Now in the days that Ahaz son of Jotham, the son of Uzziah, was king of Judah
Ahaz was the twelfth king of Judah, reigning from approximately 732 to 716 BC. He was known for his lack of faithfulness to God, unlike his predecessors Jotham and Uzziah, who were more righteous. Ahaz's reign was marked by idolatry and political alliances that were contrary to God's commands. The mention of his lineage highlights the contrast between his unfaithfulness and the more godly reigns of his father and grandfather. This period was one of political turmoil and spiritual decline in Judah.

Rezin king of Aram marched up to wage war against Jerusalem
Rezin was the king of Aram, also known as Syria, with its capital in Damascus. The Arameans were a significant power in the region and often in conflict with Israel and Judah. The phrase indicates a military campaign against Jerusalem, the capital of Judah. This was part of the Syro-Ephraimite War, where Rezin allied with Pekah, king of Israel, to pressure Ahaz into joining their coalition against the Assyrian Empire. The historical context shows the geopolitical tensions of the time, with smaller nations trying to resist the growing Assyrian threat.

He was accompanied by Pekah son of Remaliah the king of Israel
Pekah was the king of the northern kingdom of Israel, reigning from around 752 to 732 BC. His alliance with Rezin was an attempt to strengthen their position against Assyria. This coalition was also a threat to Judah, as they sought to force Ahaz into their alliance. The division between Israel and Judah, once a united kingdom under David and Solomon, is evident here, with Israel now acting as an adversary to Judah. This internal strife among God's people is a recurring theme in the Old Testament.

but he could not overpower the city
Despite the combined forces of Rezin and Pekah, Jerusalem was not captured. This outcome is significant, as it demonstrates God's protection over Judah, even during a time of unfaithfulness under Ahaz. The inability to conquer Jerusalem foreshadows the prophetic assurance given later in Isaiah 7, where God promises deliverance to Ahaz through the sign of Immanuel. This phrase also highlights the limitations of human power against divine will, a theme that resonates throughout the Bible.

When it was reported to the house of David
The "house of David" refers to the royal lineage of King David, emphasizing the covenantal promise God made to David regarding his descendants and the throne of Israel (2 Samuel 7:12-16). This phrase underscores the political and spiritual significance of the Davidic line, which is central to the messianic expectations fulfilled in Jesus Christ (Matthew 1:1).

that Aram was in league with Ephraim
Aram, also known as Syria, was a neighboring kingdom often in conflict with Israel. Ephraim represents the northern kingdom of Israel, named after its dominant tribe. The alliance between Aram and Ephraim posed a significant threat to Judah, the southern kingdom, where the house of David ruled. This coalition aimed to dethrone Ahaz and replace him with a puppet king (Isaiah 7:6), highlighting the political instability and the looming danger faced by Judah.

the hearts of Ahaz and his people trembled
Ahaz, the king of Judah, was known for his lack of faith and reliance on foreign alliances rather than trusting in God (2 Kings 16:7-9). The fear experienced by Ahaz and his people reflects their spiritual state and the dire circumstances they faced. This trembling indicates a lack of trust in God's promises to protect the Davidic line, contrasting with the faith shown by previous kings like David.

like trees in the forest shaken by the wind
This simile vividly describes the fear and instability felt by Ahaz and the people of Judah. The imagery of trees shaken by the wind conveys a sense of vulnerability and helplessness. Biblically, wind often symbolizes divine intervention or judgment (Jeremiah 4:11-12), suggesting that the fear experienced by Judah was not only due to the political threat but also a spiritual crisis. This sets the stage for God's reassurance through the prophecy of Immanuel (Isaiah 7:14), pointing to the ultimate fulfillment in Christ, who brings peace and stability.

Then the LORD said to Isaiah
This phrase indicates divine communication, emphasizing the role of Isaiah as a prophet who receives direct messages from God. Isaiah's prophetic ministry is central to the narrative, and his role is to convey God's will to the people and their leaders. This divine instruction underscores the authority and authenticity of the message that follows.

Go out with your son Shear-jashub
The inclusion of Isaiah's son, Shear-jashub, whose name means "A remnant shall return," serves as a living symbol of hope and prophecy. His presence is a reminder of God's promise to preserve a faithful remnant of Israel despite impending judgment. This act of bringing his son highlights the personal and familial involvement in God's prophetic mission.

to meet Ahaz
Ahaz, the king of Judah, is a significant figure in this context. His reign is marked by political instability and spiritual unfaithfulness, as he often sought alliances with foreign powers rather than trusting in God. This meeting is crucial as it presents an opportunity for Ahaz to receive divine guidance and reassurance amidst the threat from surrounding nations.

at the end of the aqueduct that feeds the upper pool
This location is strategically important, as it is near the water supply of Jerusalem. The aqueduct and upper pool are critical for the city's survival, especially during a siege. The choice of this meeting place underscores the urgency and practicality of the message, as water security was a pressing concern for the city's defense.

on the road to the Launderer’s Field
The Launderer’s Field, likely a place where clothes were washed, is situated outside the city walls. This setting may symbolize purification and cleansing, themes often associated with repentance and renewal in biblical literature. The road to this field suggests a journey or transition, possibly alluding to the need for Ahaz to change his course of action and trust in God.

and say to him:
This phrase introduces a direct command from God to the prophet Isaiah, instructing him to deliver a message to King Ahaz of Judah. The context is a time of political turmoil and fear, as Judah faces threats from surrounding nations. This divine instruction emphasizes the role of prophets as God's messengers, conveying His will and guidance to the leaders of Israel and Judah.

Calm down and be quiet.
Here, God is advising King Ahaz to remain composed and not to act out of fear or panic. The call to calmness and silence suggests trust in God's sovereignty and control over the situation. This echoes other biblical instances where God calls His people to trust Him, such as in Psalm 46:10, "Be still, and know that I am God." It highlights the importance of faith and reliance on God rather than human strategies or alliances.

Do not be afraid or disheartened
Fear and discouragement are natural human responses to threats, but God commands Ahaz to resist these emotions. This directive is consistent with God's frequent encouragement to His people throughout Scripture, such as in Joshua 1:9, where God tells Joshua to be strong and courageous. It underscores the theme of divine assurance and the call to trust in God's protection and promises.

over these two smoldering stubs of firewood—
This metaphor describes the perceived threat from Rezin, king of Aram, and Pekah, son of Remaliah, king of Israel. By referring to them as "smoldering stubs," God diminishes their power and threat, indicating that their plans will not succeed. This imagery suggests that their strength is waning and that they are on the verge of being extinguished, providing reassurance to Ahaz and Judah.

over the fierce anger of Rezin and Aram
Rezin and Aram (Syria) were significant threats to Judah at this time, having formed an alliance with the northern kingdom of Israel. Their anger and aggression were real and intimidating, but God's message through Isaiah is that their fury is ultimately powerless against His will. This reflects the biblical theme that human wrath cannot thwart God's purposes, as seen in Psalm 2:1-4.

and of the son of Remaliah.
Pekah, the son of Remaliah, was the king of Israel who joined forces with Rezin against Judah. His mention here highlights the political alliance against Ahaz. However, by referring to him simply as "the son of Remaliah," the text subtly undermines his authority and significance, emphasizing that he is merely a human leader subject to God's overarching plan. This aligns with the biblical narrative that God raises and deposes kings according to His will, as seen in Daniel 2:21.

For Aram,
Aram refers to the ancient region and people located in present-day Syria. Historically, Aram was a significant power in the Near East, often in conflict with Israel. The mention of Aram here highlights the geopolitical tensions of the time, as Aram frequently sought to expand its influence over neighboring territories. This context is crucial for understanding the alliances and hostilities that shaped the political landscape during the period of the divided kingdom.

along with Ephraim
Ephraim is a reference to the northern kingdom of Israel, often called Ephraim after its dominant tribe. The alliance between Aram and Ephraim signifies a coalition against the southern kingdom of Judah. This alliance was formed during the Syro-Ephraimite War, a pivotal conflict in which these two northern powers sought to pressure Judah into joining their resistance against the Assyrian Empire. The mention of Ephraim underscores the internal divisions within the Israelite people, as the northern and southern kingdoms were often at odds.

and the son of Remaliah,
The son of Remaliah refers to Pekah, the king of Israel at the time. Pekah's reign was marked by political instability and military aggression, particularly against Judah. His alliance with Aram was part of a broader strategy to resist Assyrian domination. Pekah's actions are significant in the biblical narrative as they set the stage for the eventual downfall of the northern kingdom, which was conquered by Assyria in 722 BC.

has plotted your ruin,
The plotting of ruin indicates a deliberate and hostile intent against Judah. This phrase captures the essence of the threat faced by King Ahaz of Judah, as he was confronted with a formidable alliance seeking to dethrone him and install a puppet ruler. The political intrigue and military threats of this period are central to understanding the prophetic messages delivered by Isaiah, who urged trust in God rather than foreign alliances.

saying:
The introduction of direct speech suggests a specific plan or declaration made by the coalition of Aram and Ephraim. This sets the stage for the subsequent verses, where the intentions and strategies of these adversaries are revealed. The prophetic narrative often uses such direct speech to convey the immediacy and seriousness of the threats faced by God's people, as well as to highlight the divine response and assurance provided through the prophet Isaiah.

Let us invade Judah
This phrase reflects the historical context of the Syro-Ephraimite War, where the northern kingdom of Israel (Ephraim) and Aram (Syria) formed an alliance against Judah. The political landscape was tense, with Assyria's growing power threatening smaller nations. Judah, under King Ahaz, was seen as a strategic target. This invasion plan highlights the geopolitical struggles of the 8th century BC.

terrorize it
The intent to terrorize Judah indicates a strategy to weaken and destabilize the kingdom through fear and psychological warfare. This reflects the brutal tactics common in ancient Near Eastern conflicts, where intimidation was used to subdue opponents without prolonged warfare. The threat of terror was meant to undermine the confidence of Judah's leadership and people.

and divide it among ourselves
The plan to divide Judah suggests a desire for territorial expansion and control. This division would have allowed Aram and Israel to increase their influence and resources. Historically, conquering nations often divided lands to prevent unified resistance and to exploit the region's wealth. This reflects the common practice of dividing spoils among victors.

Then we can install the son of Tabeal over it as king
The mention of the "son of Tabeal" indicates a puppet ruler who would be loyal to the alliance of Aram and Israel. This reflects the common ancient practice of installing vassal kings to ensure control over conquered territories. The identity of Tabeal is not well-documented, but his son represents a threat to the Davidic line, which is significant in biblical prophecy concerning the Messiah. This plan directly opposes God's covenant with David, as seen in 2 Samuel 7:16, where God promises that David's throne will be established forever.

But this is what the Lord GOD says:
This phrase emphasizes the authority and sovereignty of God. In the context of Isaiah 7, God is speaking through the prophet Isaiah to King Ahaz of Judah. The use of "Lord GOD" underscores the divine authority behind the message. This is a reminder of God's ultimate control over the affairs of nations and kings, a theme prevalent throughout the Bible. The phrase also sets the stage for a divine promise or declaration, which is a common prophetic formula in the Old Testament.

‘It will not arise;
The phrase "it will not arise" refers to the specific threat against Judah from the coalition of Syria and Israel. Historically, this coalition sought to dethrone Ahaz and replace him with a puppet king. The assurance that "it will not arise" is a direct promise of protection from God, highlighting His power to thwart the plans of nations. This reflects the biblical theme that God can prevent the schemes of the wicked, as seen in Psalms 33:10, "The LORD foils the plans of the nations; He thwarts the purposes of the peoples."

it will not happen.
This final phrase reinforces the certainty of God's promise. The repetition serves to emphasize the reliability of God's word, a common technique in Hebrew literature. The historical context shows that indeed, the coalition's plans failed, affirming the truth of God's declaration. This assurance can be seen as a type of Christ, where God's promises of salvation and deliverance are fulfilled in Jesus, as seen in the New Testament. The phrase also connects to the broader biblical narrative of God's faithfulness, as in Numbers 23:19, "God is not human, that he should lie, not a human being, that he should change his mind."

For the head of Aram is Damascus
This phrase identifies the capital city of Aram, which is Damascus. Aram, also known as Syria, was a significant kingdom located to the northeast of Israel. Damascus was a major city in the ancient Near East, known for its strategic location and trade routes. The mention of Damascus as the head signifies its political and military importance. In biblical history, Aram was often in conflict with Israel, as seen in various accounts throughout the Old Testament, such as in 2 Kings 16:5-9, where Aram allied with Israel against Judah.

and the head of Damascus is Rezin
Rezin was the king of Aram during the time of Isaiah's prophecy. His reign is noted for forming an alliance with Pekah, the king of Israel (Ephraim), against Judah. This coalition aimed to resist the growing threat of Assyria. The mention of Rezin as the head of Damascus highlights his role as the leader of this alliance. Historically, Rezin's reign ended when the Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser III captured Damascus and executed Rezin, as recorded in 2 Kings 16:9.

Within sixty-five years Ephraim will be shattered as a people
Ephraim refers to the northern kingdom of Israel, often called by the name of its dominant tribe. This prophecy foretells the downfall of the northern kingdom, which would occur within sixty-five years. Historically, this aligns with the Assyrian conquest and the subsequent deportation of the Israelites, leading to the loss of their national identity. The prophecy underscores the theme of divine judgment due to Israel's unfaithfulness. This event is further detailed in 2 Kings 17:6, where the Assyrians capture Samaria and exile the Israelites. The shattering of Ephraim serves as a warning and a call to repentance, emphasizing God's sovereignty over nations.

The head of Ephraim is Samaria
Ephraim refers to the northern kingdom of Israel, often called Ephraim after its dominant tribe. Samaria, its capital, was established by King Omri and became a center of idolatry and political intrigue. The city's strategic location made it a significant power in the region. This phrase highlights the political structure and leadership of the northern kingdom, emphasizing its separation from Judah. Theologically, it underscores the division within God's people, a recurring theme in the prophetic literature.

and the head of Samaria is the son of Remaliah.
The "son of Remaliah" refers to King Pekah, who ruled over Israel during Isaiah's time. Pekah's reign was marked by alliances with foreign powers, notably Aram, against Judah. This phrase serves as a reminder of the instability and unfaithfulness of Israel's leadership. Historically, Pekah's alliance with Rezin of Aram against Judah led to the Syro-Ephraimite War, a significant event in the region's history. The mention of Pekah underscores the transient and unreliable nature of human leadership compared to divine sovereignty.

If you do not stand firm in your faith,
This phrase is a call to trust in God amidst political and military threats. The context is King Ahaz of Judah facing the threat from Israel and Aram. Isaiah's message is clear: reliance on God, not political alliances or military might, is the path to security. This principle is echoed throughout Scripture, such as in Proverbs 3:5-6, which emphasizes trust in the Lord over human understanding. Faith here is not merely belief but an active trust and reliance on God's promises and character.

then you will not stand at all.’”
The warning is stark: without faith, there is no stability or security. This reflects a broader biblical theme that true strength and endurance come from God. Historically, Ahaz's failure to trust led to his seeking Assyrian help, which resulted in Judah becoming a vassal state. Theologically, this phrase points to the necessity of faith for spiritual and temporal stability. It foreshadows the New Testament teaching in Hebrews 11:6, which states that without faith, it is impossible to please God. This call to faith is ultimately fulfilled in Jesus Christ, who is the cornerstone of faith and the one in whom believers find their true security.

Again the LORD spoke
This indicates a continuation of communication from God to Ahaz, emphasizing God's persistent effort to reach out to the king. It reflects God's patience and desire to guide His people, even when they are resistant or fearful. This persistence is seen throughout the Bible, such as in God's repeated calls to the prophets or His continued guidance to the Israelites in the wilderness.

to Ahaz
Ahaz was the king of Judah during a tumultuous period when the kingdom faced threats from surrounding nations, particularly from Israel and Syria. Historically, Ahaz is known for his lack of faith and reliance on foreign alliances rather than trusting in God. His reign is documented in 2 Kings 16 and 2 Chronicles 28, where his idolatry and political decisions are criticized. Ahaz's lack of faith contrasts with the faithfulness of his son, Hezekiah, who later becomes a reformer king.

saying
This introduces a direct message from God, highlighting the importance of divine communication. In the context of Isaiah 7, God is about to offer Ahaz a sign to reassure him of His protection and sovereignty. This moment is pivotal, as it sets the stage for the prophecy of the virgin birth in Isaiah 7:14, which Christians interpret as a messianic prophecy fulfilled in Jesus Christ. The act of God speaking directly to a king underscores the seriousness and significance of the message being delivered.

Ask for a sign from the LORD your God
This phrase is a direct invitation from God to King Ahaz through the prophet Isaiah. In the historical context, Ahaz was the king of Judah facing the threat of invasion from the combined forces of Israel and Syria. God, through Isaiah, offers Ahaz a sign to confirm His promise of deliverance. Theologically, this reflects God's willingness to provide assurance to His people, even when they are in doubt. The phrase "the LORD your God" emphasizes the covenant relationship between God and Judah, highlighting God's faithfulness despite Ahaz's lack of faith.

whether from the depths of Sheol
Sheol in ancient Hebrew thought is the realm of the dead, often depicted as a place of darkness and silence. By offering a sign from the depths of Sheol, God is essentially saying that no place is beyond His reach or power. This phrase underscores God's sovereignty over life and death, a theme echoed in other scriptures such as Psalm 139:8, where the psalmist acknowledges God's presence even in Sheol. It also foreshadows the New Testament revelation of Christ's victory over death and the grave.

or the heights of heaven
The "heights of heaven" refers to the celestial realm, often associated with God's dwelling place and the source of divine revelation. By including the heights of heaven, the offer encompasses the entire universe, indicating that God's power and authority extend over all creation. This phrase connects to other biblical passages that speak of God's majesty and omnipotence, such as Psalm 19:1, which declares the heavens as a testament to God's glory. It also prefigures the New Testament understanding of Jesus as the one who descended from heaven to fulfill God's redemptive plan.

But Ahaz replied
Ahaz was the king of Judah during a tumultuous period marked by threats from surrounding nations. His reign is documented in 2 Kings 16 and 2 Chronicles 28. Ahaz is often criticized for his lack of faith and reliance on foreign alliances rather than trusting in God. His response here is significant as it reflects his character and leadership style.

“I will not ask;
This phrase indicates Ahaz's refusal to seek a sign from God, despite being offered one by the prophet Isaiah. In the cultural and historical context, asking for a sign was a way to confirm God's will or presence. Ahaz's refusal can be seen as a lack of faith or an attempt to appear pious, avoiding the responsibility that might come with a divine sign.

I will not test the LORD.”
This statement echoes Deuteronomy 6:16, where the Israelites are instructed not to test God. However, Ahaz's use of this principle is ironic and perhaps disingenuous. While it seems to show reverence, it actually masks his unwillingness to trust in God's promise. This moment foreshadows the prophecy of the virgin birth in Isaiah 7:14, which Christians interpret as a type of Christ, pointing to Jesus as the ultimate sign from God.

Then Isaiah said,
Isaiah, a major prophet in the Old Testament, is speaking directly to the people. His role as a prophet is to convey God's messages to the Israelites, often calling them to repentance and warning them of consequences for their actions.

“Hear now, O house of David!
The "house of David" refers to the royal lineage of King David, emphasizing the importance of the message. This lineage is significant in biblical prophecy, as it is through David's line that the Messiah, Jesus Christ, is prophesied to come (2 Samuel 7:12-16). The address underscores the gravity of the situation, as the house of David holds a covenantal promise with God.

Is it not enough to try the patience of men?
This phrase suggests that the actions of the people, particularly King Ahaz and his court, have already tested human patience. Historically, Ahaz was known for his lack of faith and reliance on foreign alliances rather than trusting in God (2 Kings 16:7-9). This reflects a broader theme of Israel's repeated disobedience and reliance on human solutions instead of divine guidance.

Will you try the patience of my God as well?
Isaiah shifts from human patience to divine patience, indicating that their actions are not only frustrating to people but also offensive to God. This highlights the seriousness of their unbelief and disobedience. The use of "my God" personalizes Isaiah's relationship with God, contrasting with the people's estrangement. This phrase foreshadows the coming judgment and the need for repentance, while also pointing to the ultimate patience and mercy of God fulfilled in Jesus Christ, who offers redemption despite humanity's repeated failures.

Therefore the Lord Himself will give you a sign:
This phrase indicates divine intervention and assurance. In the context of Isaiah 7, King Ahaz of Judah is facing the threat of invasion from Israel and Syria. Despite Ahaz's reluctance to ask for a sign, God offers one to demonstrate His sovereignty and faithfulness. This sign is not just for Ahaz but for the house of David, emphasizing God's commitment to His covenant with David's lineage.

Behold, the virgin will be with child:
The term "virgin" is significant, traditionally understood as a young woman of marriageable age. In the New Testament, Matthew 1:23 cites this prophecy, applying it to the virgin birth of Jesus Christ, highlighting the miraculous nature of His conception. This aligns with the Christian belief in the incarnation, where Jesus is both fully God and fully man. The Hebrew word "almah" can mean young woman, but the Septuagint, a Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures, uses "parthenos," meaning virgin, reinforcing the miraculous aspect.

and give birth to a son:
The birth of a son signifies the continuation of a lineage and the fulfillment of God's promises. In the immediate context, this could refer to a child born during Isaiah's time, symbolizing hope and God's presence with His people. In the broader biblical narrative, it points to Jesus Christ, the Son of God, whose birth is central to the Christian faith.

and will call Him Immanuel:
"Immanuel" means "God with us," encapsulating the essence of the prophecy. In the historical context, it reassures the people of Judah of God's presence amidst their political turmoil. In the New Testament, this name is directly associated with Jesus, affirming His divine nature and His role as God dwelling among humanity. This concept is foundational to Christian theology, emphasizing God's intimate involvement in human history and His redemptive plan.

By the time He knows enough to reject evil and choose good
This phrase refers to a developmental stage in a child's life when they can discern between right and wrong. In the context of Isaiah 7, this prophecy is given to King Ahaz as a sign from God. The child mentioned is often interpreted as a reference to the coming Messiah, Jesus Christ, who would embody perfect moral discernment. The ability to "reject evil and choose good" is a hallmark of wisdom and maturity, and in the case of Jesus, it signifies His sinless nature. This phrase also connects to the broader biblical theme of moral choice and accountability, as seen in Deuteronomy 30:19, where God sets before the Israelites life and death, blessings and curses, urging them to choose life.

He will be eating curds and honey
Curds and honey were common foods in ancient Israel, often associated with abundance and prosperity. However, in the context of Isaiah 7, they also symbolize a time of hardship and simplicity. The land would be desolate due to the Assyrian invasion, and agriculture would be disrupted, leaving only basic foods like curds and honey. This reflects the historical context of the Syro-Ephraimite War, where Judah faced threats from surrounding nations. Theologically, this phrase can be seen as a type of Christ, who, despite His divine nature, lived a humble and simple life on earth. The reference to curds and honey also connects to the Promised Land described as "a land flowing with milk and honey" (Exodus 3:8), indicating both sustenance and the fulfillment of God's promises.

For before the boy knows enough to reject evil and choose good
This phrase refers to a specific time frame in a child's development, indicating innocence and the age of moral discernment. In the context of Isaiah, this likely refers to the child mentioned earlier in the chapter, Immanuel, symbolizing a sign from God. The age of moral discernment is often considered to be around 12 or 13 in Jewish tradition, aligning with the age of accountability. This prophecy is a sign to King Ahaz, indicating that significant events will occur within a few years. Theologically, this can also be seen as a type of Christ, who is the ultimate embodiment of choosing good over evil.

the land of the two kings you dread
The "two kings" refer to Rezin of Aram (Syria) and Pekah of Israel, who were threatening Judah during the reign of King Ahaz. Historically, this was during the Syro-Ephraimite War, where these two kings allied against Judah. The fear of these kings was significant for Ahaz, as they posed a direct threat to Jerusalem. This phrase highlights the immediate political and military context of the prophecy, emphasizing the imminent danger faced by Judah.

will be laid waste
This prophecy foretells the downfall and desolation of the lands ruled by Rezin and Pekah. Historically, this was fulfilled when the Assyrian Empire, under Tiglath-Pileser III, conquered these regions shortly after the prophecy was given. Theologically, this demonstrates God's sovereignty and control over nations, as well as His ability to protect His people from their enemies. It also serves as a reassurance to Ahaz that the threat he fears will be removed, reinforcing the theme of trust in God's promises.

The LORD will bring on you and on your people and on the house of your father
This phrase indicates a divine judgment pronounced by God through the prophet Isaiah. The "you" refers to King Ahaz of Judah, and "your people" refers to the people of Judah. The "house of your father" signifies the Davidic dynasty, which Ahaz belongs to. This judgment is a consequence of Ahaz's lack of faith and reliance on foreign alliances rather than trusting in God. Historically, this period was marked by political instability and threats from surrounding nations, particularly Israel (Ephraim) and Syria. Theologically, it underscores the covenant relationship between God and the Davidic line, highlighting the consequences of disobedience.

a time unlike any since the day Ephraim separated from Judah
This phrase refers to the division of the united monarchy of Israel after the reign of Solomon, when the ten northern tribes, led by Ephraim, broke away to form the kingdom of Israel, leaving Judah and Benjamin as the southern kingdom. This division is recorded in 1 Kings 12. The separation was a significant event in Israel's history, leading to political and spiritual decline. The prophecy suggests that the coming judgment will be as momentous and devastating as that historical split, emphasizing the severity of the impending crisis.

He will bring the king of Assyria.
The king of Assyria represents the instrument of God's judgment. Historically, Assyria was a dominant empire known for its military prowess and expansionist policies during the 8th century BC. The Assyrian kings, such as Tiglath-Pileser III and Sennacherib, were known for their campaigns against Israel and Judah. This prophecy was fulfilled when Assyria invaded the region, leading to the fall of the northern kingdom of Israel and significant threats to Judah. Theologically, this highlights God's sovereignty over nations and His use of foreign powers to accomplish His purposes. It also foreshadows the need for a faithful and righteous king, ultimately fulfilled in Jesus Christ, who would deliver His people not through political alliances but through divine intervention and salvation.

On that day
This phrase indicates a specific time in the future, often used in prophetic literature to denote a moment of divine intervention or judgment. In the context of Isaiah, it refers to a time when God will act decisively in the affairs of nations, particularly concerning Judah and its enemies.

the LORD will whistle
The imagery of God whistling suggests a sovereign command over creation, akin to a shepherd calling his flock. It emphasizes God's control over nations and nature, summoning them to fulfill His purposes. This reflects God's authority and the ease with which He orchestrates events.

to the flies at the farthest streams of the Nile
Flies symbolize swarms, often associated with pestilence or overwhelming numbers. The reference to the Nile points to Egypt, a significant power in the ancient Near East. Historically, Egypt was both a threat and a potential ally to Israel, and this imagery suggests an invasion or influence from Egypt, possibly as a form of judgment or pressure on Judah.

and to the bees in the land of Assyria
Bees are known for their aggression and persistence, symbolizing the formidable and relentless nature of the Assyrian empire. Assyria was a dominant force during Isaiah's time, known for its military prowess and expansionist policies. This phrase indicates an impending threat from Assyria, which historically conquered the Northern Kingdom of Israel and posed a significant threat to Judah.

in the land of Assyria
Assyria was a major empire located in what is now northern Iraq. It was known for its advanced military technology and brutal tactics. The mention of Assyria highlights the geopolitical realities of Isaiah's time, where Assyria was a looming threat to the smaller nations of the region, including Judah. This also foreshadows the eventual Assyrian invasion and the challenges faced by the people of God.

And they will all come and settle
This phrase indicates a movement or invasion, often interpreted as the Assyrian army coming into the land. Historically, this reflects the Assyrian threat during the reign of King Ahaz of Judah. The Assyrians were known for their military prowess and ability to conquer and settle in foreign lands. This movement can also symbolize God's judgment being executed through foreign nations.

in the steep ravines and clefts of the rocks
The steep ravines and clefts of the rocks refer to the rugged and inaccessible areas of the land. These locations were often used as natural fortresses or places of refuge. In biblical times, such terrain was difficult to navigate, making it a strategic location for defense. This imagery may also suggest that the invaders will penetrate even the most secure and hidden places, leaving no area untouched by their presence.

in all the thornbushes
Thornbushes are often symbolic of desolation and curse in the Bible. They can represent the consequences of sin and rebellion against God. In this context, the presence of invaders in the thornbushes may signify the complete desolation and judgment upon the land, as even the most barren and undesirable places are occupied.

and watering holes
Watering holes were essential for survival in the arid regions of the ancient Near East. They were places where people and animals gathered for refreshment and sustenance. The mention of watering holes being occupied by invaders suggests a total takeover of the land's resources, leaving the inhabitants without access to vital necessities. This can also symbolize the spiritual drought and lack of divine blessing due to the people's disobedience.

On that day
This phrase indicates a specific time of judgment or fulfillment of prophecy. In the context of Isaiah, it often refers to a future event when God will act decisively. It is a reminder of God's sovereignty over time and history.

the Lord will use a razor
The imagery of a razor suggests humiliation and disgrace. In ancient times, shaving was often associated with shame or mourning. This metaphor indicates that God will use an instrument of judgment to bring about His purposes.

hired from beyond the Euphrates
The Euphrates River was a significant geographical boundary, representing the edge of the known world for the Israelites. The phrase implies that God will bring an external force, a foreign power, to execute His judgment. This highlights God's control over all nations and His ability to use them for His purposes.

the king of Assyria
Assyria was a dominant empire during Isaiah's time, known for its military might and brutality. The mention of the king of Assyria as God's instrument underscores the theme of God using even pagan nations to accomplish His will. Historically, Assyria was a threat to Israel and Judah, and its involvement fulfills the prophecy of judgment against them.

to shave your head and the hair of your legs
Shaving the head and body hair was a sign of extreme humiliation and subjugation. In the cultural context, it symbolized the stripping away of dignity and identity. This act represents the complete and utter defeat that Judah would face at the hands of Assyria.

and to remove your beard as well
In ancient Near Eastern culture, a beard was a symbol of manhood and honor. Removing it was a profound disgrace. This phrase emphasizes the totality of the humiliation and the depth of the judgment that would come upon the people. It serves as a warning of the consequences of turning away from God.

This passage, while specific to the historical context of Isaiah's time, also serves as a broader reminder of God's sovereignty and the certainty of His judgment against sin. It foreshadows the ultimate deliverance and restoration that would come through Jesus Christ, who bore the shame and judgment on behalf of humanity.

On that day
This phrase refers to a specific time in the future, often associated with divine intervention or judgment. In the context of Isaiah 7, it points to a period of upheaval and change for the people of Judah. The phrase "on that day" is frequently used in prophetic literature to denote a significant event orchestrated by God, often involving both judgment and salvation.

a man will raise
The act of raising livestock indicates a return to basic, subsistence living. This suggests a time of scarcity or simplicity, where people are reduced to maintaining only what is necessary for survival. It reflects a shift from wealth and abundance to a more humble existence, possibly due to the devastation of war or divine judgment.

a young cow
The young cow, or heifer, symbolizes a modest source of sustenance. In ancient agrarian societies, cattle were valuable for their milk, meat, and as beasts of burden. The mention of a young cow implies limited resources, as a single cow would not provide the abundance that a larger herd might. This imagery may also connect to the idea of purity and innocence, as young animals are often seen as unblemished.

and two sheep
Sheep were common livestock in ancient Israel, valued for their wool, milk, and meat. The number "two" suggests minimal provision, emphasizing the theme of scarcity. Sheep are also significant in biblical symbolism, often representing the people of God or sacrificial offerings. This could hint at a remnant theme, where only a small, faithful group remains after a period of judgment.

This passage, within the broader context of Isaiah 7, serves as a prophetic sign to King Ahaz and the people of Judah. It underscores the consequences of their lack of faith and reliance on foreign alliances instead of trusting in God. The imagery of limited livestock points to a future where the land is desolate, yet there remains a glimmer of hope and provision, aligning with the prophetic message of both judgment and eventual restoration.

and from the abundance of milk they give
This phrase suggests a time of agricultural prosperity, where livestock are plentiful enough to produce an abundance of milk. In the context of Isaiah, this abundance is paradoxical, as it comes during a time of judgment and desolation. The land, though ravaged, will still support enough livestock to provide milk. This reflects God's provision even in times of hardship. The abundance of milk can also symbolize spiritual nourishment and sustenance provided by God.

he will eat curds
Curds, a byproduct of milk, were a common food in ancient Israel, indicating a simple, pastoral lifestyle. Eating curds signifies a return to basic sustenance, contrasting with the luxury and excess that may have characterized the society before judgment. This simplicity can be seen as a form of purification or a return to reliance on God's provision. The mention of curds also connects to the idea of the Promised Land, "a land flowing with milk and honey," indicating God's continued faithfulness.

for all who remain in the land
This phrase highlights a remnant theology, a common theme in Isaiah, where a faithful remnant of Israel will survive God's judgment. Those who remain are the ones who will experience God's provision and care. This remnant is often seen as a type of the faithful believers who endure trials and remain true to God. The concept of a remnant is echoed throughout Scripture, such as in Romans 11:5, where Paul speaks of a remnant chosen by grace.

will eat curds and honey
Curds and honey together symbolize a diet of simplicity and sufficiency. Honey, like curds, is a natural product, often associated with abundance and blessing. The combination of curds and honey suggests a return to a more Edenic state, where God's creation provides for humanity's needs. This phrase also points to the Messianic age, where peace and prosperity will be restored. In a typological sense, it can be seen as a foreshadowing of the spiritual nourishment found in Christ, who provides for the needs of His people.

And on that day
This phrase refers to a specific time of judgment and fulfillment of prophecy. In the context of Isaiah 7, "that day" points to a future period when God's warnings through the prophet Isaiah would come to pass. It is a reminder of the certainty of God's word and His control over historical events. This phrase often signifies a time of divine intervention or significant change, as seen in other prophetic books like Joel and Zephaniah.

in every place that had a thousand vines worth a thousand shekels of silver
This imagery highlights the prosperity and wealth of the land before judgment. A vineyard with a thousand vines would be considered highly valuable, indicating a place of abundance and economic significance. The mention of "a thousand shekels of silver" underscores the substantial worth of these vineyards, reflecting the economic prosperity of Judah before the impending devastation. This can be compared to the blessings of the land described in Deuteronomy 8:7-9, where the abundance of the Promised Land is emphasized.

only briers and thorns will be found
This phrase signifies desolation and the consequences of turning away from God. Briers and thorns are often used in Scripture to symbolize judgment and curse, as seen in Genesis 3:18, where thorns and thistles are part of the curse on the ground after the Fall. The transformation from a fruitful vineyard to a place overrun with briers and thorns illustrates the reversal of fortune due to disobedience and the resulting divine judgment. This imagery is also echoed in the New Testament, where Jesus uses the metaphor of thorns to describe the cares of the world that choke the word, making it unfruitful (Mark 4:18-19).

Men will go there with bow and arrow
This phrase suggests a time of desolation and danger, where the land has become inhospitable and requires protection or hunting for survival. In the historical context of Isaiah, this reflects the impending judgment and devastation that would come upon Judah due to their disobedience. The bow and arrow symbolize both the need for defense against threats and the necessity to hunt for food, indicating a breakdown of agricultural society. This imagery is consistent with the curses for disobedience found in Leviticus 26:22 and Deuteronomy 28:28, where God warns of desolation and wild animals overtaking the land.

for the land will be covered with briers and thorns
Briers and thorns are often used in the Bible to symbolize desolation and the consequences of sin. In Genesis 3:18, thorns and thistles are part of the curse upon the ground after the Fall, representing the struggle and hardship that result from sin. Here, they indicate the land's transformation from a place of cultivation and prosperity to one of neglect and ruin. This imagery serves as a prophetic warning to the people of Judah about the consequences of turning away from God. It also foreshadows the ultimate redemption and restoration that will come through Christ, who wore a crown of thorns (Matthew 27:29), symbolizing His taking on the curse of sin for humanity.

For fear of the briers and thorns
This phrase highlights the consequences of neglect and judgment. In the context of Isaiah, briers and thorns symbolize desolation and the curse of the land due to disobedience (Genesis 3:18). The fear mentioned here reflects the anxiety and danger associated with a land that has become wild and untamed, a common theme in prophetic literature where the land suffers due to the people's sin (Isaiah 5:6).

you will no longer traverse the hills once tilled by the hoe
The hills represent fertile areas that were once cultivated and productive. The use of the hoe signifies human effort and agricultural activity, which are now abandoned. This reflects the historical context of the Assyrian invasion, where once-prosperous lands were left desolate. The imagery serves as a warning of the consequences of turning away from God, leading to the loss of blessings and prosperity.

they will become places for oxen to graze and sheep to trample
This transformation from cultivated land to pastureland indicates a reversal of fortune. Oxen and sheep grazing suggest a return to a more primitive state, where the land is no longer used for its intended purpose. This can be seen as a metaphor for spiritual decline, where the people of God, once fruitful, have become barren. The imagery also connects to the broader biblical theme of judgment and restoration, where God allows desolation as a means to bring His people back to repentance (Isaiah 32:13-15).