shall not eat the Passover.
The Passover meal was a sacred observance commemorating the Israelites' deliverance from Egypt, as described in Exodus 12. It was a sign of the covenant between God and His people, requiring full participation in the community of faith. The restriction against temporary residents and hired hands partaking in the Passover underscores the importance of covenant identity and purity. This exclusivity points to the necessity of being part of God's covenant people to fully participate in His redemptive acts. In the New Testament, the Passover is seen as a type of Christ, who is referred to as our Passover lamb in 1 Corinthians 5:7. Just as the original Passover required identification with the covenant community, so too does participation in the salvation offered through Christ require faith and identification with His body, the Church.

• “A temporary resident” points to someone living among Israel without becoming part of the covenant community.

• Exodus 12:43 sets the stage: “No foreigner is to eat of it.” The rule guards the meal as a family celebration for those under God’s promises to Abraham.

• An outsider who wishes to share must take the covenant sign of circumcision first (Exodus 12:48)—illustrating that access to God’s redemption is open, yet only through the covenant door.

• Later, Leviticus 22:10 repeats the boundary around holy food, echoing the principle that proximity is not the same as belonging.

• New-covenant fulfillment shines in Ephesians 2:12-13, where Gentiles once “excluded from citizenship in Israel” are “brought near by the blood of Christ.” Proximity becomes full membership through faith, not mere residence.

• A “hired hand” differs from a bond-servant born in the household (compare Exodus 12:44). The hired worker’s tie is economic, not familial.

• Leviticus 25:40-41 shows that hired labor retains outside status even after years of service.

• The Passover is a family meal that celebrates deliverance; hiring someone for wages doesn’t create the heart bond the feast proclaims.

• Jesus later contrasts “the hired hand” with the “good shepherd” who owns the sheep (John 10:11-13), underscoring that covenant love, not contractual duty, marks true belonging.

• The phrase is categorical. God Himself draws the line; Israel must guard it.

• Numbers 9:13 warns that covenant members who neglect Passover “will bear his sin,” but non-members must not presume to eat. Holiness demands both inclusion and exclusion.

• This “shall not” teaches reverence: sacred signs lose meaning when boundaries blur. First Corinthians 11:27 applies the same seriousness to the Lord’s Supper—partaking “in an unworthy manner” profanes Christ’s sacrifice.

• Eating is more than nutrition; it is identification with the saving act (Exodus 12:13). By consuming the lamb, participants declare, “The Lord passed over me.”

• Deuteronomy 16:1-3 links the meal to hasty deliverance—unleavened bread of affliction reminding Israel of slavery left behind. Outsiders who remain uncircumcised have no share in that history.

• In the Gospels, Jesus institutes the Lord’s Supper during Passover (Luke 22:15-20). Only those washed by His blood share the new covenant meal, a truth foreshadowed by Exodus 12:45.

Exodus 12:45 keeps the Passover table for those who belong to God’s covenant family. A mere resident or employee—close in geography but outside the promises—must not eat. The line protects the holiness of redemption, points to the necessity of covenant commitment, and foreshadows the gospel invitation: come inside through the appointed sign, then celebrate the deliverance God alone provides.