodus 14:30-31). It also prefigures the ultimate deliverance through Jesus Christ, who frees believers from the bondage of sin (1 Corinthians 10:1-4).

the great trials that you saw
This phrase refers to the various challenges and tests the Israelites faced during their exodus from Egypt. These trials included the plagues, the crossing of the Red Sea, and the hardships in the wilderness. These events were meant to test and strengthen the faith of the Israelites, as seen in Exodus 15-17. The trials served as a reminder of God's power and faithfulness, encouraging the Israelites to trust in Him.

the signs and wonders
The signs and wonders refer to the miraculous events God performed to demonstrate His power and authority, such as the ten plagues in Egypt (Exodus 7-12) and the parting of the Red Sea (Exodus 14). These acts were not only displays of divine power but also served as judgments against the gods of Egypt, affirming the supremacy of the God of Israel. They foreshadow the miracles of Jesus Christ, who performed signs and wonders to reveal His divine nature and authority (John 2:11).

and the mighty hand and outstretched arm
This imagery emphasizes God's strength and active involvement in delivering His people. The "mighty hand" and "outstretched arm" are metaphors for God's power and intervention, often used in the Old Testament to describe His deliverance (Exodus 6:6, Psalm 136:12). This phrase underscores God's sovereignty and His ability to save His people from seemingly insurmountable odds, pointing to the ultimate deliverance through Jesus Christ.

by which the LORD your God brought you out
This phrase highlights the central theme of deliverance in the Exodus narrative. God is portrayed as the deliverer who brought the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt, fulfilling His covenant promise to Abraham (Genesis 15:13-14). This act of salvation is a type of the greater deliverance through Jesus Christ, who brings believers out of the bondage of sin (Colossians 1:13-14).

The LORD your God will do the same to all the peoples you now fear
This assurance is a promise of God's continued protection and victory over the enemies of Israel. Just as God delivered the Israelites from Egypt, He promises to defeat the nations that stand against them in the Promised Land. This reflects the theme of God's faithfulness and His commitment to fulfill His promises. It also foreshadows the ultimate victory of Christ over all spiritual enemies (1 Corinthians 15:24-26), assuring believers of God's power to overcome any fear or opposition.

Moreover, the LORD your God will send the hornet against them
This phrase indicates divine intervention in Israel's conquest of the Promised Land. The "hornet" is often interpreted as a metaphor for fear or panic that God would instill in Israel's enemies, causing them to flee or be easily defeated. In the ancient Near East, hornets were known for their aggressive nature, and their sting could be deadly. This imagery underscores God's power and the certainty of His promises. The use of natural elements as instruments of God's will is seen elsewhere in Scripture, such as the plagues in Egypt (Exodus 8-11). Theologically, this demonstrates God's sovereignty over creation and His ability to use it for His purposes.

until even the survivors hiding from you have perished
This part of the verse emphasizes the completeness of God's judgment against the Canaanites. The term "survivors hiding" suggests that even those who attempt to escape God's judgment will not succeed. This reflects the thoroughness of God's plan and His commitment to fulfilling His promises to Israel. Historically, the Canaanites were known for their fortified cities and strategic hiding places, yet this verse assures Israel of total victory. This concept of complete divine judgment is echoed in other biblical narratives, such as the destruction of Jericho (Joshua 6) and the Amalekites (1 Samuel 15). It also foreshadows the ultimate judgment at the end of times, as described in Revelation.

Do not be terrified by them
This phrase addresses the Israelites' fear of the nations they are to dispossess in the Promised Land. Historically, these nations were known for their military strength and fortified cities. The command not to fear is a recurring theme in Scripture, emphasizing trust in God's power over human strength (Joshua 1:9, Isaiah 41:10). The Israelites are reminded that their success does not depend on their own might but on God's intervention.

for the LORD your God
This phrase emphasizes the covenant relationship between God and Israel. The use of "LORD" (YHWH) signifies the personal and covenantal name of God, highlighting His faithfulness and commitment to His people. This relationship is foundational to Israel's identity and mission, as seen throughout the Pentateuch and reiterated in the New Testament (Hebrews 8:10).

who is among you
God's presence among the Israelites is a central theme in the Old Testament, symbolized by the Tabernacle and later the Temple. This presence assures the Israelites of divine guidance and protection. The concept of God dwelling among His people is fulfilled in the New Testament with the incarnation of Jesus Christ (John 1:14) and the indwelling of the Holy Spirit (1 Corinthians 3:16).

is a great and awesome God
This description of God underscores His power and majesty, which are unmatched by any earthly force. The terms "great" and "awesome" are often used in the Psalms to describe God's mighty acts and His sovereignty over creation (Psalm 66:3, Psalm 145:6). This acknowledgment of God's greatness serves to inspire confidence and reverence among the Israelites, encouraging them to rely on His strength rather than their own.

The LORD your God will drive out these nations before you
This phrase emphasizes the divine initiative and power in the conquest of Canaan. The Israelites are reminded that it is not by their own strength but by God's intervention that the nations will be driven out. This reflects the covenant relationship where God promises to fight for Israel (Exodus 23:27-30). The nations refer to the Canaanite tribes inhabiting the Promised Land, known for their idolatry and practices contrary to God's laws. This divine action is a fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham (Genesis 15:18-21).

little by little
The gradual process of conquest is highlighted here. This method ensures that the land is not left desolate and that Israel can manage and settle it effectively. It reflects God's wisdom in providing for the Israelites' needs and preventing chaos. This gradual approach also serves as a test of Israel's faith and patience, teaching reliance on God's timing rather than human impatience.

You will not be enabled to eliminate them all at once
This phrase underscores human limitations and the necessity of divine assistance. It serves as a reminder that the Israelites must depend on God rather than their own military might. The inability to eliminate the nations quickly also prevents overconfidence and self-reliance, encouraging humility and trust in God's plan.

or the wild animals would multiply around you
This practical concern highlights the balance between human habitation and the natural environment. In ancient times, uninhabited lands could quickly become overrun with wild animals, posing a threat to human settlers. This reflects God's foresight in ensuring the land remains safe and habitable for the Israelites. It also illustrates God's care for His people, providing not only for their spiritual needs but also for their physical safety and well-being.

But the LORD your God
This phrase emphasizes the covenant relationship between God and Israel. The use of "LORD" (YHWH) signifies God's eternal and unchanging nature, highlighting His faithfulness to His promises. The phrase "your God" personalizes this relationship, reminding the Israelites of their unique status as God's chosen people. This covenantal language is consistent throughout Deuteronomy, reinforcing the idea that God is actively involved in the lives of His people.

will give them over to you
This promise of divine intervention assures the Israelites of victory over their enemies. The phrase "give them over" suggests a transfer of power, where God actively delivers the enemies into the hands of Israel. This reflects the broader biblical theme of God's sovereignty over nations and His ability to orchestrate events according to His will. It also echoes earlier promises made to the patriarchs, such as in Genesis 15:18-21, where God promised Abraham the land of Canaan.

and throw them into great confusion
The concept of God causing confusion among Israel's enemies is a recurring theme in the Old Testament. This divine action often leads to the self-destruction of Israel's foes, as seen in the battles of Gideon (Judges 7:22) and Jehoshaphat (2 Chronicles 20:22-23). The confusion serves as a supernatural intervention that ensures victory for God's people, demonstrating His power and the futility of opposing Him.

until they are destroyed
The complete destruction of Israel's enemies is both a fulfillment of divine justice and a means of protecting the Israelites from idolatry and moral corruption. This phrase underscores the seriousness of God's commands regarding the conquest of Canaan, as seen in Deuteronomy 7:1-5. The destruction of these nations is not merely a military objective but a spiritual necessity to maintain the purity and holiness of God's people. This also foreshadows the ultimate victory over sin and evil through Jesus Christ, who destroys the works of the devil (1 John 3:8).

He will hand their kings over to you
This phrase emphasizes God's sovereignty and His role in delivering victory to the Israelites. The handing over of kings signifies a complete transfer of power and authority, which is a recurring theme in the conquest narratives of the Old Testament. This divine intervention is reminiscent of God's promise to Abraham in Genesis 15:18-21, where He assures the land to his descendants. The kings represent the leadership and strength of the Canaanite nations, and their defeat symbolizes the dismantling of opposition to God's plan. Historically, the defeat of kings was a significant event, as it often led to the collapse of entire cities or regions.

and you will wipe out their names from under heaven
The phrase "wipe out their names" indicates a total obliteration of memory and legacy, which was a common practice in ancient Near Eastern warfare. This was not merely a physical destruction but also a cultural and historical erasure, ensuring that the defeated nations would not rise again. This concept is echoed in Psalm 9:5-6, where God is praised for rebuking nations and blotting out their names forever. Theologically, this reflects the judgment of God against idolatry and sin, as the Canaanite nations were known for practices that were abominable to the Lord.

No one will be able to stand against you
This assurance of victory is a promise of divine protection and empowerment. It echoes the earlier assurances given to Joshua in Joshua 1:5, where God promises that no man will be able to stand before him all the days of his life. This phrase underscores the theme of God's faithfulness to His covenant people, providing them with the strength and courage needed to fulfill His commands. It also serves as a reminder of the spiritual battles believers face, where reliance on God's power is essential for overcoming opposition.

you will annihilate them
The term "annihilate" conveys the completeness of the destruction that the Israelites were to bring upon the Canaanite nations. This was part of the divine mandate to purify the land from idolatry and moral corruption, as seen in Deuteronomy 20:16-18. Theologically, this can be seen as a type of final judgment, prefiguring the ultimate defeat of evil. It also points to the seriousness with which God views sin and the lengths to which He will go to establish His holiness among His people.

You must burn up the images of their gods;
In the context of ancient Israel, the command to destroy the images of foreign gods was a directive to maintain the purity of worship. The Israelites were entering a land filled with idolatrous practices, and these images represented the deities of the Canaanites. Burning them was a symbolic act of rejecting and eradicating idolatry. This command reflects the first and second commandments given in Exodus 20:3-4, emphasizing the exclusive worship of Yahweh. The act of burning also signifies total destruction, ensuring that no remnant of idolatry remains to tempt the Israelites.

do not covet the silver and gold that is on them
The silver and gold adorning these idols were often seen as valuable and tempting. However, the command warns against coveting these materials, which could lead to idolatry or materialism. Coveting is addressed in the tenth commandment (Exodus 20:17), highlighting the internal struggle against desires that lead away from God. The Israelites were to trust in God's provision rather than seeking wealth from forbidden sources. This principle is echoed in the New Testament, where believers are warned against the love of money (1 Timothy 6:10).

or take it for yourselves,
Taking the silver and gold for personal use would not only be an act of disobedience but also a potential gateway to idolatry. The Israelites were called to be a holy people, set apart for God (Deuteronomy 7:6). By taking these materials, they risked integrating pagan practices into their lives. This command underscores the importance of obedience and the dangers of compromising with the surrounding culture.

or you will be ensnared by it;
The warning of being ensnared suggests a trap or a snare that leads to spiritual downfall. The allure of wealth and the influence of idolatry could lead the Israelites away from their covenant relationship with God. This concept of being ensnared is seen throughout Scripture, where sin is often depicted as a trap (Proverbs 29:6). The New Testament also warns believers to be vigilant against the snares of the devil (1 Peter 5:8).

for it is detestable to the LORD your God.
The term "detestable" indicates something that is abominable or repulsive to God. Idolatry is fundamentally opposed to the nature and character of God, who is holy and demands exclusive worship. The detestable nature of these practices is reiterated in other parts of Deuteronomy (Deuteronomy 12:31) and throughout the prophetic writings. This phrase serves as a reminder of God's holiness and the seriousness of maintaining fidelity to Him. The call to holiness is a theme that runs throughout the Bible, culminating in the call for believers to be holy as God is holy (1 Peter 1:16).

And you must not bring any detestable thing into your house
This command reflects the broader context of Deuteronomy, where God instructs the Israelites to remain separate from the idolatrous practices of the surrounding nations. The "detestable thing" refers to idols or objects associated with pagan worship, which were common in Canaanite culture. The prohibition underscores the importance of maintaining spiritual purity and avoiding syncretism. This echoes the first and second commandments (Exodus 20:3-4) and is a call to holiness, as seen in Leviticus 19:2.

or you, like it, will be set apart for destruction
The phrase "set apart for destruction" translates the Hebrew term "herem," which denotes something devoted to God for destruction. This reflects the principle of divine justice, where anything associated with idolatry is condemned. The warning serves as a reminder of the consequences of disobedience, paralleling the fate of Achan in Joshua 7, who brought forbidden items into the Israelite camp, resulting in his destruction.

You are to utterly detest and abhor it
The strong language emphasizes the need for a complete rejection of idolatry. The terms "detest" and "abhor" indicate an intense aversion, aligning with God's view of sin. This reflects the call for the Israelites to love what God loves and hate what He hates, as seen in Psalm 97:10. The command is a call to align one's heart with God's holiness.

because it is set apart for destruction
Reiterating the concept of "herem," this phrase underscores the irrevocable nature of God's judgment on idolatry. It serves as a warning and a call to vigilance in maintaining covenant faithfulness. The destruction of idolatrous objects prefigures the ultimate judgment against sin, pointing to the eschatological hope of a purified creation, as seen in Revelation 21:27, where nothing impure will enter the New Jerusalem.