These are the words of King Lemuel—
The identity of King Lemuel is not definitively known, and he is not mentioned elsewhere in the Bible. Some scholars suggest that Lemuel might be a symbolic or poetic name, possibly referring to Solomon or another Israelite king. The name "Lemuel" means "devoted to God," which aligns with the biblical theme of kingship under divine authority. This introduction sets the stage for a passage that is unique in its attribution to a king, emphasizing the importance of wisdom and instruction from a royal perspective.

the burden that his mother taught him:
The term "burden" here can be understood as a weighty message or oracle, indicating the seriousness and importance of the teaching. The fact that this wisdom comes from Lemuel's mother highlights the significant role of women in imparting wisdom and moral guidance, a theme that resonates throughout Proverbs. This maternal instruction underscores the biblical principle of honoring one's parents and valuing their guidance (Exodus 20:12, Proverbs 1:8). The cultural context of the time placed great importance on oral tradition and familial instruction, making this passage a testament to the enduring influence of parental teaching. The mother's role here can also be seen as a type of the Holy Spirit, who instructs and guides believers in truth and wisdom.

What shall I say, O my son?
This phrase reflects a mother's deep concern and love for her son, emphasizing the importance of imparting wisdom. In biblical times, the role of a mother in teaching and guiding her children was crucial. The rhetorical question suggests a moment of reflection and the weight of responsibility in conveying important truths. This echoes the broader biblical theme of parental guidance found in Deuteronomy 6:6-7, where parents are instructed to diligently teach their children God's commandments.

What, O son of my womb?
The reference to "son of my womb" highlights the intimate and natural bond between mother and child. It underscores the personal investment and emotional connection a mother has with her child, which is a recurring theme in Scripture. This phrase also alludes to the sanctity of life and the miracle of birth, as seen in Psalm 139:13-14, where the psalmist praises God for being "knit together" in the mother's womb. The maternal imagery here can also be seen as a type of God's nurturing and caring nature.

What, O son of my vows?
This phrase suggests a dedication or promise made to God concerning the child. In ancient Israel, vows were serious commitments, often involving a promise to raise a child in the fear and knowledge of the Lord. This can be compared to the story of Hannah and Samuel in 1 Samuel 1:11, where Hannah vows to dedicate her son to the Lord's service. The concept of vows also points to the covenantal relationship between God and His people, emphasizing faithfulness and devotion.

Do not spend your strength on women
This phrase advises against the misuse of one's energy and resources on relationships that can lead to moral and spiritual downfall. In the biblical context, this warning is often associated with the dangers of engaging in relationships with women who may lead one away from God’s commandments. Solomon, the attributed author of Proverbs, had personal experience with this issue, as his many marriages to foreign women led him to idolatry (1 Kings 11:1-4). The phrase underscores the importance of maintaining purity and devotion to God, echoing the wisdom found in other scriptures such as Proverbs 5:3-5, which warns against the seductive nature of the adulteress.

or your vigor on those who ruin kings
This part of the verse highlights the potential for personal relationships to lead to the downfall of leaders. Historically, many kings in the Bible, such as David and Solomon, faced significant challenges due to their relationships with women. The phrase serves as a cautionary reminder of the destructive power of such entanglements. It also reflects the broader biblical theme of the importance of wise and godly leadership, as seen in Deuteronomy 17:17, where kings are advised not to take many wives, lest their hearts be led astray. The warning is prophetic in nature, as it anticipates the consequences of ignoring divine wisdom, and it points to the need for leaders to seek strength and guidance from God rather than from worldly pleasures.

It is not for kings, O Lemuel
The name "Lemuel" is often understood to refer to a king, possibly a symbolic or poetic name, as it is not found elsewhere in the Bible. The advice given here is traditionally attributed to King Solomon's mother, Bathsheba, offering wisdom to her son. The role of a king in ancient Israel was to lead with wisdom and justice, reflecting God's rule. This phrase emphasizes the high calling and responsibility of kingship, suggesting that certain behaviors are not fitting for those in such positions of authority.

it is not for kings to drink wine
Wine in biblical times was a common beverage, often safer to drink than water due to fermentation. However, excessive consumption could impair judgment. For a king, whose decisions could affect the entire nation, maintaining clarity of mind was crucial. The warning against wine for kings underscores the need for leaders to remain vigilant and wise, avoiding anything that could cloud their judgment or lead to injustice. This aligns with the broader biblical theme of sobriety and self-control, as seen in passages like Ephesians 5:18.

or for rulers to crave strong drink
"Strong drink" refers to beverages with higher alcohol content, such as fermented grain or fruit drinks. The craving for such drinks suggests a lack of self-control, which is particularly dangerous for those in positions of power. Leaders are called to a higher standard, as their actions and decisions have far-reaching consequences. This advice reflects the biblical principle that those in authority should be models of integrity and discipline, as seen in the qualifications for church leaders in 1 Timothy 3:2-3. The emphasis on self-control and clear-mindedness is a recurring theme in Scripture, highlighting the importance of these virtues for effective leadership.

lest they drink and forget what is decreed
This phrase highlights the potential consequences of excessive drinking, particularly for those in positions of authority. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, kings and rulers were expected to uphold justice and make wise decisions. The act of drinking to excess could impair judgment and lead to a neglect of their duties. The Bible frequently warns against drunkenness (e.g., Isaiah 5:11, Ephesians 5:18) as it can lead to moral and ethical lapses. The decrees mentioned here refer to the laws and commands that a ruler is expected to enforce. Forgetting these decrees implies a failure to maintain justice and order, which is a central responsibility of leadership.

depriving all the oppressed of justice
This part of the verse underscores the social responsibility of leaders to protect the rights of the oppressed. In biblical times, the oppressed often included widows, orphans, and foreigners, who were vulnerable to exploitation and injustice. The Bible consistently calls for justice and care for these groups (e.g., Deuteronomy 10:18, Psalm 82:3). The failure to provide justice to the oppressed is seen as a grave sin, as it goes against God's character and His commands for His people. This phrase serves as a reminder that leaders must remain vigilant and sober-minded to ensure that justice is served and that the vulnerable are protected.

Give strong drink to one who is perishing
This phrase suggests a context of providing comfort or relief to those who are in distress or facing death. In ancient times, strong drink, often a fermented beverage, was used for medicinal purposes or to ease pain. The idea of giving strong drink to someone who is perishing aligns with the cultural practices of using alcohol as a form of palliative care. This can be seen in other parts of Scripture, such as when wine was offered to Jesus on the cross (Mark 15:23) to ease His suffering, though He refused it. Theologically, this phrase can be seen as an acknowledgment of human compassion and mercy, providing temporary relief to those in dire situations.

and wine to the bitter in soul
Wine, in biblical times, was a common beverage and often symbolized joy and celebration. However, in this context, it is given to those who are "bitter in soul," indicating deep emotional distress or sorrow. This phrase suggests that wine can serve as a temporary solace for those experiencing profound grief or hardship. The cultural context of the time recognized wine as a means to lift spirits and provide a momentary escape from the burdens of life. This aligns with the broader biblical narrative that acknowledges human suffering and the need for comfort, as seen in passages like Psalm 104:15, which speaks of wine gladdening the heart. Theologically, it reflects the understanding that while earthly comforts are temporary, they can be a means of grace in times of need.

Let him drink
In the context of Proverbs 31, this phrase is part of the advice given by King Lemuel's mother. It suggests a temporary relief for those in distress. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, wine was often used for medicinal purposes and to provide comfort. The Bible acknowledges the use of wine for joy and relief (Psalm 104:15), but also warns against its excess (Proverbs 20:1). This phrase does not advocate for drunkenness but recognizes the human need for solace in times of hardship.

and forget his poverty
Poverty in biblical times was a significant social issue, often leading to a lack of basic necessities. The idea of forgetting poverty through drink suggests a temporary escape from the harsh realities of life. This reflects the broader biblical theme of seeking God's provision and comfort in times of need (Philippians 4:19). The Bible consistently calls for compassion and justice for the poor (Proverbs 29:7), emphasizing the importance of community support and divine reliance.

and remember his misery no more
Misery here refers to the emotional and physical suffering associated with poverty and hardship. The Bible frequently addresses the plight of the suffering, offering hope and encouragement (Psalm 34:17-18). This phrase highlights the human desire to find relief from pain, pointing to the ultimate comfort found in God (2 Corinthians 1:3-4). While temporary relief is acknowledged, the Bible ultimately directs believers to seek lasting peace and joy in their relationship with God (John 16:33).

Open your mouth
This phrase emphasizes the importance of speaking out, particularly in defense of others. In biblical times, leaders and those in positions of authority were expected to advocate for justice and righteousness. The act of opening one's mouth signifies taking a stand and using one's voice to influence and bring about change. This aligns with the biblical principle of being a voice for the voiceless, as seen in Isaiah 1:17, which calls for defending the oppressed.

for those with no voice
This part of the verse highlights the responsibility to advocate for those who cannot speak for themselves. In ancient Israel, the marginalized, such as widows, orphans, and foreigners, often lacked representation and protection. The call to speak for them reflects God's heart for justice and care for the vulnerable, as seen in Psalm 82:3-4, which urges defending the weak and fatherless. This advocacy is a reflection of God's character, who is described as a defender of the powerless.

for the cause of all the dispossessed
The term "dispossessed" refers to those who have been deprived of their rights, property, or status. In the historical context of the Old Testament, this could include those who lost their land due to debt or injustice. The call to speak for their cause is a call to restore justice and equity, resonating with the Year of Jubilee laws in Leviticus 25, which aimed to restore land and freedom to those who had lost them. This advocacy is a type of Christ, who in His ministry, consistently reached out to the marginalized and offered them hope and restoration.

Open your mouth
This phrase emphasizes the importance of speaking out, particularly in matters of justice and truth. In the biblical context, speaking up is often associated with the role of a prophet or leader who must convey God's truth to the people. Proverbs frequently highlights the power of words, both for good and for harm (Proverbs 18:21). The call to "open your mouth" suggests an active engagement in addressing issues, rather than remaining silent in the face of injustice.

Judge righteously
The concept of righteous judgment is deeply rooted in the Old Testament, where leaders and judges were expected to uphold God's standards of justice. Deuteronomy 16:18-20 instructs judges to judge fairly, without partiality or corruption. Righteous judgment reflects God's own character, as He is the ultimate judge who is just and fair (Psalm 9:8). This phrase calls for discernment and integrity, ensuring that decisions are made in alignment with divine principles.

And defend the cause of the poor and needy
Throughout Scripture, there is a consistent emphasis on caring for the marginalized, including the poor and needy. This reflects God's heart for justice and compassion (Isaiah 1:17). In ancient Israel, the poor and needy were often vulnerable to exploitation and injustice, and the law provided specific protections for them (Exodus 22:22-23). This phrase underscores the responsibility of leaders and individuals to advocate for those who cannot defend themselves, mirroring the ministry of Jesus Christ, who often reached out to the marginalized and oppressed (Luke 4:18-19).

A wife of noble character
This phrase highlights the ideal qualities of a virtuous woman, emphasizing moral strength, integrity, and capability. In the biblical context, the term "noble character" is often associated with wisdom and fear of the Lord, as seen in Proverbs 9:10. The Hebrew word "chayil" used here can also mean strength or valor, suggesting that this woman is not only morally upright but also strong and capable. This aligns with the biblical portrayal of women like Ruth, who is described as a woman of noble character (Ruth 3:11).

who can find?
This rhetorical question implies rarity and value. In ancient Israel, a woman of such character was considered a treasure, not easily found. The scarcity of such a woman underscores the importance of seeking wisdom and virtue, as emphasized throughout the book of Proverbs. This echoes the search for wisdom itself, which is portrayed as a precious and rare commodity (Proverbs 2:4-5).

She is far more precious than rubies.
Rubies, along with other precious stones, were highly valued in the ancient Near East for their beauty and rarity. This comparison elevates the worth of a virtuous woman above material wealth, suggesting that her value is immeasurable and eternal. This sentiment is echoed in Proverbs 8:11, where wisdom is also described as more precious than rubies. The comparison to rubies also points to the eternal value of spiritual and moral qualities over temporal riches, aligning with New Testament teachings on the imperishable beauty of a gentle and quiet spirit (1 Peter 3:3-4).

The heart of her husband trusts in her
This phrase highlights the deep trust and confidence a husband places in his wife. In biblical times, trust within a marriage was crucial for the stability of the household. The heart, often seen as the seat of emotions and will, signifies a profound level of trust that goes beyond mere reliance. This trust is reflective of the covenant relationship seen in Genesis 2:24, where husband and wife become one flesh. The trust here can be compared to the trust God desires from His people, as seen in Proverbs 3:5, "Trust in the LORD with all your heart." The virtuous woman is a type of the Church, the Bride of Christ, who is trusted by her Bridegroom, Jesus.

and he lacks nothing of value
This phrase suggests that the wife contributes significantly to the well-being and prosperity of the household. In the cultural context of ancient Israel, a wife's role was integral to the economic and social success of the family. Her industriousness and wisdom ensure that the household is well-provided for, echoing the blessings of a faithful life as described in Deuteronomy 28:1-14. The phrase also connects to the idea of spiritual riches, as seen in Matthew 6:19-21, where true value is found in heavenly treasures. The provision and security she brings to her husband can be seen as a reflection of how Christ provides for His Church, ensuring that it lacks nothing of eternal value.

She brings him good
This phrase highlights the virtuous woman's commitment to her husband, reflecting the biblical ideal of a supportive and nurturing partner. In the cultural context of ancient Israel, a wife's role was crucial in maintaining the household's well-being. The Hebrew word for "good" (טוֹב, tov) encompasses prosperity, happiness, and moral goodness, suggesting that her actions contribute positively to her husband's life. This aligns with the biblical principle found in Genesis 2:18, where God creates a helper suitable for Adam, emphasizing partnership and mutual support. The virtuous woman exemplifies the wisdom and industriousness praised throughout Proverbs, embodying the fear of the Lord as the beginning of wisdom (Proverbs 9:10).

and not harm
The commitment to avoid causing harm underscores the importance of trust and integrity in a marital relationship. In biblical times, a wife's betrayal or negligence could lead to significant social and economic consequences for the family. The Hebrew word for "harm" (רָע, ra) often denotes evil or misfortune, indicating that her actions are consistently aimed at preventing any negative impact on her husband. This reflects the broader biblical theme of love and faithfulness, as seen in 1 Corinthians 13:4-7, where love is described as patient, kind, and not self-seeking. The virtuous woman's dedication to her husband's well-being mirrors the covenantal faithfulness God shows to His people.

all the days of her life
This phrase emphasizes the lifelong commitment and consistency of the virtuous woman's actions. Her dedication is not temporary or conditional but extends throughout her entire life. This mirrors the biblical concept of covenant, which is enduring and steadfast, as seen in God's promises to His people (Deuteronomy 7:9). The phrase also suggests a type of Christ, as Jesus is the ultimate example of one who brings good and not harm to His bride, the Church, throughout eternity. The virtuous woman's unwavering commitment serves as a model for believers, encouraging them to live lives marked by faithfulness and integrity, as seen in Galatians 6:9, which urges believers not to grow weary in doing good.

She selects wool and flax
In ancient times, wool and flax were primary materials for making clothing and textiles. Wool, derived from sheep, was a staple in Israelite society, symbolizing warmth and protection. Flax, used to make linen, was valued for its coolness and durability, often associated with purity and righteousness (Revelation 19:8). The act of selecting these materials indicates discernment and wisdom, qualities esteemed in a virtuous woman. This phrase reflects the industrious nature of the woman described in Proverbs 31, who is diligent in providing for her household. The use of both wool and flax suggests a balance between warmth and coolness, practicality and beauty, reflecting the comprehensive care she provides.

and works with eager hands
The phrase highlights the woman's industriousness and enthusiasm in her labor. In the cultural context of ancient Israel, manual work was highly valued, and the ability to work with one's hands was seen as a virtue. The eagerness with which she works suggests a joyful and willing spirit, aligning with Colossians 3:23, which encourages believers to work heartily as for the Lord. This eagerness can be seen as a reflection of her character, embodying the diligence and dedication expected of a godly woman. Her hands are not idle, but actively engaged in productive work, which is a recurring theme in Proverbs, contrasting with the sluggard (Proverbs 6:6-11). This industriousness can also be seen as a type of Christ, who worked tirelessly for the sake of His people, providing for their needs both physically and spiritually.

She is like the merchant ships
This phrase draws a comparison between the virtuous woman and merchant ships, emphasizing her industrious nature and resourcefulness. Merchant ships in ancient times were vital for trade and commerce, often traveling long distances to bring valuable goods. This imagery suggests that the woman is diligent and proactive in seeking out the best resources for her household. In biblical times, merchant ships were a symbol of wealth and prosperity, indicating that the woman contributes significantly to her family's well-being. The comparison also highlights her ability to manage and oversee complex tasks, much like a ship's captain. This aligns with the biblical theme of wisdom and diligence found in Proverbs, where wisdom is often personified as a woman (Proverbs 8).

bringing her food from afar
This phrase underscores the woman's commitment to providing for her family, even if it requires going to great lengths. In the historical and cultural context of ancient Israel, sourcing food from afar would involve significant effort and planning, reflecting her foresight and dedication. It suggests that she is not content with mediocrity but seeks the best for her household, much like the Proverbs 31 woman who "watches over the affairs of her household" (Proverbs 31:27). This can also be seen as a type of Christ, who provides for His people abundantly and goes to great lengths to ensure their needs are met, as seen in the feeding of the 5,000 (John 6:1-14). The phrase also connects to the broader biblical theme of God's provision, as seen in the manna provided to the Israelites in the wilderness (Exodus 16).

She rises while it is still night
This phrase highlights the diligence and industrious nature of the virtuous woman. Rising early was a common practice in ancient times, especially in agrarian societies where work began at dawn. This reflects her commitment and dedication to her family, mirroring the Proverbs 31 woman's overall character. Biblically, rising early is often associated with seeking God and preparing for the day (Psalm 5:3, Mark 1:35). It signifies readiness and a proactive approach to responsibilities.

to provide food for her household
In the historical context, providing food was a crucial task, often involving grinding grain, baking bread, and preparing meals from scratch. This phrase underscores her role as a provider and caretaker, ensuring her family's needs are met. It also reflects the biblical principle of stewardship and care for one's family (1 Timothy 5:8). The act of providing food can be seen as a type of Christ, who provides spiritual nourishment to His followers (John 6:35).

and portions for her maidservants
This indicates her leadership and management skills, as she not only cares for her family but also for those who work for her. In ancient households, maidservants were common, and their well-being was a reflection of the household's prosperity and the mistress's character. This phrase highlights her fairness and generosity, aligning with biblical teachings on treating others with kindness and justice (Colossians 4:1). It also suggests a harmonious household where everyone is valued and cared for, reflecting the unity and love that should characterize Christian communities.

She appraises a field and buys it;
This phrase highlights the woman's wisdom and discernment in making financial decisions. In ancient Israel, land ownership was a significant aspect of wealth and stability. The act of appraising a field suggests careful consideration and evaluation, indicating her prudence and business acumen. This mirrors the biblical principle of stewardship, as seen in the Parable of the Talents (Matthew 25:14-30), where servants are entrusted with resources and expected to manage them wisely. The ability to buy land also reflects a level of independence and authority, which was notable in a patriarchal society. This echoes the virtuous woman's role as a capable and trusted partner in her household, reminiscent of the industriousness of the woman in the Song of Solomon, who tends to her vineyard (Song of Solomon 1:6).

from her earnings she plants a vineyard.
The planting of a vineyard signifies long-term planning and investment. Vineyards were valuable assets in biblical times, providing wine, a staple in the diet and a symbol of joy and blessing (Psalm 104:15). This action demonstrates foresight and the ability to generate ongoing income, ensuring the prosperity of her household. The mention of "her earnings" underscores her role in contributing economically, aligning with the Proverbs 31 woman's portrayal as industrious and resourceful. This can be seen as a type of Christ, who is the true vine (John 15:1), and believers are called to abide in Him to bear fruit. The vineyard also connects to the imagery of Israel as God's vineyard (Isaiah 5:1-7), where the faithful are expected to produce good fruit through their actions and stewardship.

She girds herself with strength
This phrase emphasizes the proactive and intentional nature of the virtuous woman. In biblical times, "girding" oneself often referred to preparing for action or work, as seen in 1 Kings 18:46 where Elijah girds up his loins to run. The act of girding oneself with strength suggests a readiness and determination to face daily tasks and challenges. This strength is not merely physical but also encompasses moral and spiritual fortitude, aligning with Ephesians 6:10, which encourages believers to be strong in the Lord. The cultural context of the time valued physical labor and resilience, especially in women who managed households and contributed to the community's well-being.

and shows that her arms are strong
This part of the verse highlights the visible evidence of her strength. In the ancient Near Eastern context, women were often involved in physically demanding tasks such as weaving, grinding grain, and carrying water. The mention of strong arms indicates her capability and diligence in fulfilling these roles. It also symbolizes her ability to support and uphold her family, reminiscent of the strength described in Proverbs 14:1, where a wise woman builds her house. The imagery of strong arms can also be seen as a type of Christ, who bears the burdens of humanity and provides strength to the weary, as depicted in Isaiah 40:29-31.

She sees that her gain is good
This phrase highlights the wisdom and discernment of the virtuous woman. In the biblical context, "gain" refers to the fruits of her labor, which are both material and spiritual. The Hebrew word for "gain" can also imply profit or merchandise, suggesting that her efforts in managing her household and business ventures are successful and beneficial. This aligns with the biblical principle found in Proverbs 14:23, "In all toil there is profit, but mere talk tends only to poverty." The virtuous woman is diligent and industrious, reflecting the biblical ideal of hard work leading to prosperity. Her ability to recognize the value of her work is a testament to her wisdom and understanding, qualities that are praised throughout the book of Proverbs.

and her lamp is not extinguished at night
This phrase symbolizes her tireless dedication and vigilance. In ancient times, a lamp burning at night was a sign of watchfulness and readiness. The imagery of a lamp is often used in Scripture to represent guidance, truth, and the presence of God, as seen in Psalm 119:105, "Your word is a lamp to my feet and a light to my path." The virtuous woman's lamp not being extinguished signifies her continuous care for her household and her preparedness to meet any needs that arise. It also reflects her spiritual alertness and commitment to maintaining the light of God's wisdom in her life. This perpetual light can be seen as a type of Christ, who is the Light of the World (John 8:12), indicating that her life is a reflection of His light and truth.

She stretches out her hands to the distaff
This phrase highlights the industrious nature of the virtuous woman, emphasizing her active role in providing for her household. The distaff is a tool used in spinning, which was a common domestic task in ancient times. This reflects the cultural context of the time when women were primarily responsible for textile production. The act of stretching out her hands signifies diligence and willingness to work. Biblically, this can be connected to the theme of hard work and provision seen in Proverbs 31, where the woman is praised for her ability to manage her household effectively. This diligence can be seen as a reflection of the wisdom and fear of the Lord, which is the foundation of her character.

and grasps the spindle with her fingers
The spindle is another tool used in the process of spinning fibers into thread or yarn. This phrase further illustrates the skill and precision required in her work. The use of her fingers indicates a personal and hands-on approach, suggesting care and attention to detail. Historically, spinning was a vital task for creating clothing and other textiles, essential for the survival and comfort of a family. This imagery of the woman working with her hands can be seen as a metaphor for the spiritual fruitfulness and productivity that comes from a life lived in accordance with God's wisdom. In a broader biblical context, this can be related to the New Testament teachings on using one's gifts and talents for the glory of God and the benefit of others, as seen in the parable of the talents (Matthew 25:14-30).

She opens her arms to the poor
This phrase highlights the virtue of generosity and compassion. In biblical times, poverty was a common issue, and the Law of Moses included provisions for the poor, such as gleaning laws (Leviticus 19:9-10). The act of opening one's arms signifies a welcoming and inclusive attitude, reflecting God's own heart for the marginalized (Deuteronomy 15:11). This mirrors the actions of Jesus, who consistently reached out to the poor and downtrodden (Matthew 11:5). The imagery of open arms suggests not only giving but also embracing, indicating a personal and relational approach to charity.

and reaches out her hands to the needy.
The extension of hands symbolizes active engagement and effort in providing assistance. In the ancient Near Eastern culture, physical gestures were significant, and reaching out one's hands was a sign of offering help and support. This action is reminiscent of God's own provision and care, as seen in Psalm 145:16, where God opens His hand to satisfy the desires of every living thing. The phrase also connects to the New Testament teaching of faith being demonstrated through works (James 2:14-17). The woman's actions are a type of Christ, who reached out to humanity in its need, offering salvation and healing (Mark 1:41). This proactive stance against poverty and need is a call to believers to embody the love and compassion of Christ in tangible ways.

When it snows
This phrase indicates a time of cold and potential hardship. Snow is rare in many parts of Israel, suggesting a metaphor for difficult or challenging times. The mention of snow can symbolize trials or adversity that the virtuous woman anticipates and prepares for, reflecting her wisdom and foresight. In biblical literature, snow is often used to denote purity (Isaiah 1:18) or the cleansing power of God (Psalm 51:7).

she has no fear for her household
The absence of fear highlights the woman's confidence and trust in her preparations and in God's provision. Her diligent work and planning ensure that her family is secure, reflecting the biblical principle of stewardship and responsibility. This echoes the sentiment found in Proverbs 3:25-26, where trust in the Lord provides security and peace.

for they are all clothed in scarlet
Scarlet, a rich and costly dye, signifies wealth, honor, and protection. The use of scarlet implies that the household is not only prepared for the cold but is also adorned with dignity and care. This can be seen as a type of Christ, who clothes believers in righteousness (Isaiah 61:10). The color also connects to the blood of Christ, symbolizing redemption and covering. Historically, scarlet was a color associated with royalty and high status, indicating the woman's ability to provide well for her family.

She makes coverings for her bed;
This phrase highlights the industrious and resourceful nature of the virtuous woman. In biblical times, making bed coverings was a task that required skill and diligence, reflecting her commitment to providing for her household. The coverings could include blankets, quilts, or tapestries, often crafted from wool or linen. This act of making bed coverings signifies care and attention to the comfort and well-being of her family. It also suggests a sense of order and beauty within the home, aligning with the biblical principle of stewardship and the importance of managing one's household effectively (Proverbs 14:1).

her clothing is fine linen and purple.
Fine linen and purple were materials associated with wealth, nobility, and high status in ancient cultures. Linen was a prized fabric in the ancient Near East, known for its quality and durability. Purple dye, often extracted from the murex shellfish, was rare and expensive, symbolizing royalty and luxury (Judges 8:26, Luke 16:19). The virtuous woman's clothing reflects not only her family's prosperity but also her wisdom in managing resources. This attire signifies dignity and honor, qualities that are esteemed in a woman of virtue. The use of fine linen and purple can also be seen as a type of Christ, who is clothed in majesty and righteousness (Revelation 19:8), pointing to the spiritual richness and honor bestowed upon those who walk in God's wisdom.

Her husband is known at the city gates
In ancient Israel, the city gates were not only the entrance to the city but also the center of public life and legal matters. They served as a place where business transactions, legal disputes, and community decisions were made. The mention of the husband being "known" at the city gates indicates his reputation and standing within the community. This suggests that he is a man of integrity and respect, likely due in part to the virtuous character of his wife, as described in the preceding verses. The city gates were a place of authority and governance, and being known there implies that he holds a position of influence or leadership.

where he sits among the elders of the land
Sitting among the elders signifies a role of leadership and wisdom. In biblical times, elders were respected leaders who provided guidance and made important decisions for the community. This phrase indicates that the husband is not only respected but also actively involved in the governance and decision-making processes of the city. The elders were often responsible for interpreting the law and ensuring justice, roles that required discernment and moral character. This connection to the elders highlights the husband's esteemed position and suggests a parallel to the wisdom literature's emphasis on living a life guided by godly principles. The imagery of sitting among the elders can also be seen as a type of Christ, who is the ultimate wise leader and judge.

She makes linen garments and sells them;
The virtuous woman described in Proverbs 31 is industrious and entrepreneurial. Linen, a high-quality fabric made from flax, was a valuable commodity in ancient times, often associated with wealth and status. The production of linen required skill and knowledge, indicating that this woman was both talented and knowledgeable in her craft. In biblical times, linen was used for priestly garments (Exodus 28:39-42) and was a symbol of purity and righteousness (Revelation 19:8). Her ability to produce and sell linen garments suggests she contributes significantly to her household's economy, embodying the principle of stewardship and diligence found throughout Scripture (Proverbs 12:24).

she delivers sashes to the merchants.
The act of delivering sashes to merchants highlights her active role in commerce and trade. Sashes, often used as belts or decorative accessories, were practical and fashionable items in ancient cultures. By engaging with merchants, she demonstrates wisdom and business acumen, ensuring her products reach a broader market. This reflects the biblical principle of engaging with the world while maintaining integrity (Proverbs 11:1). Her interaction with merchants also suggests a network of relationships and trust, which is essential for successful trade. This mirrors the New Testament encouragement for believers to be wise and shrewd in their dealings (Matthew 10:16), while maintaining a testimony of righteousness and integrity.

Strength and honor are her clothing
This phrase highlights the virtues of strength and honor as integral to the character of the woman described in Proverbs 31. In biblical context, clothing often symbolizes one's identity and status. Here, strength and honor are not just attributes but are as visible and defining as garments. Strength, in this context, refers to moral and spiritual fortitude, echoing the biblical call to be strong in the Lord (Ephesians 6:10). Honor suggests a life lived with integrity and respect, aligning with the wisdom literature's emphasis on living righteously (Proverbs 3:35). The imagery of clothing also connects to the New Testament exhortation to "put on" virtues like compassion and kindness (Colossians 3:12), suggesting that these qualities are essential to one's spiritual identity.

and she can laugh at the days to come
This phrase conveys a sense of confidence and peace regarding the future. In the cultural and historical context of ancient Israel, where uncertainty and hardship were common, the ability to face the future with joy and assurance was significant. This confidence is rooted in faith and trust in God's providence, reminiscent of Jesus' teaching in Matthew 6:34, where He instructs not to worry about tomorrow. The laughter here is not one of mockery but of joy and assurance, reflecting a deep-seated trust in God's plan and provision. This anticipatory joy can be seen as a type of the joy found in Christ, who, for the joy set before Him, endured the cross (Hebrews 12:2). The woman's ability to laugh at the future is a testament to her wisdom and faith, qualities that are celebrated throughout the book of Proverbs.

She opens her mouth with wisdom
This phrase highlights the virtue of wisdom, a central theme in the book of Proverbs. Wisdom in the biblical context is not merely knowledge but the application of divine principles in daily life. The woman described here embodies the ideal of a wise person, reflecting the fear of the Lord, which is the beginning of wisdom (Proverbs 9:10). Her wisdom is practical, guiding her actions and words. This mirrors the wisdom of Solomon, who asked God for an understanding heart to govern his people (1 Kings 3:9). The opening of her mouth signifies intentionality and purpose, suggesting that her words are carefully considered and rooted in a deep understanding of God's truth.

and faithful instruction is on her tongue
The term "faithful instruction" implies teaching that is reliable, trustworthy, and consistent with God's Word. This aligns with the biblical mandate for believers to teach and admonish one another with all wisdom (Colossians 3:16). The cultural context of ancient Israel placed a high value on oral tradition and the passing down of wisdom from one generation to the next. This woman serves as a teacher within her household and community, much like the role of a prophetess or wise woman in Israel (e.g., Deborah in Judges 4-5). Her instruction is not only faithful in content but also in delivery, characterized by love and integrity. This reflects the nature of Christ, who is the ultimate teacher and whose words are spirit and life (John 6:63).

She watches over the affairs of her household
This phrase highlights the diligence and vigilance of the virtuous woman. In biblical times, the household was the center of economic and social life, and the woman played a crucial role in managing it. The Hebrew word for "watches over" implies a careful and attentive oversight, suggesting that she is both proactive and protective. This mirrors the role of a shepherd who guards and tends to the flock, ensuring their well-being. The concept of stewardship is central here, as seen in Genesis 1:28, where humanity is given the responsibility to manage God's creation. The virtuous woman exemplifies this stewardship within her home, reflecting the order and care God desires for His people.

and does not eat the bread of idleness
This part of the verse emphasizes the woman's industrious nature. In the ancient Near Eastern context, bread was a staple of daily life, symbolizing sustenance and provision. To "eat the bread of idleness" would imply living off the labor of others without contributing oneself. The virtuous woman, however, is characterized by her active participation in the welfare of her family. This aligns with the biblical principle found in 2 Thessalonians 3:10, which states, "If anyone is not willing to work, let him not eat." Her diligence is a reflection of the wisdom literature's broader theme that hard work leads to prosperity and laziness to poverty, as seen in Proverbs 10:4. This industriousness can also be seen as a type of Christ, who worked tirelessly for the spiritual nourishment and salvation of His people, as depicted in John 4:34, where Jesus speaks of doing the will of the Father as His sustenance.

Her children rise up and call her blessed;
This phrase highlights the respect and honor given to a virtuous woman by her children. In the biblical context, children rising up signifies a public acknowledgment of their mother's character and deeds. The term "blessed" indicates a state of happiness and fulfillment, often associated with divine favor. This reflects the cultural importance of family in ancient Israel, where a mother's role was central to the household's spiritual and moral upbringing. The respect shown by the children aligns with the commandment to honor one's father and mother (Exodus 20:12), emphasizing the continuity of this value across generations.

her husband praises her as well:
The husband's praise signifies recognition and appreciation of the wife's virtues and contributions to the family. In the historical context of ancient Israel, the husband's role as the head of the household included the responsibility to honor and cherish his wife, as seen in Ephesians 5:25, where husbands are instructed to love their wives as Christ loved the church. This praise is not merely personal but serves as a public testament to her character, reinforcing her esteemed position within the community. The mutual respect and admiration between husband and wife reflect the ideal of a godly marriage, where both partners support and uplift each other, embodying the love and unity found in the relationship between Christ and the church.

Many daughters have done noble things
This phrase acknowledges the commendable actions of many women, reflecting the biblical theme of virtuous living. The term "daughters" can be understood as women in general, emphasizing the collective achievements of women throughout history. In the cultural context of ancient Israel, women played crucial roles in family and community life, often demonstrating wisdom and strength. The Bible frequently highlights women who have acted nobly, such as Ruth, Esther, and Deborah, each of whom displayed courage and faithfulness. This phrase sets the stage for a comparison, recognizing that while many have achieved greatness, there is one who stands out.

but you surpass them all!
This part of the verse elevates the subject above all others, suggesting an exceptional level of virtue and capability. The use of "surpass" indicates a comparison, suggesting that the woman being addressed embodies the ideal qualities described earlier in Proverbs 31. This can be seen as a type of Christ, who surpasses all in righteousness and wisdom. Theologically, it points to the ultimate fulfillment of virtue and excellence found in Christ, who is the perfect embodiment of wisdom. In a broader biblical context, this phrase can be connected to the idea of the "bride of Christ," representing the church, which is called to embody the virtues of wisdom, strength, and noble character.

Charm is deceptive
Charm can often be misleading, as it may present a false sense of security or allure that does not reflect true character. In biblical context, charm is associated with outward appearances and superficial qualities that can mask deeper issues. The Bible frequently warns against being swayed by appearances, as seen in 1 Samuel 16:7, where God reminds Samuel that He looks at the heart rather than outward appearance. This phrase serves as a caution against valuing charm over genuine virtue and integrity.

and beauty is fleeting,
Beauty, in the biblical sense, is often seen as temporary and transient. The cultural context of ancient Israel placed some value on physical beauty, but it was understood to be secondary to inner qualities. Ecclesiastes 3:11 speaks to the temporality of all things under heaven, including beauty. The fleeting nature of beauty is a reminder of the impermanence of physical attributes and the importance of focusing on eternal values. This aligns with the New Testament teaching in 1 Peter 3:3-4, which emphasizes inner beauty over outward adornment.

but a woman who fears the LORD
The fear of the LORD is a central theme in wisdom literature, including Proverbs. It denotes a deep respect, reverence, and awe for God, which is the foundation of true wisdom (Proverbs 9:10). In the historical and cultural context of ancient Israel, fearing the LORD was synonymous with living a life in accordance with God's commandments and seeking His will. This phrase highlights the importance of spiritual devotion and moral integrity over external attributes. The fear of the LORD is also a type of Christ, as Jesus exemplified perfect reverence and obedience to the Father.

is to be praised.
Praise in this context is not merely about verbal acknowledgment but involves recognition and honor for living a life that aligns with God's values. In biblical times, praise was often public and communal, reflecting the community's acknowledgment of a person's virtuous life. This phrase connects to the broader biblical narrative that honors those who live righteously, as seen in Proverbs 31:28, where the virtuous woman's children and husband rise to call her blessed. It underscores the eternal value of godly character, which is worthy of praise both in this life and in the life to come.

Give her the fruit of her hands
This phrase emphasizes the principle of reaping what one sows, a theme prevalent throughout Scripture (Galatians 6:7). It acknowledges the value of hard work and diligence, particularly in the context of the virtuous woman described in Proverbs 31. In ancient Israel, a woman's work was often centered around the home, including tasks like weaving, cooking, and managing household affairs. The "fruit of her hands" symbolizes the tangible results of her labor, which in this context, are both material and spiritual blessings. This phrase also reflects the biblical principle of stewardship, where individuals are rewarded for their faithful management of resources and responsibilities (Matthew 25:21).

and let her works praise her at the gates
In ancient Near Eastern culture, the city gates were not only the entrance to the city but also the place where legal matters were settled and public business was conducted. The gates served as a communal hub where elders and leaders gathered (Ruth 4:1-11). The mention of "her works" praising her at the gates suggests public recognition and honor for her contributions, extending beyond her household to the broader community. This public acknowledgment aligns with the biblical theme of honoring those who fear the Lord and live righteously (Proverbs 22:29). The virtuous woman's works are a testament to her character and faith, echoing the New Testament teaching that faith without works is dead (James 2:26). Her life serves as a type of Christ, who is also praised for His works and whose life exemplifies perfect obedience and service (Philippians 2:7-9).