Now Jacob lived
Jacob, also known as Israel, is the patriarch of the twelve tribes of Israel. His life is a continuation of the covenantal promises given to his grandfather Abraham and his father Isaac. Jacob's dwelling in the land signifies the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham that his descendants would inherit this land (Genesis 12:7). Jacob's life is marked by his struggles and triumphs, reflecting the journey of faith and obedience.

in the land where his father had resided
This phrase highlights the continuity of the patriarchal lineage. Isaac, Jacob's father, had also lived in Canaan, maintaining the family's presence in the land promised by God. This continuity underscores the faithfulness of God in preserving His covenant through generations. The patriarchs' residence in Canaan is a testament to their faith in God's promises, despite not seeing their complete fulfillment in their lifetimes (Hebrews 11:9-10).

the land of Canaan
Canaan is a significant geographical and theological location in the Bible. It is the land promised by God to Abraham and his descendants (Genesis 15:18-21). Canaan represents both a physical territory and a spiritual inheritance. The land is often associated with God's blessings and the fulfillment of His promises. Archaeological evidence supports the historical presence of various peoples in Canaan during the time of the patriarchs, providing a backdrop for the biblical narrative. Canaan's significance is further emphasized in the New Testament as a type of the eternal rest and inheritance promised to believers (Hebrews 4:1-11).

This is the account of Jacob.
This phrase introduces the narrative of Jacob's family, particularly focusing on Joseph. The term "account" or "generations" (Hebrew: toledot) is a structural marker in Genesis, indicating a new section. Jacob, also known as Israel, is a patriarch whose life and family are central to the unfolding story of God's covenant with Abraham's descendants. This account sets the stage for the events leading to the Israelites' eventual move to Egypt.

When Joseph was seventeen years old,
Joseph's age is significant as it marks him as a young man on the cusp of adulthood. At seventeen, he is old enough to work with his brothers but still young enough to be under his father's authority. His youth and favored status by Jacob contribute to the tension with his brothers. Joseph's age also foreshadows his future growth and maturity through trials and leadership in Egypt.

he was tending the flock with his brothers,
Shepherding was a common occupation in ancient Near Eastern cultures, including among the patriarchs. This task required skill and responsibility, indicating Joseph's involvement in family duties. The mention of Joseph working alongside his brothers highlights the familial relationships and sets the stage for the ensuing conflict. Shepherding also serves as a metaphor for leadership and care, themes that recur in Joseph's life.

the sons of his father’s wives Bilhah and Zilpah,
Bilhah and Zilpah were maidservants given to Jacob by his wives Rachel and Leah, respectively, and became secondary wives. Their sons, Dan, Naphtali, Gad, and Asher, were considered full members of Jacob's family but may have had a lower status compared to Leah and Rachel's sons. This detail underscores the complex family dynamics and rivalries, as Joseph, the son of Rachel, Jacob's favored wife, is set apart from these brothers.

and he brought their father a bad report about them.
Joseph's action of bringing a negative report to Jacob suggests a role of oversight or accountability, possibly indicating his favored position. This act likely exacerbated the animosity between him and his brothers, as it could be seen as tattling or seeking favor with their father. The "bad report" foreshadows the brothers' later betrayal and Joseph's journey from favored son to slave, and eventually to a position of power in Egypt. This narrative also prefigures Christ, who, like Joseph, was rejected by His own but ultimately became a savior.

Now Israel loved Joseph more than his other sons
This phrase highlights the preferential love Jacob (Israel) had for Joseph, which is a recurring theme in the patriarchal narratives. Jacob's favoritism echoes the preferential treatment he received from his mother Rebekah over his brother Esau. This favoritism sets the stage for familial discord, as seen in the jealousy and hatred it incites among Joseph's brothers. The theme of favoritism and its consequences is a significant motif in Genesis, illustrating the complexities of family dynamics and the unfolding of God's plan through flawed human relationships.

because Joseph had been born to him in his old age
Joseph was the firstborn of Rachel, Jacob's favored wife, which added to his special status. The mention of Jacob's old age emphasizes the long-awaited fulfillment of his desire for a son from Rachel, further intensifying his affection for Joseph. This detail also underscores the miraculous nature of Joseph's birth, as it occurred when Jacob was advanced in years, reminiscent of other biblical figures like Isaac, who was born to Abraham and Sarah in their old age.

so he made him a robe of many colors
The robe, often translated as a "coat of many colors" or a "richly ornamented robe," symbolizes Joseph's favored status and possibly a position of authority within the family. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, such garments were typically worn by nobility or those in positions of honor. The robe becomes a focal point of the brothers' jealousy and a catalyst for the events that follow, including Joseph's eventual sale into slavery. This garment can also be seen as a type of Christ, foreshadowing Jesus' own rejection by His brethren and His ultimate exaltation. The robe's significance is further highlighted in its connection to the broader narrative of Joseph's life, which parallels the story of redemption and divine providence.

When Joseph’s brothers saw that their father loved him more than any of them
This phrase highlights the familial tension and favoritism that existed within Jacob's family. Jacob's preference for Joseph is evident through the "coat of many colors" (Genesis 37:3), a symbol of special favor. This favoritism echoes earlier family dynamics, such as Isaac's preference for Esau over Jacob (Genesis 25:28). The cultural context of the time placed significant importance on the firstborn son, yet Joseph, the eleventh son, received preferential treatment, which was countercultural and likely exacerbated the brothers' resentment. This favoritism foreshadows the division and conflict that will arise within the family.

they hated him
The hatred of Joseph's brothers is a direct result of the favoritism shown by Jacob. This animosity is not just personal but also reflects the broader theme of sibling rivalry found throughout Genesis, such as Cain and Abel (Genesis 4:8) and Esau and Jacob (Genesis 27:41). The Hebrew word for "hated" indicates a deep-seated enmity, suggesting that this was not a fleeting emotion but a persistent and growing hostility. This hatred sets the stage for the brothers' later actions against Joseph, which are pivotal in the unfolding of God's plan for Israel.

and could not speak a kind word to him
The inability to speak kindly to Joseph underscores the depth of the brothers' animosity. In the cultural context, speech was a powerful tool for both blessing and cursing, and the absence of kind words indicates a complete breakdown in familial relationships. This phrase also highlights the isolation Joseph experienced within his own family, a theme that resonates with the suffering servant motif found in Isaiah 53. Joseph's experience can be seen as a type of Christ, who was also rejected by His own (John 1:11) and suffered unjustly. The brothers' inability to speak kindly foreshadows their betrayal and the subsequent trials Joseph will endure, which ultimately lead to the preservation of the family and the fulfillment of God's covenant promises.

Then Joseph had a dream
Dreams in the biblical context often serve as a means of divine communication. Joseph's dreams are prophetic, foreshadowing his future rise to power and the eventual bowing of his family before him. Dreams were significant in ancient Near Eastern cultures, often seen as messages from the divine. Joseph's ability to interpret dreams later becomes a key element in his life, paralleling the role of Daniel in the Babylonian court.

and when he told it to his brothers
Joseph's decision to share his dream with his brothers reflects his youthful naivety and perhaps a lack of awareness of their growing animosity. In the cultural context, sharing such a dream could be seen as boastful, especially given the implications of his family bowing to him. This act sets the stage for the unfolding family dynamics and tension.

they hated him even more
The brothers' hatred is compounded by Joseph's favored status with their father, Jacob, and the special coat he received, symbolizing his father's preference. This hatred is a critical element in the narrative, leading to their betrayal of Joseph. The theme of sibling rivalry is prevalent in Genesis, echoing earlier stories such as Cain and Abel, and Jacob and Esau. This animosity also serves as a backdrop for the eventual reconciliation and redemption narrative, which is a type of Christ's forgiveness and reconciliation with humanity.

He said to them
Joseph, the speaker, is addressing his brothers. This moment is significant in the narrative of Joseph, a key figure in the history of Israel. Joseph is the eleventh son of Jacob, also known as Israel, and the firstborn of Rachel. His relationship with his brothers is strained due to Jacob's favoritism towards him, symbolized by the coat of many colors. This favoritism sets the stage for the events that follow, including the brothers' jealousy and eventual betrayal.

“Listen to this dream I had:
Dreams in the ancient Near East were often considered messages from God or the gods, and Joseph's dreams are no exception. They play a crucial role in the unfolding of God's plan for Joseph and his family. This particular dream is the first of two that Joseph shares with his brothers, both of which foreshadow his future rise to power and the eventual bowing of his family before him. The act of sharing the dream indicates Joseph's youthful naivety or perhaps a sense of divine purpose. Dreams are a recurring theme in Joseph's life, as seen later when he interprets the dreams of Pharaoh's cupbearer and baker, and eventually Pharaoh himself, leading to his rise to power in Egypt. This dream also prefigures the prophetic nature of dreams in the Bible, as seen in the lives of Daniel and others.

We were binding sheaves of grain in the field
This phrase sets the scene in an agricultural context, common in ancient Near Eastern societies. Binding sheaves was a typical activity during harvest time, indicating a time of productivity and provision. The field represents the world or the sphere of human activity. In biblical symbolism, fields often denote places of labor and divine provision (Matthew 13:38). The act of binding sheaves can also symbolize gathering and preparation, hinting at future events where Joseph's role in gathering and providing for his family becomes crucial during the famine in Egypt (Genesis 41:56-57).

and suddenly my sheaf rose and stood upright
Joseph's sheaf rising and standing upright symbolizes his future elevation and authority over his brothers. This imagery foreshadows Joseph's rise to power in Egypt, where he becomes second only to Pharaoh (Genesis 41:40-41). The suddenness of the sheaf's rising suggests divine intervention and the unexpected nature of God's plans. This can be seen as a type of Christ, who was also unexpectedly exalted and given authority (Philippians 2:9-11).

while your sheaves gathered around and bowed down to mine.
The act of the brothers' sheaves bowing down to Joseph's sheaf prefigures the fulfillment of Joseph's dreams when his brothers come to Egypt and bow before him, seeking grain during the famine (Genesis 42:6). This imagery of bowing signifies submission and acknowledgment of authority. It also reflects the theme of God's sovereignty and the reversal of human expectations, as the younger brother is exalted over the older ones. This theme is echoed in the life of Jesus, who, though rejected by His own, is ultimately recognized as Lord (John 1:11, Revelation 5:13-14).

“Do you intend to reign over us?” his brothers asked.
This question reflects the deep-seated jealousy and animosity Joseph's brothers felt towards him. In the ancient Near Eastern context, dreams were often considered divine messages, and Joseph's dreams suggested a future where he would have authority over his family. This was culturally provocative, as the eldest son typically held the position of leadership. The brothers' question underscores their disbelief and resentment towards the idea of Joseph, the second youngest, assuming such a role. This foreshadows the eventual fulfillment of Joseph's dreams when he becomes a powerful leader in Egypt, as seen in Genesis 42:6-9.

“Will you actually rule us?”
The repetition of the question emphasizes the incredulity and scorn of Joseph's brothers. The Hebrew word for "rule" here suggests dominion and governance, which was a direct challenge to the established family hierarchy. This phrase also prophetically points to Joseph's future role as a ruler in Egypt, where he would indeed have authority over his brothers during the famine. This scenario is a type of Christ, who was also rejected by His own (John 1:11) but later exalted to a position of authority.

So they hated him even more because of his dream and his statements.
The brothers' hatred is intensified by Joseph's dreams and his willingness to share them. This animosity sets the stage for their later actions against him, including selling him into slavery. The dreams are a key element in God's providential plan, illustrating how God can use human sinfulness to achieve His purposes. This hatred and subsequent betrayal parallel the experience of Jesus, who was also despised and rejected by those He came to save (Isaiah 53:3). The narrative highlights themes of envy, divine sovereignty, and redemption, which are central to the biblical story.

Then Joseph had another dream
Joseph's dreams are significant as they are prophetic revelations from God. Dreams in the ancient Near East were often considered messages from the divine. Joseph's ability to receive and interpret dreams foreshadows his future role in Egypt. This dream is a continuation of God's plan for Joseph, indicating his future rise to prominence.

and told it to his brothers.
Joseph's decision to share his dream with his brothers, despite their previous jealousy, highlights his youthful naivety or perhaps a sense of divine compulsion. His brothers' animosity is deepened by these revelations, setting the stage for their betrayal. This act of sharing dreams can be seen as a catalyst for the events that lead Joseph to Egypt.

“Look,” he said, “I had another dream,
The repetition of dreams emphasizes their importance and certainty. In biblical narratives, God often confirms His plans through repetition. Joseph's insistence on sharing the dream suggests a confidence in its divine origin and significance.

and this time the sun and moon and eleven stars were bowing down to me.”
The imagery of the sun, moon, and stars is symbolic. The sun and moon likely represent Joseph's father and mother, while the eleven stars symbolize his brothers. This dream indicates Joseph's future authority over his family, which is fulfilled when they come to Egypt during the famine. The celestial imagery also connects to biblical themes of God's sovereignty and order. This dream can be seen as a type of Christ, who is exalted above all and before whom every knee will bow, as described in Philippians 2:10.

He told his father and brothers
Joseph shared his dream with his family, which was a common practice in ancient cultures where dreams were often seen as significant and sometimes prophetic. This act of sharing indicates Joseph's youthful naivety and perhaps a lack of awareness of the potential impact of his words on his already strained family relationships.

but his father rebuked him
Jacob's rebuke reflects a protective and corrective response, possibly to prevent further discord among his sons. It also shows Jacob's initial skepticism or disbelief, despite his own experiences with divine dreams and visions. This rebuke may also indicate Jacob's concern for family unity and the potential for jealousy among the brothers.

and said, “What is this dream that you have had?
Jacob questions the nature and source of Joseph's dream, which suggests a level of incredulity. In the cultural context, dreams were often considered messages from God, yet Jacob's question implies doubt about the dream's divine origin or its interpretation.

Will your mother and brothers and I actually come
This phrase highlights the familial hierarchy and the cultural norms of the time, where parents and elder siblings were respected and revered. The mention of "your mother" is intriguing, as Rachel, Joseph's biological mother, had already passed away. This could refer to Leah or Bilhah, who may have taken on a maternal role, or it could be a collective reference to the family unit.

and bow down to the ground before you?”
Bowing down signifies submission and honor, which would have been culturally shocking for a father and elder brothers to do before the youngest son. This foreshadows the future events in Egypt where Joseph's family does indeed bow before him, fulfilling the dream. This act of bowing also serves as a type of Christ, where Jesus, though initially rejected, is ultimately exalted and acknowledged by all.

And his brothers were jealous of him
The jealousy of Joseph's brothers is rooted in the favoritism shown by their father, Jacob, who gave Joseph a richly ornamented robe. This favoritism is a recurring theme in Genesis, as seen in the relationships between Isaac and Ishmael, and Jacob and Esau. Jealousy among siblings is a common human experience, but here it foreshadows the future conflict and suffering Joseph will endure. This jealousy is a catalyst for the events that lead to Joseph's eventual rise to power in Egypt, which is part of God's sovereign plan to preserve the family of Israel during a future famine.

but his father kept in mind what he had said
Jacob, also known as Israel, reflects on Joseph's dreams, which suggest that Joseph will have a position of authority over his family. This phrase indicates that Jacob, despite his initial rebuke of Joseph, recognizes the potential significance of the dreams. This is reminiscent of Mary, the mother of Jesus, who "treasured up all these things and pondered them in her heart" (Luke 2:19) regarding the prophecies about Jesus. Jacob's contemplation suggests an awareness of God's hand in the unfolding events, even if he does not fully understand them. This foreshadows the eventual fulfillment of Joseph's dreams when his brothers bow to him in Egypt, illustrating God's providential plan.

Some time later
This phrase indicates a passage of time since the previous events, where Joseph had shared his dreams with his brothers, causing jealousy and animosity. It suggests a transition in the narrative, moving from the familial tensions to the unfolding of God's plan for Joseph's life.

Joseph’s brothers had gone
The brothers' departure signifies a separation from Joseph, setting the stage for the events that will lead to Joseph's journey to Egypt. This separation is crucial for the unfolding of God's providential plan, as it allows for the circumstances that will lead to Joseph's eventual rise to power.

to pasture their father’s flocks
Shepherding was a common occupation in ancient Israel, reflecting the pastoral lifestyle of the patriarchs. The brothers' role as shepherds underscores their responsibility within the family and their connection to the land. This task also highlights the agrarian society in which they lived, where livestock was a primary source of wealth and sustenance.

near Shechem
Shechem holds significant historical and biblical importance. It was a central city in Canaan and a place of earlier events in Genesis, such as Abraham's first altar to God and the violent incident involving Dinah and the Shechemites. The mention of Shechem may evoke memories of past family conflicts and foreshadow future tensions. Geographically, Shechem was located in a fertile valley, making it a suitable location for pasturing flocks.

Israel said to him
This phrase refers to Jacob, who was renamed Israel after wrestling with God (Genesis 32:28). As the patriarch of the family, Israel's words carry authority and significance. His relationship with Joseph is particularly close, as Joseph is the son of his beloved wife Rachel. This sets the stage for the unfolding events, highlighting the familial dynamics and favoritism that contribute to the brothers' jealousy.

“Are not your brothers pasturing the flocks at Shechem?”
Shechem is a significant location in biblical history. It is where God first promised the land to Abraham (Genesis 12:6-7) and where Jacob's sons previously avenged their sister Dinah (Genesis 34). The mention of Shechem may evoke memories of past violence and tension, foreshadowing the conflict that will arise. The brothers' presence there suggests they are engaged in their pastoral duties, a common occupation in ancient Near Eastern culture.

Get ready; I am sending you to them.”
Israel's directive to Joseph indicates trust and responsibility, as he is tasked with checking on his brothers' welfare. This journey will set in motion a series of events leading to Joseph's eventual rise in Egypt. The act of sending Joseph can be seen as a type of Christ, who was sent by the Father to His brethren, ultimately leading to salvation through suffering.

“I am ready,” Joseph replied.
Joseph's response demonstrates obedience and willingness, traits that are consistently seen throughout his life. His readiness to serve his father mirrors the obedience of Christ to the will of the Father. This phrase also highlights Joseph's innocence and naivety, as he is unaware of the danger that awaits him. His willingness to go foreshadows his future role as a leader and savior for his family during the famine.

Then Israel told him,
Israel, formerly known as Jacob, is the patriarch of the twelve tribes of Israel. His name change signifies his role as the father of a nation. This moment highlights the familial dynamics and favoritism that play a significant role in Joseph's story. Israel's directive to Joseph sets the stage for the unfolding events that lead to Joseph's eventual rise in Egypt.

“Go now and see how your brothers and the flocks are faring,
This request reflects the pastoral lifestyle of the time, where tending to flocks was a primary occupation. It also underscores the responsibility and trust placed on Joseph, despite the tension with his brothers. The task of checking on the welfare of the brothers and the flocks indicates the importance of family and livestock in their society.

and bring word back to me.”
Israel's desire for a report suggests a lack of trust or concern for the well-being of his other sons. This request foreshadows the role of Joseph as a messenger and intermediary, a role he will later fulfill in Egypt. It also hints at the communication issues within the family, which contribute to the unfolding drama.

So he sent him off from the Valley of Hebron.
The Valley of Hebron is significant as a historical and spiritual location. It is one of the oldest cities in the region and is associated with the patriarchs, including Abraham. This setting connects Joseph's story to the broader narrative of God's covenant with Abraham and his descendants.

And when Joseph arrived in Shechem,
Shechem is a city with a complex history, known for its earlier association with Jacob and his family (Genesis 34). It is a place of both promise and conflict, symbolizing the challenges Joseph will face. The journey from Hebron to Shechem marks the beginning of Joseph's trials and his path to fulfilling God's plan for his life.

a man found him wandering in the field
Joseph, sent by his father Jacob to check on his brothers, is found by an unnamed man. This encounter highlights divine providence, as the man directs Joseph to his brothers, setting in motion the events leading to his eventual rise in Egypt. The field represents a place of searching and uncertainty, symbolizing Joseph's initial lack of direction. This moment foreshadows Joseph's journey from being lost to becoming a leader. The anonymity of the man suggests he could be an angelic figure or a divine messenger, similar to other biblical instances where God uses unnamed individuals to guide His people (e.g., Genesis 18:2, Hebrews 13:2).

and asked, “What are you looking for?”
The question posed to Joseph is both literal and metaphorical. Literally, it addresses Joseph's search for his brothers. Metaphorically, it reflects a deeper quest for purpose and identity, themes prevalent throughout Joseph's life. This question can be seen as a divine prompt, encouraging Joseph to pursue his God-given destiny. It echoes God's inquiries to individuals throughout Scripture, such as His question to Adam, "Where are you?" (Genesis 3:9), inviting introspection and reflection on one's spiritual journey. This moment also prefigures Jesus' mission to seek and save the lost (Luke 19:10), as Joseph's search leads to the salvation of his family and many others during the famine.

I am looking for my brothers,
Joseph's search for his brothers highlights his obedience to his father Jacob's request, demonstrating familial duty and responsibility. This phrase also foreshadows the theme of seeking and finding, which is prevalent throughout the Bible, such as in the parables of the lost sheep and the prodigal son. Joseph's journey to find his brothers can be seen as a type of Christ, who came to seek and save the lost.

Joseph replied.
Joseph's response indicates his willingness to engage with others and his openness to guidance. This reflects his character as someone who is approachable and humble, traits that are later seen in his leadership in Egypt. Joseph's interactions with others often lead to significant developments in his life, much like how Jesus' interactions with individuals often led to transformative events.

Can you please tell me
This polite request shows Joseph's respectful nature and his reliance on others for assistance. It underscores the importance of community and communication in achieving one's goals. The humility in asking for help is a recurring biblical theme, as seen in Proverbs 11:14, which emphasizes the value of seeking counsel.

where they are pasturing their flocks?
The mention of pasturing flocks situates the narrative in a pastoral, agrarian context, typical of the patriarchal period. Shepherding was a common occupation, and it symbolizes care and guidance, themes that resonate throughout Scripture. The imagery of shepherding is later used to describe Jesus as the Good Shepherd in John 10:11, drawing a parallel between Joseph's role in his family and Christ's role in the Church.

“They have moved on from here,” the man answered.
This phrase indicates a change in location, which is significant in the narrative of Joseph. The man who speaks to Joseph is unnamed, suggesting divine providence guiding Joseph's journey. This encounter is a pivotal moment, as it sets Joseph on the path that leads to his eventual enslavement in Egypt. The movement of Joseph's brothers reflects their nomadic lifestyle, common in the patriarchal period, where herding and seeking pasture were essential for survival.

“I heard them say, ‘Let us go to Dothan.’”
Dothan is a location in the northern part of ancient Israel, known for its fertile land and strategic position on trade routes. This area is mentioned again in 2 Kings 6:13-17, where Elisha's servant sees the heavenly army. The choice of Dothan by Joseph's brothers may indicate their search for better grazing land. The mention of Dothan also foreshadows Joseph's sale into slavery, as it was near major trade routes to Egypt, facilitating the Ishmaelites' purchase of Joseph.

So Joseph set out after his brothers and found them at Dothan.
Joseph's determination to find his brothers demonstrates his obedience to his father, Jacob, and his commitment to family duties. This journey to Dothan is a critical turning point in Joseph's life, leading to his betrayal and eventual rise to power in Egypt. The narrative highlights themes of divine sovereignty and human agency, as Joseph's actions, though seemingly mundane, are part of God's larger plan. Joseph's experience can be seen as a type of Christ, who was also sent by His Father, faced betrayal, and ultimately brought salvation.

Now Joseph’s brothers saw him in the distance
Joseph's brothers were tending their father's flocks in Dothan, a location approximately 13 miles north of Shechem. This area was known for its pastures and trade routes. The brothers' ability to see Joseph from afar suggests the open landscape typical of the region. Joseph's distinctive coat, a symbol of his father's favoritism, likely made him recognizable from a distance. This moment foreshadows the unfolding of God's providential plan, as Joseph's journey to his brothers sets in motion events that will lead to the fulfillment of his earlier dreams (Genesis 37:5-11).

and before he arrived
The anticipation of Joseph's arrival indicates the brothers' premeditated thoughts and emotions. Their actions were not impulsive but rather a culmination of deep-seated jealousy and resentment. This moment highlights the human tendency to harbor grudges and the destructive power of envy, which is warned against in scriptures such as James 3:16.

they plotted to kill him
The brothers' conspiracy to kill Joseph reflects the severity of their animosity. This act of plotting is reminiscent of Cain's murder of Abel (Genesis 4:8), showcasing the recurring theme of sibling rivalry and violence in Genesis. The brothers' plan also serves as a type of Christ, as Joseph, the beloved son, is rejected and betrayed by his own, paralleling Jesus' rejection by His people (John 1:11). This plot, however, is ultimately thwarted by God's sovereign plan, which uses human evil to bring about His purposes, as seen in Joseph's eventual rise to power in Egypt and the preservation of his family during famine (Genesis 50:20).

Here comes that dreamer!
This phrase is spoken by Joseph's brothers as they see him approaching. Joseph was known for his dreams, which he shared with his family, indicating that he would one day rule over them. These dreams are recorded earlier in Genesis 37:5-11. The term "dreamer" is used here with a tone of mockery and disdain, reflecting the brothers' jealousy and resentment. Dreams in the ancient Near East were often considered significant, sometimes seen as divine messages. Joseph's dreams were prophetic, foreshadowing his future rise to power in Egypt and the eventual fulfillment of God's promises to Abraham's descendants.

they said to one another.
This indicates a collective sentiment among the brothers, highlighting their unity in opposition to Joseph. The brothers' conspiracy against Joseph is a pivotal moment in the narrative, setting the stage for his eventual sale into slavery and subsequent rise to power in Egypt. This phrase also reflects the theme of sibling rivalry, a recurring motif in Genesis, seen in the stories of Cain and Abel, Isaac and Ishmael, and Jacob and Esau. The brothers' actions, driven by jealousy and hatred, contrast with Joseph's later forgiveness and reconciliation, illustrating themes of redemption and divine providence.

Come now, let us kill him
This phrase reflects the deep-seated jealousy and animosity Joseph's brothers harbored against him. Joseph was favored by their father, Jacob, which fueled their resentment. This act of plotting murder highlights the severity of their hatred. In biblical context, this mirrors the story of Cain and Abel, where jealousy led to fratricide. It also foreshadows the rejection and eventual crucifixion of Jesus Christ, who was also despised by those He came to save.

and throw him into one of the pits.
The "pits" refer to cisterns or dry wells common in the region, used to collect rainwater. These pits were often deep and difficult to escape from, making them suitable for imprisoning someone. This act of casting Joseph into a pit symbolizes the depths of betrayal and abandonment. It prefigures Christ's descent into the grave and His subsequent resurrection, as Joseph's eventual rise to power in Egypt mirrors Christ's victory over death.

We can say that a vicious animal has devoured him.
This deception planned by Joseph's brothers is significant in its attempt to cover up their sin. The use of a "vicious animal" as an excuse is ironic, as it reflects their own beastly behavior. This lie parallels the deceit of Satan, the "father of lies," and the false accusations brought against Jesus. It also underscores the theme of sin leading to further sin, as the brothers' initial jealousy spirals into a web of deceit.

Then we shall see what becomes of his dreams!
Joseph's dreams, which foretold his rise to prominence and his brothers bowing to him, were a source of their envy. This statement is filled with sarcasm and disbelief, as the brothers sought to thwart God's revealed plan. However, their actions inadvertently set the stage for the fulfillment of those dreams. This reflects the biblical principle that God's purposes prevail despite human opposition, as seen in Romans 8:28. Joseph's story is a type of Christ, who was also rejected and yet fulfilled God's redemptive plan through His suffering and exaltation.

When Reuben heard this
Reuben, the eldest son of Jacob, overhears the brothers' plot against Joseph. As the firstborn, Reuben holds a position of responsibility and authority among his siblings. His actions here may reflect a sense of duty to protect his younger brother. This moment highlights the family dynamics and tensions, as Reuben's intervention contrasts with the brothers' jealousy and animosity towards Joseph.

he tried to rescue Joseph from their hands
Reuben's attempt to save Joseph indicates a desire to prevent bloodshed and maintain family unity. This act of intervention can be seen as a foreshadowing of later biblical themes of redemption and deliverance. Reuben's actions may also reflect his awareness of the consequences of fratricide, both morally and in terms of familial repercussions.

“Let us not take his life,” he said
Reuben's plea to spare Joseph's life underscores the sanctity of life, a principle that resonates throughout Scripture. His suggestion to avoid murder aligns with the broader biblical narrative that values life and seeks to prevent unnecessary violence. This moment can be seen as a precursor to the Mosaic Law, which later codifies the prohibition against murder. Reuben's words also echo the theme of mercy, which is a recurring motif in the Bible and is ultimately embodied in the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

Do not shed his blood.
Reuben, the eldest son of Jacob, intervenes to prevent his brothers from killing Joseph. This phrase reflects the biblical principle of the sanctity of life, as seen in Genesis 9:6, where God establishes the value of human life. Reuben's suggestion aligns with the moral law against murder, which is later codified in the Ten Commandments (Exodus 20:13).

Throw him into this pit in the wilderness,
The pit, likely a dry cistern, symbolizes a place of abandonment and despair. The wilderness setting emphasizes isolation and danger, common themes in biblical narratives where God often tests or refines His people. This act foreshadows Joseph's later imprisonment in Egypt, serving as a type of Christ's burial and subsequent resurrection.

but do not lay a hand on him.
Reuben's insistence on not harming Joseph physically highlights his attempt to protect his brother, despite the brothers' jealousy and hatred. This phrase underscores the theme of divine providence, as God uses Reuben's intervention to preserve Joseph for his future role in God's plan, similar to how God preserves His chosen servants throughout Scripture.

Reuben said this so that he could rescue Joseph from their hands
Reuben's intention to rescue Joseph reveals his sense of responsibility as the eldest son. This act of protection can be seen as a precursor to the role of a kinsman-redeemer, a concept later developed in the story of Boaz and Ruth. Reuben's plan reflects the biblical theme of redemption and deliverance.

and return him to his father.
Reuben's desire to restore Joseph to Jacob highlights the importance of family unity and reconciliation, themes prevalent throughout the Bible. This act anticipates the eventual reconciliation between Joseph and his brothers, mirroring the reconciliation between humanity and God through Christ. The return to the father also symbolizes spiritual restoration and the joy of reunion, as seen in the parable of the prodigal son (Luke 15:11-32).

So when Joseph came to his brothers
Joseph, the favored son of Jacob, was sent by his father to check on his brothers who were tending flocks in Shechem. This journey highlights Joseph's obedience and trust in his father, despite the animosity his brothers held against him. The brothers' location in Dothan, a significant distance from Hebron, suggests a deliberate move away from their father's oversight, possibly indicating their rebellious nature. This moment foreshadows the fulfillment of Joseph's earlier dreams, where his brothers' actions set the stage for God's providential plan.

they stripped him of his robe
The act of stripping Joseph of his robe symbolizes the brothers' deep-seated jealousy and resentment. The robe, a gift from Jacob, represented Joseph's favored status and the special love his father had for him. By removing it, the brothers sought to strip Joseph of his identity and the favor he held. This act of violence is a precursor to the suffering and trials Joseph would endure, paralleling the suffering of Christ, who was also stripped of his garments before His crucifixion.

the robe of many colors he was wearing
The robe of many colors, often interpreted as a richly ornamented tunic, signifies the unique position Joseph held in his family. This garment set him apart, not only as Jacob's favorite but also as a symbol of authority and future leadership. The robe's removal is a pivotal moment, marking the beginning of Joseph's journey from favored son to a position of power in Egypt. This event can be seen as a type of Christ, who, though stripped of His earthly glory, was exalted to a position of authority and honor. The robe also connects to the theme of garments throughout Scripture, symbolizing righteousness, identity, and divine favor.

and they took him
This phrase indicates the physical act of Joseph's brothers seizing him. It reflects the culmination of their jealousy and animosity towards Joseph, which had been building due to his favored status with their father, Jacob, and his dreams that suggested he would rule over them (Genesis 37:5-11). This act of taking Joseph can be seen as a betrayal, similar to how Jesus was betrayed by Judas (Matthew 26:14-16).

and threw him into the pit
The pit, or cistern, was likely a dry well or storage for water, common in the region. This act of throwing Joseph into the pit symbolizes rejection and abandonment. It foreshadows the suffering and isolation that Joseph would endure, paralleling the suffering of Christ, who was also rejected by His own people (John 1:11). The pit can also be seen as a metaphor for death and resurrection, as Joseph is later "raised" from the pit, akin to Christ's resurrection.

Now the pit was empty,
The emptiness of the pit emphasizes the severity of Joseph's situation. There was no water or sustenance, highlighting his vulnerability and the brothers' callousness. This emptiness can be seen as a symbol of desolation and despair, akin to the spiritual emptiness that humanity faces without God's intervention. It also underscores the miraculous nature of Joseph's eventual deliverance, as there was no natural means of escape.

with no water in it
The detail of the pit having no water is significant, as it indicates that Joseph was not only abandoned but also left without basic necessities for survival. Water is often symbolic of life and sustenance in the Bible (John 4:14), and its absence here underscores the dire nature of Joseph's predicament. This detail also serves to highlight God's providence, as Joseph's survival and eventual rise to power demonstrate God's sovereignty and faithfulness, even in seemingly hopeless situations.

And as they sat down to eat a meal
This phrase highlights the callousness of Joseph's brothers, who, after throwing him into a pit, are indifferent enough to sit down and eat. This act of eating while their brother is in distress underscores their lack of compassion and foreshadows their later actions. In biblical culture, sharing a meal often signifies fellowship and peace, yet here it is marked by betrayal and indifference.

they looked up and saw a caravan of Ishmaelites coming from Gilead
The Ishmaelites, descendants of Ishmael, Abraham's son with Hagar, are traders traveling from Gilead, a region known for its balm and spices. This connection to Ishmael highlights the ongoing narrative of family divisions and tensions that trace back to Abraham. Gilead's location east of the Jordan River was known for its medicinal products, indicating the trade routes and economic activities of the time.

Their camels were carrying spices, balm, and myrrh
These goods were valuable trade items in the ancient Near East. Spices and myrrh were used for anointing and embalming, while balm was a healing ointment. The mention of these items not only provides historical context about trade practices but also foreshadows the later use of myrrh in the burial of Jesus (John 19:39), drawing a typological connection between Joseph and Christ.

on their way down to Egypt
Egypt serves as a significant location in biblical history, often representing a place of both refuge and bondage. Joseph's journey to Egypt sets the stage for the Israelites' eventual enslavement and the Exodus. This movement towards Egypt also prefigures the flight of Jesus' family to Egypt to escape Herod's massacre (Matthew 2:13-15), further linking Joseph's story to the life of Christ.

Then Judah said to his brothers
Judah, the fourth son of Jacob and Leah, emerges as a leader among his brothers. This moment foreshadows his future prominence, as the tribe of Judah becomes central in Israel's history, eventually leading to the Davidic line and the birth of Jesus Christ. Judah's role here is pivotal, as he suggests an alternative to murder, showing a mix of pragmatism and moral consideration.

What profit will we gain
The question of profit reflects the brothers' materialistic and self-serving mindset. In the ancient Near Eastern context, familial loyalty was paramount, yet here, financial gain is considered over fraternal bonds. This phrase highlights the moral decline within Jacob's family, setting the stage for their eventual redemption and reconciliation.

if we kill our brother
The intent to kill Joseph reveals the depth of the brothers' jealousy and hatred. This act would have been a grave sin, violating the sanctity of life as established in Genesis 9:6. The phrase underscores the severity of their initial plan and the potential for fratricide, echoing the story of Cain and Abel.

and cover up his blood?
The idea of covering up blood alludes to the biblical principle that bloodshed cries out for justice, as seen in Genesis 4:10. This phrase suggests an awareness of guilt and the need to conceal wrongdoing, reflecting the brothers' internal conflict. It also foreshadows the eventual exposure of their sin, as hidden sins are often revealed in biblical narratives.

Come, let us sell him to the Ishmaelites
This phrase reflects the decision of Joseph's brothers to sell him rather than kill him. The Ishmaelites were descendants of Ishmael, Abraham's son with Hagar, and were known as traders. This decision shows a shift from murder to profit, highlighting the brothers' greed and lack of compassion. The Ishmaelites' presence indicates the trade routes that passed through Canaan, connecting it to Egypt and other regions. This act of selling Joseph foreshadows the betrayal and sale of Jesus for thirty pieces of silver (Matthew 26:15).

and not lay a hand on him;
The brothers' decision not to harm Joseph physically is a moment of restraint, possibly influenced by Reuben's earlier plea to spare his life (Genesis 37:21-22). This reflects a tension between their jealousy and a lingering sense of familial duty. The phrase also echoes the biblical principle of God's sovereignty and protection over His chosen ones, as seen in the lives of other patriarchs.

for he is our brother, our own flesh.”
This acknowledgment of Joseph as their brother and flesh highlights the familial bond that should have protected him. It underscores the moral and ethical failure of the brothers, who allow envy to override their natural affection. This phrase also points to the broader biblical theme of the sanctity of family and the consequences of fraternal betrayal, as seen in the story of Cain and Abel (Genesis 4).

And they agreed.
The brothers' agreement signifies a collective decision, showing their unity in wrongdoing. This consensus among the brothers illustrates the power of group dynamics in leading individuals to commit acts they might not do alone. It also sets the stage for the unfolding of God's providential plan, as Joseph's journey to Egypt becomes a crucial part of Israel's history and God's redemptive narrative.

So when the Midianite traders passed by
The Midianites were descendants of Midian, a son of Abraham by Keturah (Genesis 25:1-2). They were a nomadic people known for trading, often traveling in caravans. This context highlights the interconnectedness of Abraham's descendants and sets the stage for Joseph's journey to Egypt, a pivotal moment in biblical history.

his brothers pulled Joseph out of the pit
Joseph's brothers had initially thrown him into a pit, intending to leave him there to die (Genesis 37:24). This act of pulling him out signifies a change in their plan, influenced by Judah's suggestion to sell him instead (Genesis 37:26-27). The pit can be seen as a type of death and resurrection, prefiguring Christ's death and resurrection.

and sold him for twenty shekels of silver
The price of twenty shekels of silver was the typical value of a young male slave during this period. This transaction foreshadows the betrayal of Jesus Christ, who was sold for thirty pieces of silver (Matthew 26:15). The act of selling Joseph by his own brothers highlights themes of betrayal and redemption.

to the Ishmaelites
The Ishmaelites, like the Midianites, were descendants of Abraham, through Ishmael (Genesis 16:15). The interchangeable use of "Midianites" and "Ishmaelites" in this passage reflects the close relationship and overlapping identities of these groups. This connection emphasizes the broader narrative of God's covenant with Abraham and its unfolding through his descendants.

who took him to Egypt
Egypt serves as a significant location in biblical history, often representing a place of both refuge and oppression. Joseph's journey to Egypt sets the stage for the eventual migration of Jacob's family there, leading to the Israelites' enslavement and subsequent Exodus. This movement to Egypt is part of God's sovereign plan, as later revealed in Genesis 50:20, where Joseph acknowledges God's purpose in his suffering.

When Reuben returned to the pit
Reuben, the eldest son of Jacob, had initially suggested throwing Joseph into the pit to rescue him later, intending to return him to their father. This reflects Reuben's attempt to assert his leadership and responsibility as the firstborn, despite his previous failings, such as his indiscretion with Bilhah (Genesis 35:22). The pit, likely a cistern, was a common feature in the arid regions of Canaan, used to collect rainwater. This setting underscores the desolation and danger Joseph faced, symbolizing the depths of betrayal by his brothers.

and saw that Joseph was not there,
Reuben's discovery that Joseph was missing indicates a significant turning point in the narrative. His absence from the pit foreshadows the unfolding of God's providential plan, despite human intentions. This moment connects to the broader biblical theme of God's sovereignty, as seen in Joseph's eventual rise to power in Egypt, which was part of God's plan to preserve the Israelites during famine (Genesis 50:20). The absence also highlights the brothers' deceit and the beginning of their guilt and fear, which will later be confronted when they meet Joseph in Egypt.

he tore his clothes,
Tearing one's clothes was a traditional expression of grief, distress, or repentance in ancient Near Eastern cultures, including among the Israelites. This act signifies Reuben's deep anguish and despair over the loss of Joseph, whom he had hoped to save. It also reflects the cultural practices of mourning, seen elsewhere in the Bible, such as when Jacob mourns Joseph (Genesis 37:34) and when Job laments his suffering (Job 1:20). Reuben's reaction foreshadows the eventual reconciliation and redemption themes that run throughout Joseph's story, as well as the broader narrative of Israel's history.

returned to his brothers
This phrase indicates Reuben's return to his siblings after discovering Joseph was missing from the pit. Reuben, the eldest son of Jacob, had initially planned to rescue Joseph and return him to their father. His return signifies a moment of leadership and responsibility, as the eldest son traditionally held a position of authority and accountability within the family structure. This moment also highlights the dynamics and tensions among the brothers, as Reuben's absence allowed the others to sell Joseph to the Ishmaelites.

and said, “The boy is gone!
Reuben's exclamation reveals his shock and distress upon finding the pit empty. The term "the boy" underscores Joseph's youth and vulnerability, emphasizing the gravity of the situation. This moment is pivotal, as it marks the beginning of Joseph's journey to Egypt, which is central to the unfolding narrative of God's providence and the eventual preservation of the Israelites. The phrase also foreshadows the brothers' deception of their father, Jacob, and the ensuing family turmoil.

What am I going to do?”
Reuben's question reflects his personal turmoil and fear of the consequences. As the eldest, he would bear the brunt of their father's grief and anger. This moment of desperation can be seen as a precursor to the later guilt and remorse the brothers experience, particularly when they face Joseph in Egypt. Reuben's question also highlights the theme of human responsibility and the moral dilemmas faced by individuals, a recurring theme throughout the Bible. This phrase connects to the broader narrative of redemption and forgiveness, as seen in Joseph's eventual reconciliation with his brothers.

Then they took Joseph’s robe
Joseph's robe, often referred to as the "coat of many colors," symbolizes his father's favoritism and the special status he held within the family. This garment becomes a focal point of his brothers' jealousy and resentment. The act of taking the robe signifies their intent to strip Joseph of his favored position. This robe is a tangible representation of Jacob's love, and its removal marks the beginning of Joseph's trials. The robe also foreshadows the stripping of Jesus' garments before His crucifixion, highlighting themes of betrayal and suffering.

slaughtered a young goat
The slaughtering of a young goat is significant in the biblical narrative. Goats were commonly used in sacrificial practices, and their blood was often associated with atonement and deception. This act of slaughtering a goat for deceitful purposes contrasts with the later use of goat blood in the Day of Atonement rituals (Leviticus 16). The use of a goat here also echoes the deception Jacob himself perpetrated on his father Isaac, using goat skins to mimic Esau's hairy arms (Genesis 27). This cyclical theme of deception within the family highlights the consequences of sin and deceit.

and dipped the robe in its blood
Dipping the robe in blood is a deliberate act to deceive their father, Jacob, into believing that Joseph has been killed by a wild animal. Blood in the Bible often symbolizes life and death, covenant, and sacrifice. This act of deception is a pivotal moment that sets the stage for Joseph's journey to Egypt and eventual rise to power. The imagery of blood-stained garments is later mirrored in Revelation 19:13, where Christ is described as wearing a robe dipped in blood, symbolizing His righteous judgment and victory. This connection underscores the themes of redemption and divine justice woven throughout the biblical narrative.

They sent the robe of many colors to their father
This phrase highlights the brothers' deceitful plan to convince Jacob of Joseph's supposed death. The "robe of many colors" is significant as it symbolizes Jacob's favoritism towards Joseph, which fueled the brothers' jealousy and hatred. The robe, a gift from Jacob, represented authority and special status within the family. The act of sending the robe, rather than delivering it personally, underscores the brothers' cowardice and guilt. This event takes place in the region of Hebron, where Jacob resided, a location with deep patriarchal roots, as it was also where Abraham and Isaac lived.

and said, “We found this.
The brothers' statement is deliberately vague and deceptive. By claiming they "found" the robe, they avoid directly lying about Joseph's fate, yet they imply a tragic end. This tactic reflects the human tendency to avoid direct confrontation with sin, reminiscent of Adam and Eve's evasion in Genesis 3. The brothers' actions are a stark contrast to the truthfulness expected in God's covenant community.

Examine it to see whether it is your son’s robe or not.”
The request for Jacob to "examine" the robe is manipulative, as the brothers know he will recognize it immediately. This phrase highlights their callousness and lack of empathy, as they exploit their father's love for Joseph. The use of "your son" rather than "our brother" distances them emotionally from Joseph, indicating their hardened hearts. This moment foreshadows the eventual recognition and reconciliation in Genesis 45, where Joseph reveals himself to his brothers. The deception here parallels the future deception of Jacob's descendants, the Israelites, who will face their own trials and need for repentance.

His father recognized it
Jacob, the father of Joseph, immediately identifies the robe as belonging to his beloved son. This recognition is significant as it highlights the special relationship between Jacob and Joseph, who was favored among his brothers (Genesis 37:3). The robe, a symbol of this favoritism, was a long-sleeved garment that set Joseph apart. The act of recognizing the robe also underscores the deceit of Joseph's brothers, who used it to convince their father of Joseph's supposed death.

and said, “It is my son’s robe!
Jacob's exclamation reveals his deep emotional connection to Joseph. The robe, a gift from Jacob, was a tangible representation of his love and preference for Joseph. This favoritism had previously fueled the jealousy and hatred of Joseph's brothers, leading to their betrayal. The robe's identification is a pivotal moment in the narrative, as it sets the stage for Jacob's profound grief and the unfolding of God's providential plan.

A vicious animal has devoured him.
Jacob's conclusion that a wild animal killed Joseph reflects the common dangers of the ancient Near Eastern landscape, where predators were a real threat to livestock and people. This assumption is based on the evidence presented by the brothers, who dipped the robe in goat's blood to deceive their father. The imagery of a wild beast devouring Joseph foreshadows the trials and tribulations Joseph will face in Egypt, yet also points to God's sovereignty in using these events for a greater purpose.

Joseph has surely been torn to pieces!”
Jacob's declaration of Joseph's fate is filled with despair and finality. The phrase "torn to pieces" evokes a violent and tragic end, which mirrors the emotional turmoil Jacob experiences. This moment of perceived loss is a turning point in the narrative, as it propels the story forward into Joseph's journey in Egypt. The imagery of being "torn" can also be seen as a type of Christ, who was metaphorically "torn" for the sins of humanity. Joseph's story, like Christ's, is one of suffering leading to eventual redemption and restoration.

Then Jacob tore his clothes
Tearing one's clothes was a traditional expression of deep grief and mourning in ancient Near Eastern cultures, including among the Israelites. This act symbolized the rending of the heart and the depth of emotional pain. In the biblical context, similar expressions of grief are seen in Job 1:20 and 2 Samuel 1:11. The tearing of clothes is a physical manifestation of inner turmoil and despair, often associated with loss or calamity.

put sackcloth around his waist
Sackcloth was a coarse, uncomfortable material typically made from goat's hair, worn as a sign of mourning or repentance. It was a public display of humility and sorrow. The use of sackcloth is seen throughout the Bible, such as in Jonah 3:6 and Esther 4:1, where it signifies a period of lamentation or penitence. This practice underscores the seriousness of the situation and the depth of Jacob's grief over the perceived loss of his son, Joseph.

and mourned for his son many days
The extended period of mourning indicates the profound love Jacob had for Joseph, his favored son. In the cultural context, mourning periods could vary, but the phrase "many days" suggests an intense and prolonged grief. This mourning is reminiscent of the deep sorrow expressed by David for Absalom in 2 Samuel 18:33. Jacob's mourning foreshadows the eventual reunion with Joseph, highlighting themes of loss and restoration. The narrative also points to the future suffering and eventual triumph of Jesus Christ, who was also deeply mourned by His followers.

All his sons and daughters tried to comfort him
In the context of Genesis 37, Jacob's sons have just deceived him into believing that Joseph, his favorite son, has been killed by a wild animal. The mention of "sons and daughters" indicates a family effort to console Jacob, highlighting the communal nature of family life in ancient Israel. This reflects the cultural importance of family unity and support during times of grief. The attempt to comfort Jacob also underscores the depth of his sorrow, as it is a collective effort that ultimately proves unsuccessful.

but he refused to be comforted
Jacob's refusal to be comforted demonstrates the profound depth of his grief. In the ancient Near Eastern culture, mourning was a significant and often prolonged process, but Jacob's reaction is particularly intense. This refusal can be seen as a reflection of his deep love for Joseph and the perceived finality of his loss. It also foreshadows the enduring nature of his sorrow, which will only be alleviated upon his eventual reunion with Joseph in Egypt.

“No,” he said. “I will go down to Sheol mourning for my son.”
Sheol, in the Hebrew Bible, is often understood as the realm of the dead, a place of darkness and silence. Jacob's statement indicates his belief that he will mourn Joseph until his own death, suggesting a lifelong grief. This phrase also reflects the ancient understanding of death and the afterlife, where Sheol was seen as a common destination for all, regardless of righteousness. Jacob's expression of mourning until death highlights the intensity of his despair and the perceived permanence of his loss.

So his father wept for him.
The act of weeping is a natural expression of grief and loss, and in the biblical narrative, it often signifies deep emotional pain. Jacob's weeping is a personal and poignant response to the loss of Joseph, emphasizing the human aspect of the patriarch's experience. This moment also serves as a narrative device to underscore the gravity of the brothers' deception and the resulting family tragedy. The weeping of Jacob can be seen as a type of Christ, who also wept over Jerusalem (Luke 19:41) and at the tomb of Lazarus (John 11:35), showing compassion and sorrow for the brokenness of the world.

Meanwhile, the Midianites sold Joseph in Egypt
The Midianites, descendants of Abraham through Keturah, were nomadic traders. Their involvement in selling Joseph highlights the ancient trade routes connecting Canaan and Egypt. This act of selling Joseph into slavery fulfills the earlier dreams Joseph had, setting the stage for his rise in Egypt. The sale of Joseph by the Midianites also foreshadows the betrayal and sale of Jesus for thirty pieces of silver, drawing a typological parallel between Joseph and Christ.

to Potiphar, an officer of Pharaoh
Potiphar is identified as an officer of Pharaoh, indicating his high status in Egyptian society. The name Potiphar means "he whom Ra has given," reflecting the Egyptian practice of naming individuals in honor of their gods. Potiphar's position as an officer suggests he was part of the royal court, which would have been a place of significant political and social influence. This connection to Pharaoh's court is crucial for the unfolding of God's plan, as it places Joseph in a position where he can eventually save his family and many others from famine.

and captain of the guard.
As captain of the guard, Potiphar held a significant military and security role, likely overseeing the protection of Pharaoh and the royal household. This position would have required trustworthiness and competence, indicating that Joseph was sold into a household of considerable power and responsibility. The role of captain of the guard also implies that Potiphar had authority over the prison where Joseph would later be held, setting the stage for Joseph's interactions with Pharaoh's officials. This aspect of the narrative underscores God's providence in placing Joseph in circumstances that would lead to the fulfillment of His promises to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.