For the choirmaster.
This phrase indicates that the psalm was intended for public worship and was directed to the leader of music in the temple. The role of the choirmaster was crucial in organizing and leading the musical aspects of worship, which were an integral part of Israelite religious life.

With stringed instruments.
The use of stringed instruments suggests a rich musical tradition in ancient Israel. Instruments like the harp and lyre were commonly used in temple worship, enhancing the emotional and spiritual experience of the psalm.

A Psalm of Asaph.
Asaph was one of David's chief musicians, and several psalms are attributed to him or his descendants. This attribution connects the psalm to a tradition of Levitical musicianship and prophetic insight, as Asaph was known for both.

A song.
This designation emphasizes the psalm's lyrical and musical nature, meant to be sung as part of worship. It highlights the importance of music in expressing theological truths and communal identity.

God is known in Judah;
Judah, the southern kingdom, was the center of worship with Jerusalem as its capital. This phrase underscores the special revelation and relationship God had with Judah, where His presence was most intimately experienced in the temple.

His name is great in Israel.
The name of God represents His character and deeds. In Israel, God's greatness was demonstrated through His acts of deliverance and covenant faithfulness. This phrase reflects the national identity centered around God's mighty works and His covenant with the people.

His tent is in Salem
The term "tent" here refers to the tabernacle, a temporary dwelling place for God among His people. In the Old Testament, the tabernacle was a portable sanctuary used by the Israelites during their wanderings in the desert. The use of "tent" signifies God's presence and His willingness to dwell among His people. "Salem" is an ancient name for Jerusalem, derived from the word "shalom," meaning peace. This connects to Melchizedek, the king of Salem, who is a type of Christ (Genesis 14:18; Hebrews 7:1-3). The mention of Salem emphasizes God's historical and ongoing presence in Jerusalem, a city central to biblical prophecy and the unfolding of God's redemptive plan.

His dwelling place in Zion
"Zion" is often used in Scripture to refer to the city of Jerusalem, particularly the hill where the temple was built. It symbolizes God's chosen place for His presence and the center of His kingdom on earth. Zion is significant in biblical prophecy, representing the future reign of Christ and the ultimate gathering of God's people (Isaiah 2:2-3; Revelation 14:1). The term "dwelling place" indicates a more permanent residence compared to "tent," suggesting the establishment of God's kingdom and His eternal presence with His people. This foreshadows the New Jerusalem, where God will dwell with humanity forever (Revelation 21:2-3).

There He shattered the flaming arrows
This phrase highlights God's power and intervention in battle. In ancient warfare, flaming arrows were used to cause destruction and panic. The imagery of God shattering these arrows signifies His ability to protect His people and nullify the threats against them. This can be connected to Ephesians 6:16, where believers are encouraged to take up the shield of faith to extinguish the flaming arrows of the evil one, illustrating God's protective power over spiritual attacks.

the shield and sword and weapons of war
The mention of shields, swords, and weapons of war emphasizes the comprehensive nature of God's victory over human military might. In biblical times, these were the primary tools of warfare, representing human strength and strategy. God's ability to render them ineffective demonstrates His supremacy over human efforts. This echoes the theme found in 2 Chronicles 20:15, where the battle is declared to belong to the Lord, not to human warriors. It also foreshadows the ultimate peace brought by Christ, the Prince of Peace, who will end all wars (Isaiah 9:6-7).

Selah
The term "Selah" is often used in the Psalms to indicate a pause for reflection. It invites the reader to contemplate the preceding message of God's overwhelming power and protection. This pause allows for meditation on the assurance that God provides, encouraging trust in His sovereignty and strength. The use of "Selah" here underscores the importance of internalizing the truth of God's victory and the peace that follows His intervention.

You are resplendent with light
This phrase emphasizes the divine glory and holiness of God. In biblical literature, light often symbolizes purity, truth, and the presence of God. The imagery of light is frequently used to describe God's nature, as seen in passages like 1 John 1:5, which states, "God is light; in Him there is no darkness at all." The resplendence of God signifies His overwhelming beauty and the awe-inspiring nature of His presence. This can also be seen as a foreshadowing of Christ, who is described as the "light of the world" in John 8:12, indicating His role in bringing spiritual illumination and salvation.

more majestic than mountains filled with game
Mountains in biblical times were often seen as symbols of strength, stability, and grandeur. They were places of refuge and were sometimes associated with divine encounters, such as Mount Sinai where Moses received the Ten Commandments. The reference to "mountains filled with game" suggests abundance and provision, as these areas were rich hunting grounds. However, God's majesty surpasses even the most bountiful and impressive natural landscapes. This comparison highlights God's superiority over creation, reinforcing His sovereignty and power. The imagery also connects to other scriptures that speak of God's majesty, such as Psalm 93:1, which declares, "The LORD reigns, He is robed in majesty." This phrase underscores the idea that God's glory and majesty are unparalleled and eternal.

The valiant lie plundered;
This phrase suggests a scene of defeat and humiliation for those who were once strong and courageous. In the context of ancient warfare, the valiant were often the elite warriors or champions of a nation. The imagery of them lying plundered indicates not only their defeat but also the stripping away of their honor and possessions. This can be connected to the historical context of Israel's battles, where God often intervened to give victory to His people against seemingly insurmountable odds, as seen in the defeat of the Assyrian army in 2 Kings 19:35-37. Theologically, it underscores the futility of human strength against divine power.

they sleep their last sleep.
The phrase "sleep their last sleep" is a poetic way of describing death. In biblical literature, sleep is often used as a metaphor for death, suggesting a state of rest or inactivity (e.g., Daniel 12:2, John 11:11-14). This imagery emphasizes the finality of their defeat and the cessation of their earthly struggles. It also reflects the biblical theme that God has ultimate authority over life and death, as seen in passages like Psalm 90:3-6, where human life is transient and subject to God's will.

No men of might could lift a hand.
This phrase highlights the complete powerlessness of the mighty warriors in the face of God's judgment. Despite their strength and skill, they are rendered incapable of action. This can be seen as a fulfillment of the biblical principle that human power is insignificant compared to God's sovereignty (Isaiah 40:23-24). It also echoes the theme of divine intervention, where God fights on behalf of His people, rendering their enemies powerless, as in the story of Gideon in Judges 7. This serves as a reminder of the ultimate victory of God's purposes and the futility of relying solely on human strength.

At Your rebuke
This phrase emphasizes the power and authority of God. In biblical context, a rebuke from God signifies His ability to control and command creation and nations. The term "rebuke" is often used in Scripture to describe God's judgment or correction, as seen in passages like Psalm 9:5 and Isaiah 17:13. It highlights God's sovereignty and His ability to bring about His will through His spoken word, reminiscent of the creation narrative in Genesis where God speaks things into existence.

O God of Jacob
The reference to "God of Jacob" connects this Psalm to the covenantal relationship God has with the patriarchs of Israel. Jacob, later named Israel, is a central figure in the history of the Israelites, and invoking his name reminds the reader of God's promises and faithfulness to His chosen people. This title underscores God's ongoing commitment to His covenant, as seen in Genesis 28:13-15, where God promises Jacob land, descendants, and blessing.

both horse and rider lie stunned
This imagery of "horse and rider" being "stunned" evokes scenes of military defeat and divine intervention. Horses and chariots were symbols of military strength in ancient times, as seen in Exodus 14:23-28, where God defeats the Egyptian army. The stunning of both horse and rider signifies a complete and miraculous victory, suggesting that no human power can withstand God's might. This also foreshadows the ultimate victory of God over all earthly powers, as seen in Revelation 19:11-21, where Christ triumphs over the forces of evil.

You alone are to be feared.
This phrase emphasizes the exclusivity of God's sovereignty and power. In the context of ancient Israel, the fear of the Lord was a foundational aspect of worship and reverence. The fear mentioned here is not merely terror but a profound respect and awe for God's holiness and authority. This aligns with Proverbs 9:10, which states, "The fear of the LORD is the beginning of wisdom." The Israelites were surrounded by nations that worshiped multiple gods, yet they were called to recognize Yahweh as the one true God deserving of reverence. This fear is also a recognition of God's role as the ultimate judge, as seen in Deuteronomy 10:17, where God is described as "the great God, mighty and awesome."

When You are angry,
The anger of God is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, often associated with His response to sin and disobedience. This phrase reflects the righteous indignation of God against injustice and idolatry. In the historical context, God's anger was often manifested through judgments against Israel and other nations, as seen in the Babylonian exile. The anger of God is not capricious but is a response to the violation of His covenant and moral order. This is evident in the prophetic literature, such as in Isaiah 13:13, where God's anger leads to cosmic disturbances as a sign of His judgment.

who can stand before You?
This rhetorical question underscores the absolute power and authority of God. It implies that no one can withstand God's judgment or oppose His will. This is reminiscent of the imagery in Job 41:10, where God challenges Job, asking who can stand against Him. The phrase also connects to the eschatological themes in the New Testament, where the final judgment is depicted as a time when all will be held accountable before God, as seen in Revelation 6:17, "For the great day of their wrath has come, and who can withstand it?" This highlights the need for humility and repentance before God, recognizing that human strength and wisdom are insufficient in the face of divine judgment.

From heaven You pronounced judgment
This phrase emphasizes the divine origin of judgment, highlighting God's sovereignty and authority. In biblical context, heaven is often depicted as God's dwelling place, from where He observes and governs the earth (Psalm 11:4). The pronouncement of judgment from heaven signifies a decree that is both righteous and unchallengeable. This echoes the imagery in Daniel 7:9-10, where God is portrayed as the Ancient of Days, seated on His throne, executing judgment. The concept of divine judgment is also seen in the New Testament, where Jesus speaks of the final judgment in Matthew 25:31-46, reinforcing the idea that ultimate justice comes from God.

and the earth feared
The fear of the earth represents a universal recognition of God's power and authority. In biblical terms, fear often denotes reverence and awe, as well as terror in the face of divine wrath (Proverbs 9:10). This fear is not limited to individuals but extends to nations and the entire creation, as seen in Revelation 6:15-17, where kings and peoples hide from the wrath of the Lamb. Historically, the fear of God has been a central theme in Israel's relationship with Him, as seen in the Exodus narrative, where God's mighty acts led to fear and reverence among the nations (Exodus 15:14-16).

and was still
The stillness of the earth signifies a cessation of activity, reflecting submission and acknowledgment of God's judgment. This stillness can be seen as a response to the overwhelming presence of God, similar to the reaction of the Israelites at Mount Sinai, where they stood in awe and silence before God's majesty (Exodus 19:16-19). In prophetic literature, such as Zephaniah 1:7, silence before the Lord is a common motif, symbolizing respect and the anticipation of His actions. The stillness also points to a future time of peace and restoration, as prophesied in Isaiah 2:4, where nations will no longer engage in war but will live in harmony under God's rule.

when God rose up to judge
This phrase highlights God's active role in executing judgment. In the biblical context, God's judgment often involves delivering justice and righteousness. The imagery of God rising up suggests a decisive and powerful intervention. This can be connected to other instances in Scripture where God is depicted as a judge, such as in Psalm 82:8, where God is called to judge the earth. The concept of divine judgment is central to the biblical narrative, emphasizing God's sovereignty and moral authority over creation.

to save all the lowly of the earth
This part of the verse underscores God's concern for the humble and oppressed. The "lowly" refers to those who are marginalized or downtrodden, often lacking power or status. This theme is prevalent throughout the Bible, where God is portrayed as a defender of the poor and needy, as seen in passages like Psalm 72:12-14. The salvation of the lowly can also be seen as a type of Christ, who in the New Testament is described as coming to save the lost and humble (Luke 19:10). This reflects God's consistent character of mercy and compassion.

Selah
The term "Selah" is often found in the Psalms and is thought to be a musical or liturgical marker, possibly indicating a pause for reflection or emphasis. Its exact meaning is uncertain, but it serves to invite the reader or listener to contemplate the preceding message. In this context, it encourages reflection on God's justice and salvation, prompting a deeper understanding of His divine intervention and care for the lowly.

Even the wrath of man shall praise You;
This phrase suggests that even human anger and opposition ultimately serve God's purposes. Throughout biblical history, God has used the actions of those opposed to Him to bring about His will. For example, Joseph's brothers intended harm, but God used their actions to save many lives (Genesis 50:20). Similarly, the crucifixion of Jesus, driven by human wrath, resulted in the ultimate act of redemption (Acts 2:23-24). This demonstrates God's sovereignty over all events, ensuring that even negative human actions contribute to His glory and plan.

with the survivors of wrath You will clothe Yourself.
This part of the verse implies that God will adorn Himself with those who endure His judgment and remain faithful. The imagery of clothing suggests honor and glory, as seen in Isaiah 61:10, where righteousness is described as a garment. Historically, the remnant of Israel, those who survived various judgments, were often seen as a testament to God's faithfulness and mercy (Isaiah 10:20-22). This can also be seen as a type of Christ, who, through His resurrection, is clothed in glory and brings many sons to glory (Hebrews 2:10). The survivors of wrath symbolize those who, through faith, are preserved and become part of God's redemptive story.

Make and fulfill your vows to the LORD your God;
In ancient Israel, making vows to God was a serious commitment, often made in times of distress or as an expression of gratitude. The emphasis on fulfilling vows underscores the importance of integrity and faithfulness in one's relationship with God. This reflects the covenantal relationship between God and His people, where obedience and faithfulness are paramount. The call to make and fulfill vows is a reminder of the Israelites' covenant obligations, as seen in Deuteronomy 23:21-23, where vows are not to be delayed or neglected. This phrase also echoes the wisdom literature, such as Ecclesiastes 5:4-5, which warns against making rash vows. In a broader sense, it points to the ultimate fulfillment of vows in Christ, who perfectly fulfilled the law and the prophets.

let all the neighboring lands bring tribute to Him
This phrase reflects the historical context of Israel as a nation surrounded by other peoples and kingdoms. Tribute was a common practice in the ancient Near East, where vassal states would bring gifts or payments to a dominant power as a sign of submission or alliance. Here, the psalmist envisions a time when surrounding nations recognize the sovereignty of the LORD and honor Him. This can be seen as a prophetic vision of the messianic kingdom, where all nations acknowledge God's rule, as prophesied in Isaiah 2:2-4 and Zechariah 14:16. It also foreshadows the Great Commission, where the gospel is to be preached to all nations, bringing them into submission to Christ.

who is to be feared.
The fear of the LORD is a central theme in the wisdom literature, particularly in Proverbs, where it is described as the beginning of wisdom (Proverbs 9:10). This fear is not merely terror but a profound reverence and awe for God's holiness, power, and justice. In the context of Psalm 76, it highlights God's might in delivering His people and defeating their enemies, as seen in the historical backdrop of God's deliverance of Jerusalem from Assyrian forces (2 Kings 19:35-37). This fear is also a recognition of God's ultimate authority and judgment, which is a recurring theme throughout the Psalms and the prophetic writings. In the New Testament, this reverence is deepened through the revelation of Jesus Christ, who embodies the fullness of God's power and love, calling believers to live in holy fear and obedience (Philippians 2:12-13).

He breaks the spirits of princes;
This phrase highlights God's sovereignty and power over earthly rulers. In biblical context, "princes" often refers to leaders or those in authority. The breaking of their spirits signifies God's ability to humble the proud and powerful, as seen in the stories of Pharaoh in Exodus and Nebuchadnezzar in Daniel 4. This demonstrates that no matter how powerful a ruler may be, they are subject to God's will. Historically, this reflects the belief that God intervenes in the affairs of nations, as seen in the fall of empires like Babylon and Assyria. Theologically, it underscores the theme of divine justice and the ultimate accountability of all leaders to God.

He is feared by the kings of the earth.
This phrase emphasizes the reverence and awe that God commands from even the most powerful human authorities. The fear mentioned here is not just terror but a recognition of God's supreme authority and justice. Throughout the Bible, kings such as David and Solomon acknowledged God's sovereignty, and even foreign kings like Cyrus of Persia recognized God's hand in their reigns. This fear is prophetic of the ultimate submission of all nations to God's rule, as seen in prophecies like those in Isaiah 2:2-4 and Revelation 19:15-16. It also typifies the reverence that Jesus Christ, as King of Kings, will command at His second coming, when every knee will bow and every tongue confess His lordship (Philippians 2:10-11).