Every high priest is appointed from among men
The role of the high priest in ancient Israel was established by God through Moses, as seen in Exodus 28:1. The high priest was chosen from the tribe of Levi, specifically from the descendants of Aaron. This appointment underscores the humanity of the high priest, emphasizing that he shares in the human condition and is able to empathize with those he represents. The high priest's humanity is crucial because it allows him to act as a mediator between God and the people, understanding their weaknesses and needs.

to represent them in matters relating to God
The high priest served as a mediator, a role that is central to the priestly function. This representation involved interceding on behalf of the people, bringing their concerns, sins, and needs before God. The high priest's role as a representative is a precursor to the ultimate mediation of Jesus Christ, who is described as the "one mediator between God and mankind" in 1 Timothy 2:5. This function highlights the necessity of a go-between who can bridge the gap between a holy God and sinful humanity.

to offer gifts and sacrifices for sins
The offering of gifts and sacrifices was a fundamental duty of the high priest, as outlined in Leviticus. These offerings included both voluntary gifts and mandatory sacrifices, such as sin offerings and burnt offerings, which were essential for atonement and maintaining the covenant relationship with God. The sacrificial system pointed forward to the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus Christ, who offered Himself once for all, as described in Hebrews 10:10. This phrase underscores the temporary and repetitive nature of the Old Testament sacrifices, which were ultimately fulfilled in the perfect and final sacrifice of Christ.

He is able to deal gently
This phrase highlights the compassionate nature of the high priest, reflecting the character of Jesus Christ. The Greek term used here implies a measured response, neither overly harsh nor overly lenient. This aligns with the role of a priest as a mediator who understands human frailty. In the Old Testament, priests like Aaron were expected to show compassion, as seen in Leviticus 16:21, where Aaron lays hands on the scapegoat, symbolizing the transfer of the people's sins.

with those who are ignorant and misguided
The reference to "ignorant and misguided" individuals points to those who sin unintentionally or out of lack of knowledge, as described in Leviticus 4:2. In the Jewish sacrificial system, there were specific offerings for unintentional sins, emphasizing God's provision for human weakness. This also connects to Jesus' prayer on the cross in Luke 23:34, "Father, forgive them, for they do not know what they are doing," illustrating His role as the ultimate high priest who intercedes for humanity.

since he himself is subject to weakness
This phrase underscores the humanity of the high priest, who shares in the same weaknesses as those he serves. In the context of Hebrews, this is a typology of Christ, who, though sinless, took on human form and experienced human limitations (Philippians 2:7-8). The high priest's own weaknesses made him empathetic, a quality that Jesus exemplified perfectly, as He was tempted in every way, just as we are, yet was without sin (Hebrews 4:15). This shared experience of weakness is crucial for the priest's ability to intercede effectively on behalf of the people.

That is why he is obligated
The phrase "he is obligated" refers to the high priest's duty under the Old Covenant. The high priest had a divinely appointed role, as outlined in Leviticus, to mediate between God and the people. This obligation was not optional but a requirement of his office, emphasizing the seriousness and responsibility of his position. The high priest's role was to ensure that the sacrificial system was maintained, which was central to the Israelites' relationship with God.

to offer sacrifices for his own sins
The high priest, being human, was also a sinner and needed to offer sacrifices for his own sins before he could intercede for the people. This requirement is detailed in Leviticus 16:6, where Aaron, the first high priest, is instructed to make atonement for himself and his household. This highlights the imperfection of the Levitical priesthood and foreshadows the need for a perfect high priest, which is fulfilled in Jesus Christ, who is sinless and does not need to offer sacrifices for Himself.

as well as for the sins of the people
The high priest's role extended beyond personal atonement to include the sins of the entire nation. This communal aspect of the sacrificial system is seen in the Day of Atonement rituals (Leviticus 16:15-16), where the high priest made atonement for the people of Israel. This practice underscores the collective nature of sin and the need for a mediator. In the New Testament, Jesus is presented as the ultimate high priest who offers Himself as the perfect sacrifice for the sins of all people, fulfilling and surpassing the Old Testament sacrificial system.

No one takes this honor upon himself;
This phrase emphasizes the divine calling and appointment necessary for the priesthood. In the context of the Old Testament, the priesthood was not a position one could assume by personal ambition or self-appointment. The role of a priest was a sacred duty, requiring a divine mandate. This principle underscores the importance of humility and submission to God's will, as seen in the lives of biblical figures like Moses and David, who were chosen by God for their roles.

he must be called by God,
The calling by God is a central theme in the Bible, highlighting God's sovereignty in choosing individuals for specific purposes. This divine calling is evident in the lives of prophets, kings, and apostles. For example, Jeremiah was called by God before he was born (Jeremiah 1:5), and the Apostle Paul was chosen to be an apostle to the Gentiles (Acts 9:15). This calling is not based on human merit but on God's purpose and grace.

just as Aaron was.
Aaron's appointment as the first high priest of Israel is a foundational example of divine calling. In Exodus 28:1, God specifically chose Aaron and his sons to serve as priests. This established a hereditary priesthood among the Levites, setting a precedent for the priestly office. Aaron's role as high priest also serves as a type of Christ, who is our ultimate High Priest, appointed by God to mediate between God and humanity (Hebrews 4:14-16). Aaron's priesthood foreshadows the perfect and eternal priesthood of Jesus, who was also called by God, as seen in Hebrews 5:5-6.

So also Christ did not take upon Himself the glory of becoming a high priest
This phrase emphasizes the humility and divine appointment of Christ. Unlike earthly priests who might seek honor or position, Christ did not assume this role for personal glory. This reflects the biblical principle that true leadership and priesthood are divinely appointed, not self-assumed. In the context of the Old Testament, the high priest was chosen by God, as seen in the selection of Aaron (Exodus 28:1). Christ's priesthood is superior and eternal, as He is appointed by God Himself, fulfilling the prophecy of a new priesthood in the order of Melchizedek (Psalm 110:4).

but He was called by the One who said to Him:
This indicates the divine calling and authority behind Christ's priesthood. The "One" refers to God the Father, highlighting the Trinitarian relationship and the divine plan of salvation. This calling is not based on human lineage or tradition, as was the case with the Levitical priesthood, but on God's sovereign will. It underscores the unique and eternal nature of Christ's priesthood, which is not subject to human limitations or succession.

“You are My Son;
This phrase is a direct quotation from Psalm 2:7, a messianic psalm that speaks of the anointed king, the Son of God. It affirms the divine sonship of Christ, a central theme in the New Testament, particularly in the Gospels and the writings of Paul. The title "Son" signifies a unique relationship with the Father, indicating both equality with God and submission to His will. This sonship is foundational to understanding Christ's authority and mission.

today I have become Your Father.”
The term "today" signifies a specific point in time, often interpreted as the resurrection or ascension of Christ, where His divine sonship and priesthood are publicly affirmed. This echoes the concept of "begotten" in the sense of being declared or manifested, rather than created. The phrase "I have become Your Father" emphasizes the eternal relationship and the fulfillment of God's redemptive plan through Christ. It connects to the broader biblical narrative of God's covenant promises and the establishment of a new covenant through Jesus, the ultimate High Priest.

And in another passage God says:
This phrase indicates a reference to the Old Testament, showing the continuity and fulfillment of Scripture in the New Testament. The author of Hebrews often uses Old Testament quotations to establish the authority and divine inspiration of the message. This particular reference is to Psalm 110:4, a messianic psalm that is frequently cited in the New Testament to affirm Jesus' priestly role. The use of "God says" underscores the belief in the divine origin of Scripture, emphasizing that these words are not merely human but are spoken by God Himself.

“You are a priest forever
This part of the verse highlights the eternal nature of Christ's priesthood. Unlike the Levitical priests, whose service was temporary and limited by their mortality, Jesus' priesthood is everlasting. This eternal aspect is crucial because it assures believers of a perpetual intercessor before God. The concept of a "priest forever" also points to the permanence and sufficiency of Christ's sacrificial work, which does not need to be repeated. This eternal priesthood fulfills the prophecy and promise of a new covenant, superior to the old.

in the order of Melchizedek.”
Melchizedek is a mysterious figure who appears in Genesis 14:18-20 as the king of Salem and priest of God Most High. His name means "king of righteousness," and he is also associated with peace, being the king of Salem (peace). Unlike the Levitical priesthood, Melchizedek's priesthood is not based on genealogy or the Law but on a divine appointment. This makes him a type of Christ, prefiguring Jesus' unique and superior priesthood. The order of Melchizedek signifies a priesthood that transcends the limitations of the Levitical system, offering a more perfect mediation between God and humanity. This connection is further explored in Hebrews 7, where the author elaborates on the significance of Melchizedek's priesthood in relation to Christ.

During the days of Jesus’ earthly life
This phrase refers to the period when Jesus lived as a human on earth, emphasizing His incarnation. It highlights His full participation in human experience, as seen in John 1:14, where the Word became flesh. This period includes His birth, ministry, crucifixion, and resurrection, fulfilling prophecies such as Isaiah 7:14 and Micah 5:2.

He offered up prayers and petitions
Jesus frequently prayed, demonstrating His dependence on the Father. This is evident in the Gospels, such as in Luke 5:16, where He often withdrew to pray. His prayers were both personal and intercessory, reflecting His role as a mediator (1 Timothy 2:5).

with loud cries and tears
This phrase underscores the intensity and earnestness of Jesus' prayers, particularly in moments of deep anguish, such as in the Garden of Gethsemane (Matthew 26:36-39). It reflects His genuine human emotions and His identification with human suffering, as prophesied in Isaiah 53:3.

to the One who could save Him from death
This refers to God the Father, highlighting Jesus' trust in God's power over life and death. While Jesus faced death on the cross, His resurrection was assured by the Father’s will, as seen in Acts 2:24. This also connects to the hope of resurrection for believers (1 Corinthians 15:20-22).

and He was heard because of His reverence
Jesus' prayers were effective because of His piety and submission to the Father’s will. His reverence is seen in His obedience, even unto death (Philippians 2:8). This reverence is a model for believers, emphasizing the importance of a right heart posture in prayer (James 5:16).

Although He was a Son
This phrase emphasizes the divine sonship of Jesus Christ, affirming His unique relationship with God the Father. In the context of the New Testament, Jesus is recognized as the Son of God, a title that signifies His divinity and pre-existence (John 1:1-14). Despite His divine nature, Jesus took on human form (Philippians 2:6-7), which is central to the doctrine of the Incarnation. This dual nature of Christ as both fully God and fully man is a cornerstone of Christian theology. The term "Son" also connects to Old Testament prophecies, such as Psalm 2:7, which speaks of the Messiah as God's Son, and Isaiah 9:6, which refers to the coming of a divine child.

He learned obedience
This phrase highlights the humanity of Jesus, who, though divine, experienced human life fully, including the process of learning. The concept of learning obedience is significant because it underscores Jesus' role as the perfect model of human behavior. In His earthly life, Jesus submitted to the will of the Father, demonstrating perfect obedience (John 5:19, 30). This obedience is not indicative of any deficiency in Jesus but rather His active participation in the human experience. It also fulfills the typology of the obedient servant found in Isaiah 53, where the suffering servant submits to God's will.

from what He suffered
The suffering of Jesus is central to His mission and is a fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies, such as Isaiah 53, which describes the suffering servant who bears the sins of many. Jesus' suffering was not only physical but also spiritual and emotional, as He bore the weight of humanity's sin (1 Peter 2:24). This suffering was necessary for His role as the High Priest, who mediates between God and humanity (Hebrews 4:14-16). Through suffering, Jesus fully identified with human weakness and temptation, yet remained without sin (Hebrews 4:15). His suffering and obedience culminated in His sacrificial death on the cross, which is the foundation of salvation for believers (Romans 5:8-9).

And having been made perfect
This phrase refers to the completion of Jesus' earthly mission. The term "perfect" in this context does not imply that Jesus was imperfect before, but rather that He fulfilled His purpose through His suffering and obedience (Hebrews 2:10). The Greek word "teleioō" suggests reaching a goal or completing a task. Jesus' perfection is tied to His role as the High Priest, who fully understands human suffering and temptation (Hebrews 4:15). This completion is also a fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies, such as Isaiah 53, which speaks of the suffering servant.

He became the source of eternal salvation
Jesus is identified as the source, or "author," of eternal salvation, emphasizing His unique role in God's redemptive plan. This salvation is not temporary or limited but eternal, highlighting the permanence of His sacrifice. The concept of Jesus as the source connects to John 14:6, where He declares Himself the way, the truth, and the life. The idea of eternal salvation is rooted in the promises of the New Covenant, as seen in Jeremiah 31:31-34, where God promises a lasting relationship with His people.

to all who obey Him
Obedience is a key theme in the New Testament, reflecting a response to faith. This phrase underscores that salvation is available to those who follow Jesus' teachings and commands (John 14:15). Obedience is not merely about following rules but involves a transformative relationship with Christ, as seen in Romans 1:5, which speaks of the "obedience of faith." This obedience is a mark of true discipleship and aligns with the call to live according to the Spirit (Romans 8:4).

and was designated by God
This phrase emphasizes the divine appointment of Jesus as high priest. In biblical context, the role of a high priest was not self-assumed but required a calling from God, as seen in the appointment of Aaron (Exodus 28:1). This divine designation underscores Jesus' authority and legitimacy in His priestly role, aligning with the theme of divine selection found throughout Scripture (Hebrews 5:4).

as high priest
The high priest in Jewish tradition was the mediator between God and the people, offering sacrifices for sins. Jesus' role as high priest signifies His unique position as the ultimate mediator, offering Himself as the perfect sacrifice (Hebrews 9:11-14). This role fulfills the Old Testament sacrificial system, pointing to Jesus as the fulfillment of the law and the prophets (Matthew 5:17).

in the order of Melchizedek
Melchizedek, a mysterious figure from Genesis 14:18-20, was both a king and priest, predating the Levitical priesthood. His order is eternal and not based on lineage, unlike the Aaronic priesthood. This connection highlights Jesus' eternal priesthood, superior to the Levitical system, and His role as both king and priest. Psalm 110:4 prophesies about a priest forever in the order of Melchizedek, which the author of Hebrews applies to Jesus, emphasizing His eternal and unchangeable priesthood (Hebrews 7:17).

We have much to say about this
The author of Hebrews indicates a wealth of information and teaching that could be shared. This suggests a deep and complex understanding of the subject at hand, likely referring to the priesthood of Christ in the order of Melchizedek, as discussed in the surrounding passages. This priesthood is a significant theme in Hebrews, connecting Jesus to Old Testament figures and prophecies, such as Psalm 110:4, which speaks of a priest forever in the order of Melchizedek.

but it is hard to explain
The difficulty in explanation is not due to the complexity of the subject alone but also the spiritual maturity of the audience. The author is addressing believers who should be advancing in their understanding of spiritual truths. This reflects a common theme in the New Testament, where believers are encouraged to grow in knowledge and maturity, as seen in passages like 1 Corinthians 3:1-2 and Ephesians 4:14-15.

because you are dull of hearing
"Dull of hearing" implies a spiritual sluggishness or lack of receptivity to deeper truths. This condition is not due to a physical inability but a spiritual one, where the audience has become complacent or resistant to further teaching. This echoes the warnings found in other parts of Hebrews, such as Hebrews 3:7-8, which cautions against hardening one's heart. The cultural context of the time, with pressures from both Jewish and pagan influences, may have contributed to this spiritual dullness, as believers struggled to maintain their faith amidst external challenges.

Although by this time you ought to be teachers
The author of Hebrews addresses the recipients with an expectation of spiritual maturity. This implies that they have been believers for a significant period, long enough to have developed a deeper understanding of their faith. The early church placed a strong emphasis on discipleship and teaching, as seen in the Great Commission (Matthew 28:19-20), where Jesus commands His followers to teach others. The expectation here is that believers should progress from learners to teachers, reflecting the growth seen in the early Christian communities.

you need someone to reteach you the basic principles of God’s word
The "basic principles" refer to foundational teachings of the Christian faith, possibly including doctrines such as repentance, faith, baptism, and resurrection, as outlined in Hebrews 6:1-2. The need for reteaching suggests a regression or stagnation in spiritual growth, which was a concern in the early church. This mirrors the situation in 1 Corinthians 3:1-2, where Paul addresses the Corinthians' spiritual immaturity. The call to return to foundational teachings highlights the importance of a solid grounding in Scripture for spiritual maturity.

You need milk, not solid food!
The metaphor of milk versus solid food illustrates the difference between elementary teachings and deeper, more complex doctrines. Milk represents the basic teachings suitable for new believers, while solid food symbolizes advanced instruction for mature Christians. This imagery is also used by Paul in 1 Corinthians 3:2, emphasizing the need for believers to grow beyond the basics. The call to move from milk to solid food reflects the natural progression expected in a believer's spiritual journey, akin to a child's growth from infancy to adulthood. This growth is essential for understanding the deeper mysteries of faith and for fulfilling the role of a teacher within the Christian community.

For everyone who lives on milk
This phrase uses the metaphor of milk to represent basic teachings of the Christian faith. In the cultural context of the early church, milk was a common symbol for elementary instruction, as seen in 1 Corinthians 3:2 and 1 Peter 2:2. The audience of Hebrews, likely Jewish Christians, would understand this imagery as a call to move beyond the foundational teachings of Judaism and early Christian doctrine to deeper spiritual maturity.

is still an infant
The term "infant" signifies spiritual immaturity. In the Greco-Roman world, infancy was associated with a lack of understanding and experience. This metaphor highlights the need for growth in faith and knowledge, urging believers to progress beyond the initial stages of their spiritual journey. The writer of Hebrews is encouraging the audience to mature in their faith, similar to how Paul addresses the Corinthians about their spiritual infancy.

inexperienced in the message of righteousness
The "message of righteousness" refers to the deeper truths of the Christian faith, including the understanding of Christ's priesthood and the believer's sanctification. In the Jewish tradition, righteousness was closely tied to adherence to the Law. However, the New Testament redefines righteousness through faith in Christ, as seen in Romans 1:17. The audience is being challenged to deepen their comprehension of this new covenant righteousness, moving from a basic understanding to a more profound grasp of their identity and calling in Christ.

But solid food is for the mature
This phrase contrasts spiritual maturity with immaturity, using the metaphor of solid food versus milk. In the context of Hebrews, the author is addressing believers who should have progressed in their faith but are still in need of basic teachings. Solid food represents deeper, more complex teachings of the faith, akin to the wisdom found in Proverbs 9:1-6, where wisdom is depicted as a feast. The mature are those who have moved beyond elementary teachings (Hebrews 6:1) and are able to understand and apply more profound spiritual truths. This maturity is a call to grow in understanding and discernment, as seen in 1 Corinthians 2:6, where Paul speaks of imparting wisdom to the mature.

who by constant use
This phrase emphasizes the importance of regular practice and application of spiritual truths. The Greek word for "use" implies a habitual practice, suggesting that maturity comes through consistent engagement with God's Word and its application in daily life. This is similar to the discipline described in 1 Timothy 4:7-8, where believers are encouraged to train themselves for godliness. The idea is that spiritual growth requires ongoing effort and dedication, much like physical training.

have trained their senses
The concept of training the senses indicates a process of developing discernment and spiritual insight. This training involves both the mind and the heart, aligning with Romans 12:2, which speaks of the renewal of the mind to discern God's will. The senses here can be understood as spiritual faculties that need to be exercised and honed through experience and practice, much like the training of the body in athletic endeavors (1 Corinthians 9:24-27).

to distinguish good from evil
This final phrase highlights the goal of spiritual maturity: the ability to discern moral and spiritual truths. This discernment is crucial for living a life that pleases God, as seen in Philippians 1:9-10, where Paul prays for believers to have love that abounds in knowledge and depth of insight. The ability to distinguish good from evil is rooted in a deep understanding of God's Word, as seen in Psalm 119:105, where God's Word is described as a lamp to the feet and a light to the path. This discernment is also a mark of wisdom, as described in James 3:13-18, where true wisdom is characterized by purity, peace-loving, and righteousness.